太平洋低纬度西边界流和涡旋结构季节变化的观测分析

利用漂流浮标、ADCP和Argo等观测资料,对太平洋低纬度西边界流和涡旋结构的季节变化进行了分析.根据漂流浮标资料计算的北赤道流、棉兰老海流和北赤道逆流具有明显的季节变化,而且北赤道流/棉兰老海流和北赤道逆流在冬春、夏秋之间具有明显的反位相变化,这一特征造成了气旋式棉兰老冷涡强度的季节变化很弱,水团分析表明,该冷涡的水团特性主要是北太平洋热带水.反气旋式的哈马黑拉暖涡强度具有明显的季节变化,其水团特性主要是南太平洋热带水.给出了棉兰老涡和哈马黑拉涡强度的垂直结构,表明这两个涡旋的强度在0～30 m迅速减弱,在30～450 m近似线性减弱,在450 m以下涡旋消失.     

索马里流系的三维结构及其季节变化

利用1958年1月～2007年12月的SODA资料,系统地研究了500m以浅索马里流系的结构及其季节变化特征。结果表明:夏季风期间索马里流系主要表现为向北的沿岸流和准静止的双涡旋系统,垂向则以沿岸上升流为主,最强上升流位于8°N～11°N;冬季风期间则为向南的沿岸流和越赤道向北的潜流,且沿岸以下沉运动为主导。索马里流系具有较复杂的分层结构,这种复杂性尤其表现为1～3月赤道附近和6～10月3°N附近分别出现的"南-北-南"和"北-南-北"经向流三层结构。此外,沿岸流量具有明显的半年周期和年周期。究其原因,海面风应力是索马里流系结构季节变化的1个驱动因子,沿岸流向的季节性变化、大涡旋及上升流的形成都与其密切相关。     

沿岸风和海洋波动在北向索马里流生成中的作用

基于同化资料和数值模式,文章研究了北向索马里流(norward Somali current,NSC)的季节特征和产生机制。NSC在5月开始出现,在8—9月向北延伸至近15°N,并形成一个强盛的反气旋式环流。10月下旬, NSC开始减弱,并于11月消失。NSC由局地沿岸风和东侧西传的海洋波动共同激发。在5—7月,在局地西南沿岸风的协助下,东非沿岸流(EACC)跨越赤道进入北印度洋,形成了NSC。在8—10月,即便无局地西南沿岸风,在来自阿拉伯海东边界的海洋波动和EACC共同作用下,依旧能形成NSC。研究表明,局地沿岸风虽能诱发近岸的环流结构,但NSC关联的影响范围较大的反气旋式环流结构则由西传的海洋波动所激发。     

热带西太平洋潜流模拟:(Ⅱ)潜流结构与输运及其季节变化

通过分析积分30 a的准全球HYCOM(HYbrid Coordinate Occan Model)模式结果,研究了热带西太平洋潜流结构与输运及其季节变化.在年平均状态下,新几内亚沿岸潜流流核位于约175 m、2.8°S附近,最大流速超过45 cm/s,约110 km宽;棉兰老潜流流核位于离岸处,约400～800 m深度、127.5°～128.5°E范围,最大速度超过3 cm/s.在季节时间尺度上,新几内亚沿岸潜流流核位置比较稳定,海流强度与体积输运表现出夏秋季强、冬春季弱的季节变化特征;棉兰老潜流流核位置、流速强度都具有较大的时空变化特征,棉兰老潜流的体积输运约2.5～11.5Sv,其季节变化规律不够明显,2～7月份,体积输运较弱,8～1月份,体积输运较强.     

热带西太平洋北赤道逆流区涡旋统计分析

随着海洋技术的发展,中尺度的海洋过程越来越多的被揭示,中尺度涡旋作为重要的中尺度海洋过程,已经被大量的研究。但对于热带西北太平洋海区,中尺度涡旋特征的空间分布、季节变化以及移动规律等方面的研究还有所欠缺。本文使用Chelton提供的涡旋数据集,统计分析了热带西北太平洋海区涡旋特征的空间分布,发现以往研究较少的北赤道逆流(North Equatorial Countercurrent,NECC)区(A海区,120°~180°E,4°~6°N)较临近海域生成涡旋数量更多,涡旋半径、振幅、生命周期及非线性强度更大,移动距离更远,并且A海区涡旋经向移动距离服从伽马分布。涡旋在靠近西边界的区域更易向南移动,而在西边界以东的区域更易向北移动。A海区涡旋的生成数量具有明显的季节变化,主要受到流场剪切强度的影响。同时ENSO会对该区涡旋生成产生影响,其影响机制需要进一步的研究。     

东亚季风在东中国海海面高度变化中的作用

应用长时间序列的CORA、COADS、CORE和SODA等高分辨率的海洋和大气再分析资料及区域海洋模式(ROMS),重点研究了中国东海及其邻近海域(简称东中国海)海面高度对1976/1977年前后东亚季风年代际跃变(减弱)的响应.结果表明,1976/1977年前后东亚季风跃变后,东中国海的海洋环流对此有明显的响应,并引起海面高度的明显变化.其中,夏季,中国黄海出现2个反气旋距平环流,东海包括济洲岛附近海域出现3个气旋性距平环流,并通过黄海暖流分支的增强,南黄海和东海沿岸及离岸流的减弱,使水体倾向于向黄海和长江口沿岸输运,这容易使得黄海和长江口沿岸海面高度上升;冬季,中国黄海南部和长江口北侧分别出现反气旋距平环流,东海东北部及济州岛附近海域出现1个气旋性距平环流,进而通过黄海沿岸流的减弱和台湾暖流的增强使水体主要向黄海、渤海输运,从而有利于相应海域海面高度偏高.由此可见,东亚季风的变异可引起东中国海海洋环流系统的异常,进而在东中国海海面高度的变化中起着重要的作用.     

山东半岛沿岸海域悬浮体时空分布及形成机制分析

依据2015年GOCI(geostationary ocean color imager)卫星影像反演的悬浮体浓度数据,分析了山东半岛沿岸海域表层悬浮体质量浓度和锋面月变化特征,揭示该海域悬浮体的分布特征和扩散格局,并结合风速、波高以及海表温度数据,对其控制因素进行初步探讨。结果显示:研究区内悬浮体质量浓度整体表现为冬季最高,春秋次之,夏季最低的分布特征;悬浮体扩散过程可以划分为4个阶段,冬季稳定外输,春季向岸退缩,夏季近岸贮存,秋季向外扩散。此外,山东半岛近岸存在一条悬浮体质量浓度高于10 mg/L的浑浊带,该浑浊带同样表现出季节变化,它在秋季开始形成,其悬浮体含量、幅宽及延伸范围在冬季达到最大,春季减弱,夏季消失。研究认为山东半岛沿岸海域的表层悬浮体来源主要是海底沉积物的再悬浮。风场、海浪以及沿岸流的强弱变化对悬浮体分布和输运的季节变化有重要的控制作用:风场和海浪影响海水混合搅拌强度,改变海底沉积物再悬浮作用的临界深度,进而影响表层海水悬浮体浓度,致使悬浮体浓度与风浪的月际变化趋势基本一致;沿岸流携带高浓度悬浮体沿山东半岛输运形成沿岸浑浊带,沿岸流的强度变化直接控制浑浊带的季节变化。     

北黄海温盐分布季节变化特征分析

利用2006～2007年夏冬春秋4个季节北黄海的大面调查资料,分析了4个季节北黄海温度和盐度大面以及典型断面分布特征,得出以下结论:2007年冷水团势力范围强于2006年,北黄海冷水团的形成受地形影响.黄海暖流冬春季较强,冬季最强,夏季最弱,秋季开始形成.鲁北沿岸流冬季最强,春季减弱,夏秋季消失,但夏季鲁北沿岸存在冬季鲁北沿岸流水的残余体,即鲁北沿岸水.辽南沿岸水4个季节都以低盐为特征,除夏季低盐中心位于庄河口外,其它3个季节低盐中心均位于调查区域的东北角.渤海与北黄海之间的水交换4个季节都存在.春季,断面盐跃层形成滞后于温跃层;秋季,断面盐跃层消失滞后于温跃层.     

黄海西部沿岸锋多年平均特征统计分析

根据黄海1939-1999年海洋实测数据集和2010年黄海成山头附近海域海试资料,统计分析了黄海西部沿岸锋温度分布结构、平均强度、宽度、位置分布等特征。实测数据统计分析结果表明,黄海西部沿岸锋具有明显的季节变化特征:春季开始形成并逐步加强,夏季处于强盛期,秋季海洋锋逐渐减弱,冬季相比秋季略有增强的趋势,初春季节海洋锋消亡。海试资料表明2010-08该锋位于20m等深线以西5nmile至以东30nmile之间的海域,且位于40m等深线以西20nmile至以东20nmile之间的海域。     

经略21世纪海上丝路之海洋环境特征:海流特征

海流对于海洋渔业、海洋表层初级生产力分布、海洋物质输运等理化生现象有着重要影响。文章利用海洋再分析流场资料,简要分析印度洋海区和南海海区(20°S—30°N,30°E—130°E)的流场年平均以及季节变化特点,得出以下结论:1南海海区流场的季节变化显著,受到季风、黑潮和地形的共同影响作用,在东北季风期间存在沿粤东沿岸至海南岛南侧转向沿越南沿岸的一支流系,该流系的强度变化影响爪哇海等南海南侧海区流场变化。2苏拉威西岛东侧和加里曼丹岛西侧流系有明显的季节变化,在流动强盛的时期这两支流系均是偏南向流动;从爪哇海流出的海流常年存在,夏季附近流速最大,最大流速分布在1.0m/s。3赤道印度洋海区和非洲东岸的沿岸流存在明显的季节变化,上层海区流动的低流速区存在流向切变;沿岸流最大流速在5-9月出现,可达1.8m/s以上,而赤道流系则在11月,可达0.8m/s以上。     

冬季青岛-石岛近海中尺度涡旋数值模拟

利用二维全流水动力方程组,在考虑了海面风应力,潮余流和一开边界入流等条件下,首次模拟出了石了石岛附近的中尺度反旋式涡旋海水运动,并对南黄海西部冬季环流的特征作了初步探讨。数值模拟结果和实测吻合良好,数值模拟表明：冬季南黄海西部环流形式主要决定因子是海面风应力、潮余流及从开边界的流入该海域的黄海暖流及黄海沿岸流。黄海暖流在偏北风作用下沿西北方向可直达山东半岛近岸,后分为两支：一支向南汇入黄海沿岸流流     

Variability of Currents off the Northern Coast of New Guinea

The variability of the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) and New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC) were examined from one year time series of current data from ADCP moorings at 2°S, 142°E and 2.5°S, 142°E. Change in the hydrographic structure induced by monsoonal wind forcing was also examined from hydrographic data along the 142°E covering consecutively two winter seasons and two summer seasons. The westward NGCUC was observed to persist year around. The annual mean depth of the current core was 220 m, the mean speed of the zonal component was 54 cm/s with a standard deviation of 15 cm/s at the 2.5°S site. Velocity fluctuations at 20–30 day period were observed year around. Seasonal reversal of the surface intensified NGCC was clearly observed. In the boreal summer characterized by the southeasterly monsoon, westward currents of over 60 cm/s were dominant in the surface layer. The warm, low-salinity layer thickened at this time and sloped down toward the New Guinea coast from the equator. This surface water accumulation may be caused by onshore Ekman drift at the New Guinea coast, combined with weak Ekman upwelling at the equator. In the boreal winter, an eastward surface current developed to 100 cm/s extending down to 100 m depth in response to the northwesterly monsoonal winds. Coastal upwelling was indicated in this season and the surface water accumulated at the equator due to Ekman convergence. Shipboard ADCP data indicated that the NGCUC intensified in boreal summer as the width and depth of the NGCUC increased.     

Caribbean current variability and the influence of the Amazon and Orinoco freshwater plumes

The variability of the Caribbean Current is studied in terms of the influence on its dynamics of the freshwater inflow from the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. Sea-surface salinity maps of the eastern Caribbean and SeaWiFS color images show that a freshwater plume from the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers extends seasonally northwestward across the Caribbean basin, from August to November, 3–4 months after the peak of the seasonal rains in northeastern South America. The plume is sustained by two main inflows from the North Brazil Current and its current rings. The southern inflow enters the Caribbean Sea south of Grenada Island and becomes the main branch of the Caribbean Current in the southern Caribbean. The northern inflow (14°N) passes northward around the Grenadine Islands and St. Vincent. As North Brazil Current rings stall and decay east of the Lesser Antilles, between 14°N and 18°N, they release freshwater into the northern part of the eastern Caribbean Sea merging with inflow from the North Equatorial Current. Velocity vectors derived from surface drifters in the eastern Caribbean indicate three westward flowing jets: (1) the southern and fastest at 11°N; (2) the center and second fastest at 14°N; (3) the northern and slowest at 17°N. The center jet (14°N) flows faster between the months of August and December and is located near the southern part of the freshwater plume. Using the MICOM North Atlantic simulation, it is shown that the Caribbean Current is seasonally intensified near 14°N, partly by the inflow of river plumes. Three to four times more anticyclonic eddies are formed during August–December, which agrees with a pronounced rise in the number of anticyclonic looper days in the drifter data then. A climatology-forced regional simulation embedding only the northern (14°N) Caribbean Current (without the influence of the vorticity of the NBC rings), using the ROMS model, shows that the low salinity plume coincides with a negative potential vorticity anomaly that intensifies the center jet located at the salinity front. The jet forms cyclones south of the plume, which are moved northwestward as the anticyclonic circulation intensifies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, north of 14°N. Friction on the shelves of the Greater Antilles also generates cyclones, which propagate westward and eastward from 67°W.     

Seasonal Variations of Water Properties and the Baroclinic Flow Pattern in Toyama Bay under the Influence of the Tsushima Warm Current

The seasonal variations of water properties and the baroclinic flow pattern in the upper layer of Toyama Bay, where the shelf breaks in the passway of the eastward coastal branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, have been examined using temperature and salinity data from 26 local stations collected in the 32 years from 1963 through 1994. The results show that the flow pattern around the bay, as inferred from the distributions of the geopotential anomaly at 300 dbar and saline core water, changes remarkably from summer to autumn. There are two obvious inflows into Toyama Bay in a year. One is the surface inflow of less saline water from east of the Noto Peninsula as the coastal-trapped density-driven flow of the coastal branch during the transition from May to July. In September, this inflow is abruptly weakened by a transient northwestward reversal flow in the intermediate layer around 100 m depth. This reversal flow is accompanied by the temporary shallowness of the pycnoclines inside the bay. At that time, another inflow with more saline water of the year occurs in the intermediate layer. From November until January, this reversal flow disappears and a southeastward passing through-flow gradually intensifies across the bay mouth, accompanied by deepening of the pycnoclines inside the bay. According to our interannual analysis over the 32-year study period, this reversal flow has been a stable seasonal phenomenon, except for only 4 years, in which a local warm region or warm eddy developed just north of the Noto Peninsula.     

渤海、黄海热结构分析

在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑.     

Seasonal Variations of Water Masses and Sea Level in the Southwestern Part of the Okhotsk Sea

A new grid data set for the southwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea was compiled by using all the available hydrographic data from the Japan Oceanographic Data Center, World Ocean Atlas 1994 and the other additional data sources with the resolution of about 10 km. We examine the seasonal variations of areas and volumes of Soya Warm Current Water (SWCW) and East Sakhalin Current Water (ESCW) and show that the exchanges of these water masses drastically occur in April and November. The peculiar variation of sea level in this region is also related with the water mass exchange. Sea level at the Hokkaido coast of the Okhotsk Sea reaches its minimum in April about two months later than in the case of ordinary mid-latitude ocean, and its maximum in December besides the summer peak. The winter peak of sea level in December is caused by the advent of fresh and cold ESCW which is accumulated at the subsurface layers (20–150 m) through the Ekman convergence by the prevailing northerly wind. Sea level minimum in April is caused by the release of the convergence and the recovery of dense SWCW that is saline and much colder than that in summer.     

热带大西洋表层环流及其月变化特征的分析

应用1993年4月至2001年3月的TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计遥感资料,分析了8 a平均热带大西洋(15°S～25°N,5°～50°W)表层环流结构的月变化特征.研究结果表明:热带大西洋表层环流中高纬度海区流速较小,赤道附近流速较大,表层环流系统大部分流系月变化不明显,部分流系月际波动较显著.具体来说,西南向的北赤道流下半年的纬向流速分量比上半年大.非洲沿岸流在5～11月流向为东北向,在其他月份主要为东南向.北赤道逆流可以分成两部分:25°W以东海区,北赤道逆流常年流向向东,到9月份前后流速达到最大值(约0.25 cm/s);25°W以西海区,7月至翌年1月流向向东,2～6月北赤道逆流减小,并有西向流产生.2°S～2°N,15°W以东海区的南赤道流在1～3月、9～10月流向向东,其他月份流向向西.南赤道流可认为是由南、北两支西向的海流构成,这两支海流的流轴分别位于6°S和1°N,在6～7月北支流速达到最大值0.6 m/s.南美洲纳塔耳东部西北向的北巴西海流流速月际变化不大,在5～6月份流速达到最大值0.3～0.4 m/s.相应的卫星风场遥感资料的分析表明热带大西洋表层环流结构的月变化特征与风场的分布及变化有较好的对应关系.用World Ocean Atlas 2001的月平均温盐数据反演出来的表层地转流场以及卫星跟踪ARGOS漂流浮标观测进行的对比验证表明,上述遥感分析的地转流场结果与水文数据以及海上观测结果一致.     

不同气候模态下西北太平洋秋刀鱼资源丰度预测模型建立

秋刀鱼（Cololabis saira）资源对海洋环境因素极为敏感,不同气候模态可能对秋刀鱼资源丰度产生不同的影响。根据1990-2014年西北太平洋日本的秋刀鱼渔业中单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE,以此作为资源丰度）,以及相应产卵场、索饵场的海表温（SST）遥感数据,探讨太平洋年际震荡（PDO）指数冷、暖年下,秋刀鱼资源丰度CPUE变化与产卵场、索饵场SST的关系,并分别建立资源丰度的预测模型。研究表明,PDO冷年索饵场4月SST与年CPUE显著相关（P<0.05）,PDO暖年索饵场11月的SST与年标准化CPUE显著相关（P<0.05）。PDO冷、暖年的秋刀鱼资源丰度的预测模型中,CPUE均与索饵场11月的SST、索饵场4月SST呈现正相关的关系,统计学上为显著相关（P<0.05）。PDO冷年（2012年）和PDO暖年（2014年）的CPUE预测值与实际值相对误差分别为14.03%、-16.26%,具有较好的拟合效果。研究认为,不同气候模态下,可用于秋刀鱼资源丰度预测的环境因子不同,上述建立资源丰度模型可用于业务化运行。     

The formation and evolution of the East China Sea winter dense water

On the basis of the historical profile observations and the recent Kuroshio observations,the yearly formation,development and decay of the high density water found between 50 to 100 m isobath over the middle and southern East China Sea continental shelf are anyalysed. The formation of this high density water occurs between November and March of the following year. A possible reason for it is that as the mixed water between the coastal water and the outer sea water transports northward by the Taiwan Warm Current, its density increases by surface cooling. It also mixes with the neighbouring lower density water masses. The transportation and decay of the high density water through April to July are also descussed. They can be ascribed to the seasonal surface layer warming and the fast development of Taiwan Warm Current. The high density water disappears in August.     

东海产长木叶鲽的年龄与生长

研究了东海产长木叶鲽的年龄与生长等生物学特性。样品取自１９９６ 年４ 月～１９９８ 年１１月,日本以西底拖网渔业在长崎鱼市场上岸的渔获物共２ ５８４ 尾。采用耳石进行年龄鉴定。体长与耳石径的关系,雌雄间有显著性差异。耳石上轮纹每年１～３ 月份形成一次。周龄的推定体长,５＋ 龄以上,雌性偏大