莱州湾海底地下水动态及影响机制研究

地下水监测及数理分析是地下水动态研究的主要方法。但目前海岸带地区多以陆域地下水监测为主,海域部分尤其具有多层含水层系统的海底地下水缺少直接监测数据。本研究通过海域钻孔ZK03与ZK08实时监测不同层位海底地下水动态以及海洋潮汐变化,结合其地层结构和沉积演化背景,分析莱州湾海底地下水动态特征并揭示其影响机制。研究结果表明,莱州湾海底地下水动态具有周期性和分层性特征;全新世含水层与海水关系密切,其海水入侵界面垂向上厚10 m左右。海底地下水分层与沉积地层划分大致相同,其动态特征是在地层结构及沉积演化环境影响下,降水、径流及潮汐驱动不同层深地下水间或地下水与海水间混合作用的结果。本文初步构建了海底地下水分布模式,探讨区域地下水与海水的相互作用关系。莱州湾海底地下水动态研究对于深入分析海(咸)水界面变化机制及探索海底地下水排泄具有推动作用。     

莱州湾东岸沿岸输沙率及冲淤演化动态分析

采用美国<海岸防护手册>的CERC公式对莱州湾东岸的沿岸输沙率进行计算;同时根据莱州湾东岸自身特征,采用岬间海湾平面平衡形态经验模型-抛物线模型对莱州湾东岸的平衡状态进行预测,结合两者分析得出莱州湾东岸的冲淤演化动态:屺姆岛南侧西端略有冲刷;龙口湾顶基本无泥沙进出;招远岸段遭受严重的侵蚀;石虎咀处于淤积状态.针对侵蚀岸段提出了防止海岸蚀退的对策.     

莱州湾沿岸地下水水化学特征分析

对2009年6月在莱州湾沿岸采集的地下水样品进行水化学特征分析,结果表明:(1)莱州湾东、南岸海水入侵区地下水中的Na+和Cl-与TDS之间呈显著相关,地下淡水中对应的相关系数较小;海水入侵区地下水中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO24-也与TDS有较为明显的正相关关系。(2)根据离子比值特征分析,南岸海水入侵区地下水阳离子交换程度普遍高于东岸,其淡化历史也较东岸长。(3)莱州湾沿岸地下水,由电导率推算的矿化度值同实测值之间的相对误差均较小,在海水入侵监测中可以利用电导率作为矿化度的替代指标。     

夏季莱州湾浮游动物群落特征

根据2009 年8 月监测资料, 研究了夏季莱州湾海域浮游动物种类组成、生态分布、群落结构及其环境影响因子。共记录包括浮游幼虫在内的浮游动物38 种(类), 优势种类为长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫及太平洋纺锤水蚤等。浮游动物丰度101.3～3620.0 个/m³, 平均602.8 个/m³, 丰度平面分布呈现湾西部高, 向中东部逐渐降低趋势; 长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫出现频率100%,太平洋纺锤水蚤出现频率40.9%; 长尾类幼虫丰度7.8～1747.9 个/m³, 平均96.3 个/m³, 高值区分布于莱州湾西部黄河口以南近岸水域; 强壮箭虫丰度2.5～747.8 个/m³, 平均85.4 个/m³, 偏离近岸趋深水、低温区分布; 短尾类溞状幼虫丰度3.3～271.7 个/m³, 平均20.5 个/m³, 主要分布于莱州湾南部近岸水域; 太平洋纺锤水蚤丰度0～968.3 个/m³, 平均29.0 个/m³, 密集分布区在莱州湾西南部小清河外近岸低盐水域。浮游动物丰度分布与NO₂-N、DO、COD 及NO₃-N 呈显著正相关关系, 与盐度呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.01)。等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)将莱州湾的浮游动物分为湾西部和湾中东部两个群落。相比于湾中东部群落, 湾西部群落占据着莱州湾西部近岸较狭窄的地理范围, 其所在水域水浅, 盐度低, 无机氮、活性磷酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度高及物种多样性高, 群落内生物相似性弱。     

莱州湾东岸海涂开发与景观生态建设

分析了莱州湾东岸海涂资源的特点,对目前海涂资源开发的主要方式及开发过程中出现的问题,如地下海水入侵日趋严重、河道挖沙对海涂的破坏和海涂环境污染不断加剧等进行了研究。结果表明：该区淡水资源严重缺乏,地下水采补失调,地下海水入侵严重;河道、海滨挖沙现象严重,影响海涂的平衡与稳定;水体污染严重,治理难度大;海洋灾害频繁。探讨了莱州湾东岸海涂开发与景观生态建设的原则及主要内容。     

莱州湾东岸海底地下水的水文地球化学特征及其地球化学演化模式

莱州湾东岸的海底地下水主要分布在浅海区的第四纪松散沉积物中,明显有别于海水,目前已被大量开采利用。从内陆向海区分别取地下水样化验分析,其pH值、密度、钠吸附比(SAR)、rCl/rBr等化学特征值呈现出从陆向海逐渐变化的规律,内陆含水层地下水中较高的硝酸盐类污染物,在海底地下水中也有明显的反映,地下水的水化学类型也由ClCa·Na·Mg型转变为ClNa·Mg型和ClNa型。另一方面,海底地下水的主要组分、浓度和矿物相组成也有自己的特点。研究发现,从内陆向海区,地下水的离子强度和矿物质的饱和指数均呈现出一定的变化规律。地下水中的这些离子以及矿物相在空间上的水岩交换变化,使地下水逐渐从淡水演化为微咸水和咸水,构成了海岸带地下水地球化学演化的一般模式。鉴于海底地下水与内陆地下水的紧密联系,今后陆地含水层一旦被污染,地下水向海区的化学输移将带来一定的环境效应。这应当引起我们足够的重视。     

海水入侵对莱州湾地下水氟释放潜在影响研究

分析莱州湾海水入侵与莱州湾富氟地下水概况,并讨论了海水入侵对莱州湾地下水氟释放的影响。莱州湾海水入侵改变了地下水地球化学性质,这一过程将有利于增加地下水水-岩作用过程中氟释放,从而促进地下水氟释放,莱州湾地下水氟富集与海水入侵存在某种潜在关系,特别是与古海水(咸、卤水)入侵有关。开展相关的模拟及实验研究对沿海地区氟中毒机理以及海水入侵环境效应等具有十分重要的意义。     

莱州湾海岸带工程地质特征及特殊问题分析

依据本次工程地质调查和钻探工作取得的大量数据,结合以往研究资料,对研究区土体工程地质层进行了系统研究,依据(1)沉积时代、成因类型和形成环境;(2)物质成分和结构特征;(3)工程特性指标等3个方面,对研究区地表以下50m深度范围内的土层进行分层排序,将研究区土体划分为9个工程地质层,并对各层工程地质特征进行了分析;分析了研究区软土、盐渍土的分布范围、物理力学性质等;对研究区地基土液化等级、地下水和土的腐蚀性进行了综合评价。研究区7度地震作用下饱和砂土液化严重区和中等区主要分布在潍坊港北部莱州湾海域及东营市东部一带;轻微区和不液化区主要分布在莱州湾南岸、东岸一带。盐渍土主要分布在黄河三角洲、莱州湾滨海平原区。研究区地下水土对混凝土结构的腐蚀性以弱腐蚀和微腐蚀为主;对钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋的腐蚀性强腐蚀和中等腐蚀主要分布在莱州湾海域及其西岸、南岸一带,弱腐蚀和微腐蚀主要分布在莱州湾东岸。     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

莱州湾东岸海水入侵对生态环境的影响

海岸带是陆海交互作用的地带,是全球变化研究的重要组成部分。莱州湾东岸海水入侵严重,并造成一系列的生态环境问题,主要表现在湿地退化、水质恶化、土壤盐渍化等方面。在分析莱州湾东岸海水入侵对生态环境影响的基础上,有针对性地提出了海岸带生态环境恢复和重建措施,主要包括工程措施和生态措施。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

国产XBT海上比测方法研究及结果分析

随着国产投弃式温深仪(XBT)性能的提高,其使用范围和规模也逐步扩大,受某专项办的委托,厦门大学在南海东北部开展了"海洋监测设备适用性检验规范及海上试验研究(国家863计划)"项目,针对海洋技术领域研发的技术较为成熟、具备产品化条件的XBT开展检验与验证,对国产XBT的性能和实际使用情况进行分析和总结。试验中,在不同站点进行温盐深仪(CTD)现场测量,以此数据为真值对国产和进口XBT精度做评估。在较高速度走航测量时,则以进口XBT数据为参照,对国产XBT进行评估。试验结果表明,国产XBT整体上表现良好,成功率大概为80%,有些型号的国产XBT精度与进口XBT精度接近,但国产XBT无效剖面较多。同时也发现,进口XBT的精度无法满足预期比测的要求,不能准确计算出国产XBT精度,但结果仍然具有参考价值。本次试验可以为国产XBT的规模化应用和推广提供数据支持,也可为其他型号XBT/XCTD/CTD等仪器的比测提供借鉴。