太湖人湖河道沉积物中生物利用磷和营养水平分析

为了解太湖入湖河道的营养状况,研究了太湖西部河流沉积物生物利用磷的组成与分布。研究结果显示,北部沉积物中营养元素较高,南部较低;沉积物中生物利用磷的含量次序为藻类可利用磷（AAP）〉NaHC03提取磷（0LP）〉水溶性磷（WSP）易解吸磷（RDP）,其中AAP是重要的生物利用磷,AAP的比例越高,富营养化程度越高。AAP与营养元素的相关性在不同区域河道有所不同,北部河道与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）相关性较好,中部和南部河道与沉积物有机质总量（TOM）相关性较好。沉积物的生物利用磷受不同污染源影响较大。对比河道沉积物与湖泊沉积物的特征,发现湖泊沉积物中生物利用磷（BAP）／总磷（TP）、藻类可利用磷（AAP）／总磷（TP）都高于河道沉积物,表明湖泊沉积物中的磷更容易被植物吸收。     

太湖及其主要入湖河流沉积磷形态分布研究

选择了我国第三大浅水湖泊--太湖及其主要入湖河流进行沉积磷形态的连续提取研究.太湖湖区沉积磷中不稳态磷(LP)及铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量很低,其余形态磷为铁结合态磷(Fe-P)＜钙结合态磷(Ca-P)＜有机磷(Org-P).河流沉积物中有机磷的相对含量高于湖泊沉积物,绝对含量平均值约为湖泊沉积物的3.9倍,铁结合态磷的绝对含量约为湖泊沉积物的3/4,湖区沉积物Fe-P含量与水体中PO3-4-、Chla呈显著正相关关系,同时与间隙水的氧化性呈显著负相关关系.太湖各湖区沉积物的磷形态表现为空间差异较大,活性组分的差异性要大于活性较差的组分.总的来说北部湖区沉积物中Fe-P和Org-P含量高于其他湖区,这与太湖北部湖区水体高营养级和藻类爆发关系密切.湖区沉积磷的垂直分布规律较复杂,既有随深度增加的,也有随深度降低的,河流沉积物同样如此.这与太湖及河流生态条件、污染物排放以及沉积动力学条件不同有关.     

南四湖及主要入湖河流沉积物中磷的赋存形态研究

应用沉积物磷形态SMT提取方法,分析了南四湖及主要入湖河流丰水季节表层沉积物、独山湖及微山湖区沉积岩芯中磷的含量及形态组成变化,研究了磷的埋藏演化过程与人为污染特征.结果表明,老运河表层沉积物中磷的含量最高,为13068.3 mg/kg,以OP及NaOH-P为主,其富集系数分别为6.5和9.0,主要是与来自济宁市的废水污染有关.其余表层沉积物以HCl-P为主;受人为污染的影响,NaOH-P、OP产生一定程度的富集,其富集系数分别为1.0.3.7、1.3～6.0;部分沉积物中高含量的有机质加重了OP的富集.独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯中以HCl-P和OP为主;20世纪60年代末期以来,随着湖泊生产力的提高及早期成岩过程中有机质的矿化分解,独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯中TOC含量自下而上呈指数增加,这也导致了沉积物中OP的增加;独山湖及微山湖沉积岩芯6～0 cm和5～0 cm较高的OP及NaOH-P含量,指示了20世纪80年代中期以来磷的人为污染过程.     

土壤和沉积物中重金属生物可利用性的评估

土壤和沉积物中重金属被植物吸收利用可通过单一化学萃取方法评估。几种重金属生物可利用态的萃取方法被用于土壤和沉积物中重金属的提取。根据实验萃取结果和文献报道,对中性盐、弱酸、螯合剂和联合萃取法进行评价,对影响生物可利用态萃取方法的因素进行讨论,并对土壤和沉积物中重金属生物可利用性评价方法的建立和有效统一使用提出建议。     

红枫湖、百花湖沉积物中磷的存在形态研究

湖泊沉积物中磷存在形态,是理解湖泊系统中磷的生物地球化学循环的重要方面,对研究湖泊富营养化等环境问题具有重要意义。本次工作中,采用连续提取化学分析技术,对红枫－百花尖沉积物中磷的存在形态及其剖面变化进行了研究,磷的存在形态包括：吸附态磷（Ｌｏｓｅｌｙ ｓｏｒｂｅｄＰ）、铁结合态磷（Ｆｅ－ｂｏｕｎｄ Ｐ）、钙结合态磷（Ｃａ－ｂｏｕｎｄ Ｐ）、矿物晶格中结合力强的残留态磷（Ｄｅｔｒｉａｌ－Ｐ）和有机态     

黄河三角洲沉积物重金属、氮和磷污染研究

黄河三角洲河流、沼泽、湖坪环境主要为粉砂质沉积、重金属Cd,Pb,Zn和Hg的含量范围分别为0．07－0．30μg/g，9．7－36．3μg/g，37．4－110μg/g和0．01－0．25μg/g，Cu,Ni,Cr和Mn的含量范围分别为18．4－58．0μg/g，17．9－43．7μg/g，38．7－80．7μg/g和423－980μg/g。由于Pb,Zn,Cd和Hg的含量较低，Cu,Ni,Cr和Mn的含量与背景值无明显差别，黄河三角洲沉积可能未遭受明显的污染。黄河三角洲富粘土粒级的粉砂质沉积明显富集重金属。但若排除其影响，黄河口沉积物剖面从下至上Pb,Zn,Cd和Hg含量仍呈现上升趋势，反映出自八十年代以来黄河流域经济快速增长对环境的影响。黄河三角洲沉积物的总氮含量一般较低（110－670μg/g)，其中NH3态氮的比例仅为0．01－0．06。沉积物中总磷含量为430－760μg/g，主要为钙磷酸盐，以FePO4和AlPO4形式存在的磷的含量仅分别占0．00－0．08和0．00－0．03。因此，沉积物的氮和磷不会对环境产生较严重的影响。     

浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

对太湖不同污染状况和生态系统状况的湖区沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及其分布进行了研究。结果发现,沉积物的理化性质和磷的化学形态一般都在表层下深5～15cm发生明显的转折;草型湖区、藻型湖区、开阔湖面的大湖区沉积物的理化性质、间隙水中的磷浓度及沉积物中磷的形态存在较大的差异。东太湖沉积物间隙水磷浓度和交换态磷含量都显著低于其他湖区;风浪扰动相对剧烈的开阔湖面湖区沉积物中磷的沉积规律也不同于梅梁湾藻型湖区和东太湖草型湖区。研究表明,浅水湖泊中水生生物状况、风浪扰动状况对沉积物中磷的地球化学行为有至关重要的影响。     

化学连续提取法对太湖沉积物中磷的各种形态测定

为确定太湖沉积物中磷的各种形态含量,本文应用SMT 连续提取法对太湖梅梁湾表层沉积物样品和淡水沉积物标准物质BCＲ --684 中磷的各种形态进行测定。结果表明SMT 法具有一定的适用性和准确性。太湖沉积物中磷形态测定结果表明无机磷是太湖沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态,占总有效磷的 59. 22%,无机磷含量中非磷灰石态磷含量为139 μg /g,大于磷灰石态磷含量113 μg /g。     

太湖五里湖表层沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征

利用连续提取法(SEDEX)详细调查了太湖五里湖表层沉积物中不同形态磷的组成和分布特征。结果显示：其中磷的含量较高，受人为污染输入的影响较大，并且已经有了一定的释放。总磷的变化范围为2．05～4．05mg/g。平均约为2．80mg/g。总磷主要由无机磷组成(70％～90％)，大多数无机磷为CDB溶液提取的铁结合态磷(75％～85％)。CDB溶液的n(Fe)／n(P)都较小(2．0～5．3)。说明CDB溶液提取的铁主要是以无定形态存在的，并且铁与磷酸盐之间的吸附可能已经达到了平衡状态。除底部个别样品以外。多数样品n(Gorg)／n(Norg)较小(8．8～10．6)，所有样品的n(Gorg)／n(Porg)都较大(135～320)，表明沉积物在早期成岩作用过程中，湖泊内源自生有机质降解时有机磷优先释放。无机磷，特别是铁结合态磷，在氧化还原条件变化的情况下。能够通过沉积物一水体界面被再次释放到水体中去，这可能对湖泊的水体质量和营养状况有一定的影响。     

Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in surface sediments from Wuli Bay, Taihu Lake, China

1IntroductionPhosphorus,an essential nutrient for the primaryproductivity in freshwater systems,is an important fac-tor controlling lacustrine eutrophication.Although ex-ternal input of phosphorus has been assumed as the vi-tal responsibility for the eutrophication of lakes(ZhuJun et al.,2005),the remobilization of phosphorus insediments has a distinct influence on it as well(Bostr m et al.,1982).The concentrations of totalphosphorus(Ptotal)in the sediments are often related tothe trophic st…     

太湖北部底泥中氮、磷的空间变化和环境意义

以太湖底泥为研究对象，通过分析不同形态N，P的含量，揭示太湖北部底泥N，P的区域和垂向变化特征，探讨了主要营养元素的环境意义。太湖北部底泥N，P的高值区分布在五里湖，梅梁湾北部和竺山湖北部，有效氮的分布与总氮的分布一致。相关分析表明，有效磷与无机磷具有很好的正相关性，N，P的含量还与粘土矿物的含量成正比。柱状样的N，P垂直变化显示，数千年人类的活动并未明显影响底泥中N，P的含量，而在近代则明显增加。底泥中大量的N，P主要来自生活污水，其次是农田肥料和围网养殖。     

Carbon and nitrogen isotope records in sediments of Lake Taihu, China, and their paleoenvironmental significance

Lake sediments can provide important historical information on records of paleoenvironments and paleoclimates and their changes.This study deals with the sedimentary history of the westem Taihu Lake based on seven geochemical indices measured in an 89-cm long sediment core. The core, corresponding to a time period from 6870 a B.P. to the present, was analyzed for δ^13Corg, δ^15N, TOC, TN, TP, C/N ratio and radiocarbon dates. Comparison of these multiple geochemical tracers helps to improve interpretations of the paleoenvironmental changes. All of the geochemical proxies used in the study change regularly, and show four major time scales that suggest different environments. During 6870-6532 a B.P., the values of all parameters slightly varied. δ^13Corg values increased in a wave pattern from -25.9‰ to -20.7‰. Similarly, δ^15N values increased from 1.6‰ to 4.5‰. TOC, TN and TP concentrations remained around 0.8%, 0.1%-3.2% and 0.5%, respectively. C/N ratios varied from 20.6 to 6.6. At 6370 a B.P., the sediment record profile showed dramatic variations in all parameters. δ^13Corg and δ^15N values dropped to -26.9‰ and 1.3‰, respectively.     

Speciation and potential remobilization of heavy metals in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China

The species of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China, have been analyzed using the sequential chemical extraction method. Variations in the chemical fractions of these metals and their geographic distributions have also been studied. For all five metals, the residual fraction is highest but the exchangeable fraction is lowest among all the fractions. Compared to other metals, Cd has the highest percentage in the exchangeable fraction, and Cr is associated mainly with the residual fraction. Cu in the organic fraction and Pb in the Fe-Mn fraction are the important species, whereas the lowest percentages are found for Cd in the organic fraction, Cu in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction and Pb in the carbonate fraction. With respect to spatial differences, the total contents in the non-residual fractions of the metals in bay sediments are found to be higher than those in other sediments. The fractions of Cd, Cu and Cr showed significant variations in different regions. The fractions of Pb and Zn, however, did not show significant variations in spatial distribution, suggesting different amounts and different paths of anthropogenic input for the metals. Comparisons of the metal speciation indicated that Cd might be the most bioavailable metal, followed by Pb.     

Geochemical features of heavy metals in core sediments of northwestern Taihu Lake, China

Sequential core sediments from northwestern Taihu Lake in China were analyzed for grain size, organic carbon and heavy metal content. The sediments are composed of organic-poor clayey-fine silts. The chemical speciations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were also analyzed using the BCR sequential extraction procedure. Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn are mainly associated with the residue fraction; Mn is concentrated mainly in exchangeable/carbonate fraction and residue fraction; and Pb mainly in Fe/Mn oxide fraction and organic/sulfide fraction. The exchangeable/carbonate fractions of Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn and Pb are lower. The fractions of Ni, Pb and Zn bound to the Fe/Mn oxide have significant correlations with reducible Mn; the organic/sulfide fractions of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn have significant correlations with TOC. The extractable fractions of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn are high at the top 4 cm of the core sediments as compared to those in the deeper layers, showing the anthropogenic input of heavy metals is due to rapid industrial development. The heavy metal pollution history of the sediments has been recorded since the late 1970s, determined by the result of ^137Cs dating.     

太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析

用连续提取法分析了太湖沉积物5种重金属的地球化学形态,对地球化学形态的组成和地理特征进行了分析研究.重金属地球化学形态配分的共同特点是可交换态最低,残渣态最高.两种形态中Cd的可交换态最高,Cr的残渣态最高,可交换态最低.Cd的碳酸盐态较高,Cr的最低;Pb、Cd的Fe-Mn氧化态较高,Cu的偏低;Cu的有机态最高,Cd的最低;Zn的地球化学形态比例大都处于中间.地域上变化较大的元素是Cd和Cu,变化不明显的元素有Pb和Zn.化学成分中Fe2O3、MnO与重金属地球化学形态的相关性最好,TOC与Cu的形态相关系数最高.综合对比分析表明,太湖沉积物重金属的生物有效性以Cd为最高,其次为Pb.     

Concentrations and contamination trends of heavy metals in the sediment cores of Taihu Lake,East China,and their relationship with historical eutrophication

To assess the contamination trends and potential bio-availability of sediment-bound heavy metals, concentrations of heavy metals in acid-leaching fraction and in bulk sediments from the two typical bays (the Meiliang Bay and Xuhu Bay) of the Taihu Lake, East China, were studied. Pb and Zn showed elevated concentrations in the sediments from both areas, although sedimentation history and degree of pollution are different between the two bays. In the Meiliang Bay, both Pb and Zn pollutions started in the late 1970’s, the same time as the beginning of eutrophication of the lake, while the in the Xuhu Bay the metal contamination started since recent 10 years. The concentrations of acid-leachable Pb in the sediments from the Meiliang Bay are correlated with the historical eutrophication process. Before the eutrophication and heavy metal pollution, the chemical properties of the lake sediments were the same as the source compositions of the Xiashu loess. Both Pb and Zn in the sediments mainly occur in leachable forms by nitric or hydrochloric acid, whilst most of Cu is in residual fraction. The results indicate that both Pb and Zn may have higher mobility and bioavailability in water and biology than Cu.