陆相断陷湖盆陡坡断裂带沉积响应及充填过程——以东营断陷湖盆北部陡坡断裂带古近系为例

陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带同沉积断裂对沉积充填过程具有明显的控制作用。东营凹陷北部陡坡带在古近纪沉积期断裂活动明显,主要受两条主断裂带控制,陈南断裂控制盆地演化,胜北断裂控制沉积体系的发育;碎屑物质主要来源于陈家庄凸起、滨县凸起和青坨子凸起;受断裂构造背景及物源控制,北部陡坡断裂带主要由冲积扇、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇、三角洲、滑塌浊积扇等5种沉积类型充填;时间和空间上,陡坡断裂带具有冲积扇→近岸水下扇→扇三角洲→近源滑塌浊积扇→湖泊的典型时空演化和充填模式;陡坡断裂带砂砾岩体由于具有物性好、近油源、构造活动强烈等特点,是油气聚集的有利场所。     

中扬子地块宜昌斜坡白垩系陆内挤压盆地的断-坳结构

宜昌斜坡残留的白垩系盆地是认识中扬子地块白垩纪构造演化的一个窗口.基于对白垩系露头的构造-沉积特征的观察,并结合二维地震剖面的构造-地层解释,厘定了宜昌斜坡白垩系盆地的构造属性和沉积充填特征,构建了白垩系陆内挤压盆地的挤压断-坳结构.宜昌斜坡白垩系盆地是由天阳坪逆冲断裂带控制的陆内挤压盆地.下白垩统盆地为同造山期的挤压断陷,充填有扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系;上白垩统盆地为后造山期的挤压坳陷,充填了冲积扇-辫状河-风成-浅水含膏湖泊沉积体系.宜昌斜坡和湘鄂西弧形带的上白垩统盆地属于陆内挤压盆地的挤压坳陷,揭示中扬子地块由挤压向伸展构造体制转换的起始时间是新生代.      

青藏高原东缘新生代构造层序与构造事件

新生代龙门山前盆地和盐源盆地是青藏高原东缘龙门山－锦屏山冲断带内及前缘地区发育和保存最好的新生代沉积盆地，本次以地层不整合面和ESR测年资料为主要依据，将该区新生代构造地层序列划分为5个构造层序，即TS1（65－55Ma)、TS2(40-50Ma)、TS3（23－16Ma)、TS4(4．7-1.6Ma)和TS5（0．74－0Ma)，据此将青藏高原东缘新生代构造变形和隆升事件划分为5期，其中TS1与喜马拉雅地体和拉萨地体拼合事件相关，TS2与印亚碰撞事件相关，TS3与青藏高原第一次隆升事件相关，TS4与青藏高原第二次隆升事件相关，TS5与青藏高原第三次隆升事件相关。     

青藏高原东南缘晚第三纪盐源构造逸出盆地的沉积特征与构造控制

晚第三纪盐源盆地位于夹持于鲜水河断裂与红河断裂之间的川滇块体的东南缘，并夹于木里弧与盐源弧形构造之间。为东西向展布并向南东凸出的弧形盆地，盆地中充填了巨厚的同构造期的磨拉石，是一个由顶底不整合面限制的构造层序，具有总体先向上变细后向上变粗变浅的完整沉积旋回；盆地自南而北的充填样式总体显示为冲积扇（水下扇）－深湖－湖沼－河流冲积平原，为一个南厚北薄楔形盆地，沉只特征表明该盆地具有单断张性盆地的充填特性，川滇块体向南东挤出作用使该区由原来的挤压状态下逆冲系统转变为引张状态下的向南东的构造逃逸系统，从而在川滇块体内形成晚第三纪盐源盆地，盆地的长轴垂直于川滇块体南东向挤出方向。因此，晚第三纪盐源盆地是大陆块体侧向挤出作用的沉积响应，沉积物的时代研究表明川滇块体这次挤出构造事件出现的时间为晚中新世－上新世，其与Tapponnier(1986）大陆块体侧向多期挤逸模式最后一期挤出事件相对应。     

New paleomagnetic constraints on rift basin evolution in the northern Himalaya mountains

The late Cenozoic sediments in the rift basins in the northern Himalaya Mountains document important information about the uplift and deformation of the most active tectonic region in the Tibetan Plateau. However, these sediments have not been precisely dated, hindering our ability to address the basin development and termination associated with a series of uplifts in the southern Tibetan Plateau. Here, we report a detailed magnetostratigraphic study on the fluvio - lacustrine sedimentary sequence of the Dati Formation bearing abundant Hipparion forstenae fossils in the Dati Basin in the northern frontal region of the Himalaya Mountains. The 195 m – thick section yielded six normal and seven reversed polarity zones that correlate well with Chrons C3An.1r to C4r.2r of the geomagnetic polarity time scale, constraining the section age to ~8.6 – ~6.2 Ma. Together with the magnetostratigraphic results from other rift basins in the region, these results indicate that the horizons bearing the Hipparion fossils were deposited during the age interval of 7.1–6.5 Ma in the northern Himalaya Mountains. The regional tectonic activity and comprehensive magnetostratigraphic and sedimentologic comparisons suggest that the evolution of the rift basins in the northern Himalaya Mountains has involved three major stages since the late Cenozoic, i.e., (1) ~10.0–8.0 Ma, onset of the basins with fan delta facies; (2) ~8.0–3.0 Ma, expansion of the basins with mainly lacustrine facies; (3) ~3.0–1.7 Ma, shrinking and termination of the basins with alluvial fans. The basin evolutionary history indicates an accelerated tectonic uplift of the Himalaya Mountains at ~10.0 Ma, and two deformational events at ~3.0 Ma and at ~1.7 Ma.     

柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征

柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山地区出露的牦牛山组是一套由冲积扇和扇三角洲相共同构成的陆相沉积组合,冲积扇相砾岩-粗砂岩组合主要分布于研究区SE侧,扇三角洲相砂岩-泥岩组合主要分布于研究区NW侧。古水流分析表明牦牛山组沉积物主要来自其SE侧古隆起,但后期扇三角洲相包含少量来自NW和NE向的沉积物。该套沉积组合序列特征与区域上分布在牦牛山西侧同时期形成的湖泊相、滨浅海相沉积共同表明,柴达木盆地北缘在晚志留-早泥盆世时期存在一NW向倾斜的古斜坡,且晚期北侧发生抬升。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与区域岩石组合类型对比表明,牦牛山组沉积碎屑物主要来自于滩间山群。沉积组合序列特征、碎屑组成和区域构造背景综合研究表明,牦牛山组可能为柴达木板块向北俯冲过程中形成的局部断陷盆地的充填物。     

构造活动盆地沉积层序形成过程模拟——以断陷和前陆盆地为例

应用二维层序地层模拟系统开展了构造活动盆地沉积层序的形成过程的动态模拟分析,揭示了同沉积断裂活动、湖平面变化及沉积物供给量变化相互作用对沉积层序形成的控制作用。模拟表明,快速的构造沉降、相对高的湖平面和大量的沉积物供给是形成相对深水扇三角洲的必要条件;而沉积物的供给量变小或构造沉降量加大时有利于形成近岸湖底扇或水下扇。模拟揭示出断陷湖盆陡坡边缘断裂形成的古地貌坡折控制着低水位域浊积扇或湖底扇的发育部位,同时对水进或高位域的三角洲前缘的沉积中心的分布具控制作用。断裂坡折带的构造沉降是控制可容纳空间变化的关键因素。在陆内前陆逆冲构造边缘,层序发育早期（底部）发育冲积扇和河流沉积,但由于相对快的构造沉降形成水进序列;在快速沉降的晚期沉降速率减小,碎屑体系向盆地方向推进,形成广泛河流三角洲沉积。由隐伏逆冲断裂形成的构造坡折带对低位域的分布具控制作用。在构造坡折带下的低位域砂体与上覆的水进域泥岩组合可形成重要的地层油气藏。     

梅河盆地古近系梅河组沉积层序演化特征

梅河盆地为典型的断陷型含煤、油页岩盆地。通过岩芯、测井和地震的层序标志识别,在梅河盆地梅河组识别出1个巨层序、2个超层序和4个三级层序。其中,砂砾岩段、下部含煤段、中部泥岩段、上部含煤段分别对应着三级层序I、II、III和IV。通过对层序地层格架的认识,结合构造、沉积分析,揭示了研究区梅河组沉积层序演化规律,三级层序地层格架内沉积演化分别为:层序I发育了盆地初始裂陷阶段的冲积型和扇三角洲沉积;层序II发育了盆地裂陷扩张阶段扇三角洲、沼泽和浅水湖泊沉积;层序III发育了盆地最大扩张阶段深水湖泊沉积;层序IV发育了盆地萎缩阶段扇三角洲和湖泊沉积。因此,梅河盆地梅河组的层序I到层序IV的演化揭示了中国东部伸展环境下断陷盆地从初始裂陷阶段到盆地萎缩阶段完整的不同沉积层序演化特征。     

甘肃酒西白垩纪盆地沉积构成及盆地演化动力学分析

甘肃酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地,发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系,并在湖盆演化的不同阶段分别形成冲积扇-扇三角洲-滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇-中深湖-扇三角洲、扇三角洲-中浅湖-河流沉积体系组合型式.依据等时界面,湖盆充填序列可划分为三个构造层序,相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷-热衰减沉降、湖盆萎缩关闭三个演化阶段.研究证明,地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制盆地的演化。     

陆相断陷盆地源—汇系统要素表征及研究展望

源—汇系统是指剥蚀地貌形成的物源通过搬运路径到汇水盆地分散沉积下来的动力学系统,在地球科学领域具重要研究意义。源—汇系统包含物源、搬运路径和沉积体系3个重要组成要素,必须把3个要素作为一个系统过程来研究,才能完整地认识地球表层的动力学过程及其演化。陆相断陷盆地是我国重要的含油气沉积盆地类型,笔者等系统地分析了陆相断陷盆地结构特征,其内部陡坡带与缓坡带作为断陷盆地独立的次级构造单元,形成过程和地貌结构存在差异,进而导致相应源—汇系统要素也存在差异性。根据源汇系统耦合要素可将断陷盆地不同构造带源—汇系统类型划分为近源—短轴—浊积扇型、近源—短轴—冲积扇/扇三角洲型和远源—长轴—湖泊三角洲型3种类型,其中陡坡带主要发育近源—短轴—浊积扇型、近源—短轴—冲积扇/扇三角洲型两种源—汇系统耦合类型;缓坡带和盆地长轴方向主要发育远源—长轴—湖泊三角洲型源汇系统耦合类型。未来源—汇系统研究将通过多学科、多方法开展综合研究,聚焦深时物源体系、搬运通道和分散体系研究,强调源—汇系统要素定量表征及其耦合响应关系,预测规模性有利沉积砂体,为沉积矿产勘探开发提供预测性模型和地质基础。     

塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征与古地理

根据大量的钻井和露头资料,对塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征和古地理进行了研究。塔里木盆地下白垩统主要发育冲积扇-扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、氧化宽浅湖泊等3种沉积体系,包括陆相冲（洪）积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨浅湖等沉积相,分布于下白垩统不同层位。塔里木盆地早白垩世主要包括塔东北和塔西南两大沉积区,总体为干旱氧化的内陆拗陷分割盆地。在塔东北沉积大区,早白垩世早期卡普沙良群沉积物受周缘4大物源区控制,为多物源的氧化宽浅湖盆环境,古地势呈“南高北低、东高西低”,盆地边缘以冲（洪）积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲相为主,盆地内部为滨浅湖亚相。早白垩世晚期巴什基奇克组沉积时期,塔里木盆地周缘进入一个新的构造活动期,古气候更加炎热干旱,氧化宽浅湖盆消失。在塔东北沉积大区,盆地受周缘4个主要物源区影响,以广泛分布的冲积扇-辫状河三角洲沉积体系占主体,盆地内部普遍为辫状河三角洲前缘-滨浅湖亚相沉积。在塔西南沉积大区,早白垩世克孜勒苏群沉积时期古地势呈“东高西低”,受北部喀什北山前和西南部古昆仑山2个物源区的控制,沉积物沿古昆仑山前呈狭长的条带状分布,沉积厚度自西向东减薄,主要是一套冲积扇-扇三角洲相和滨浅湖亚相沉积。     

Evolution in the provenance of a tectonically controlled Plio–Pleistocene alluvial system between the Variscan Iberian Massif and the Atlantic margin, Portugal

Geochemical and mineralogical data from a Pliocene to Pleistocene alluvial sequence are integrated to access the factors that control rare earth elements (REE) geochemistry and the evolution and spatial differences in provenance. The studied alluvial system is situated in a tectonic active setting at the contact between the Variscan Massif, with several Paleozoic and Precambrian units that support a coastal range, and the Atlantic margin. REE and HREE abundances are generally higher in swamp-lake than in floodplain sediments. The majority of the REE in floodplain sediments is hosted by Y and Th-bearing minerals and illite; in swamp-lake sediments is also probable an association with organic matter. The high Gd/Yb, Eu/Eu* and kaolinite content in older sediments suggest that during the earlier phases provenance was mainly from the hinterland (weathered granitic rocks and its sediment cover). The subsequent illite (Mg-rich) clay assemblages and REE patterns indicate mainly lateral input from the eastern basin edge (Palaeozoic and Precambrian metapelitic rocks). These sediments tend to have lower Gd/Yb and La/Sm than their source rocks. The analysis of the chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicates that although a north-directed fluvial axis existed at that time the “mature” basin edge units found to the south (Silurian) had a limited role in supplying sediments. This shift in provenance is attributed to the uplift of the coastal range. Afterwards, the contribution of recycled Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units increased progressively. This is demonstrated by the increase is SiO₂/TiO₂, CIA and kaolinite/illite when the climatic conditions are expected to have become less chemically aggressive.     

陆相伸展盆地的层序类型、结构和序列与充填模式--以冀中坳陷下第三系为例

陆相层序受自然地理景观、影响地层发育的地质营力及地层类型等因素影响,因此层序类型多种多样。在冀中坳陷同伸展期发育洪积层序、湖泊层序和冲积层序等三种层序类型。洪积层序是盆地伸展初期地貌反差较大物源供给充分气候干旱条件下发育的一种陆相层序类型,以冲积扇沉积为主,山高盆窄,汇水湖泊面积较小;湖泊层序发育在盆地强烈伸展基底快速沉降气候湿润湖泊水域宽深时期,湖泊水域宽,连通好,湖水深,是烃源岩发育的黄金时期。湖泊层序以湖泊沉积为主,其次为河流和少许冲积扇沉积。冲积层序是在盆地伸展末期地貌反差强度减弱物源距离逐渐加大时的沉积产物,主要为干旱气候条件下的河流、三角洲沉积,湖泊沉积局限。研究表明,影响陆相层序形成的构造、物源、气候等因素与湖泊水体或水平面变化构成一种多元“函数”关系,湖平面变化是上述因素的综合体现。陆相断陷盆地的层序结构大多与湖泊水体之间存在密切联系,因此层序的结构以三分为主。受地壳构造运动控制,断陷盆地发育的层序具有序列性,即下部洪积层序、中部湖泊层序和上部冲积层序。这种序列性是盆地充填对地壳幕式伸展的沉积响应。在盆地充填过程中,不同类型的陆相层序其体系域发育程度具有较大差异。一般地,洪积层序的低位域沉积?     

塔南凹陷层序地层格架与沉积体系分布

本文在塔南凹陷地层重新划分对比和统一层位的基础上,利用塔南凹陷地震资料和钻/测井资料,并综合考虑构造运动演化特征、古生物资料及地球化学资料,将下白垩统划分为3个一级层序、4个二级层序和6个三级层序.各级层序中可识别出冲积扇体系、扇三角洲体系、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲体系、浊积扇及湖泊等几种主要的沉积体系类型.冲积扇体...     

柴达木第三纪转换裂陷盆地形成演化及动力学

运用沉积体系组合，构造地层分析和岩浆热流体标志综合分析的方法，探讨了柴达木第三纪转换换裂陷盆地形成演化及动力学过程，笔者认为：柴达木第三纪盆地是以扩展裂陷为主的单型盆地，可划分为扇三角洲沉积体系，水下洪积扇－近岸浊流沉积体系，辫状河三角洲沉积体系，常态湖三角洲体系和湖泊沉积体系在湖盆演化的不同阶段，形成冲积扇－扇三角洲－滨浅湖－砾质辫状河沉积，近岸水下重力流－中深湖－扇三角洲，扇三角洲－中浅湖－河流三种湖盆充填形式。依据古构造运动界面和相应整合界面，将第三纪盆地划分为三个构造层序。分别对应于台裂陷，伸展扩张裂陷和转换坳陷三个发展过程。柴达木第三纪转换争盆地形成演化主要受控于地幔热柱的形成和衰减作用，同时喜马拉雅运动等运程应力作用对盆地的演化至关重要。     

新疆阿克苏地区新元古代沉积特征对裂谷发育过程的指示

阿克苏地区地处塔里木克拉通西北部的盆-山结合部位,新元古代地层齐全且发育前寒武纪蓝片岩,保留了新元古代从洋壳俯冲汇聚到陆壳拉张伸展过程的记录,是近年塔里木新元古界研究的热点及重点地区。但阿克苏地区新元古代地层层序和沉积体系的研究较为薄弱,构造对沉积充填的控制作用仍不清楚,由此也制约着对塔里木克拉通初期裂谷发育演化的认识。本文综合地层学、沉积学等多种研究手段,分析阿克苏地区新元古代地层展布及垂向发育特征,将多处实测剖面与钻井-地震剖面结合,构建了阿克苏地区新元古代地层发育序列及空间对比格架。明确了由裂陷控制的沉积相类型及演化：南华纪巧恩布拉克组先后发育冲积扇/扇三角洲、水下-冰川亚相（冰碛岩）及深水陆棚相;尤尔美那克组,早期以陆上-冰川沉积为主,晚期以冲积扇沉积为主;震旦纪苏盖特布拉克组由冲积扇过渡到辫状河三角洲和潮坪相;奇格布拉克组以碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主。通过盆-山构造结合沉积序列分析,确定新元古代经历了三个构造-沉积演化阶段：（1）局限深裂谷发育阶段（南华纪）,充填冲积扇/扇三角洲及深水陆棚相沉积,其中发育两期不同环境的冰川沉积;（2）裂谷扩张期（震旦纪早期）,火山活动强烈,发育冲积扇-辫状河三角洲、潮坪相沉积;（3）坳陷发育期（震旦纪晚期）,广盆浅海环境,发育碳酸盐岩台地。     

Provenance and tectonic setting of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang formation shales in the Yangtze platform,South China: Implications for depositional setting of shales

Geochemical compositions of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation shales in the southeastern Yangtze Platform margin were investigated for provenance, tectonic setting, and depositional environment. The shale samples are characterized by higher abundances of large ion lithophile elements (Cs, Ba, and Pb), lower abundances of high field strength elements (Cr, Sc, and Co) and transition elements (Th, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta) relative to average shale. North American shale composition (NASC) -normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are observed, with negative Ce anomalies, negative Eu anomalies, and positive Y anomalies. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) varies from 68.67–74.93. Alkali and alkaline element contents and CIA values suggest that the source rocks have undergone moderate weathering. The index of compositional variability (ICV), Zr/Sc and Th/Sc ratios vary from 0.53 to 1.07, 5.31 to 8.18 and 0.52–1.02, respectively. ICV values and relationships between Zr/Sc and Th/Sc ratios indicate negligible sedimentary recycling. The Al₂O₃/TiO₂ (14–26) and TiO₂/Zr (56–77) ratios imply that the source rocks of the investigated shales had intermediate igneous compositions. However, Cr/V ratios and a La/Th–Hf discrimination diagram suggest that the intermediate compositional signal of the source rocks was derived from a mixture of 75% mafic and 25% felsic igneous rocks rather than intermediate igneous rocks. The major source was the Jiangnan continental island arc with bimodal igneous rocks, lying to the south of the study area, together with a contribution from granites and gneisses uplifted and eroded in the Yangtze Block. Discrimination of tectonic setting using major and trace elements indicates that the source rocks originated in a transitional setting from active continental to passive margin, consistent with the failed intracontinental rift model for the evolution of the South China plate. The Niutitang Formation shales were deposited in a rift basin setting under conditions of anoxic bottom water in a redox-stratified water column, with organic-rich shales prospective for shale-gas production being found in deep-water downslope and basin environments rather than the shallow-water shelf.     

Sedimentary Response of Different Fan Types to the Paleogene–Neogene Basin Transformation in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Province

A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle–late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations: one alluvial, and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting. Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation, coastal subaqueous fans developed, probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting. The three types of fans are stacked vertically in outcrop with the sequence in ascending order: bottom alluvial, middle fan-delta, and top subaqueous. The subaqueous is a typical coarse-fan deposit occurring in the glutinite member of the Jidike Formation in some wells. Laterally, from the foreland to the lacustrine settings, the distribution pattern of sedimentary facies represents the same three fan types sequentially. The spatial distribution of these fans was controlled by the Paleogene–Neogene Basin transformation, and evolution with different types of fans developed in the Kuqa Depression in response. In the Paleogene, the Kuqa Depression was a rift basin where an alluvial fan was deposited in the foreland setting, which, by early Neogene, became a foreland basin when the lake level changed. With any rise in lake level, fan-deltas migrated from lacustrine to foreland settings, whereas when the lake level fell, fan migration was reversed. In the early Neogene, with increasing slope and rising lake level, fans progressed and covered the previous fan-delta and lacustrine mudstone. Eventually, subaqueous fans developed, forming the present spatial configuration of these three fan types.     

Geochemical Constraints of Sediments on the Provenance, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Setting of the Songliao Prototype Basin

The geochemistry of sediments is primarily controlled by their provenances, and different tectonic settings have distinctive provenance characteristics and sedimentary processes. So, it is possible to discriminate provenances, depositional environments and tectonic settings in the development of a sedimentary basin with the geochemistry of the clastic rocks. The analytical results of the present paper demonstrate that sediments in the Songliao prototype basin are enriched in silica (SiO2=66.48-80.51 %), and their ΣREE are 30-130 dmes of that of chondrite with remarkable Eu anomalies. In discriminating diagrams of Eu/Eu vs eeeeeREE and (La/Yb)N vs ΣREE, most samples locate above the line Eu/ Eu=l, on the right of the line Eu/Eu/ΣREE=1 and under the line La/Yb)N/eeeeeREE=1/8, which indicates that the depositional environment of sediments in the basin was oxidizing. In addition, variations of MgO, TiO2, A12O3, FeO+Fe2O3, Na2O and CaO vs SiO2 reflect a tendency of increasing mineral maturity of sediments     

Sedimentary Response of Different Fan Types to the Paleogene-Neogene Basin Transformation in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province

A group of alluvial fans formed in the early Paleogene represent marginal sedimentary facies at the foot of the South Tianshan Mountain,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang province. Two types of fans occurred in the middle-late Paleogene Kumugeliemu and Suweiyi formations:one alluvial,and the other fan delta deposited in a lacustrine setting.Within the early Neogene Jidike Formation,coastal subaqueous fans developed,probably in a deeper water lacustrine setting.The three types of fans are stacked vertic...