水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.     

Selection of Test and Reference Areas for the Indian Deepsea Environment Experiment (INDEX)

The Indian Deepsea Environment Experiment (INDEX) was conducted in the Central Indian Ocean Basin, to assess the effects of a simulated disturbance on the marine ecosystem and to collect data to predict the effects of large-scale mining. To select the Test and Reference areas for benthic disturbance, detailed studies were carried out for a better understanding of the topgraphic undulations and nodule distribution in five preselected areas of 10 ×10 nautical miles each. Flat topography was one of the important considerations for selection of the areas, because this would allow further dispersion of sediment plume and offer easier maneuverability of the benthic disturber. Relatively low nodule abundances were also preferred, to prevent clogging of the suction device used for resuspension of sediment. On the basis of morphological analysis and nodule distribution, two areas, T1 and A1, were selected as the best suited pair for the disturbance and monitoring experiment.     

基于IRI的卫星高度计电离层Keras神经网络模型研究

基于IRI-2016数据,通过深度学习建立了电离层Keras神经网络模型。经测试,Keras神经网络模型与IRI-2016模型具有同等精度。将Keras神经网络模型应用于Jason-2卫星高度计的电离层电子含量观测,对Jason-2双频观测值进行多项式拟合并与Keras模型值进行比对,结果表明:二者平均电子含量均方根误差为4.46 TECU;平均相关系数为0.75;将总电子含量的均方根差值换算成Ku波段的传输延迟值为8.5 mm,对于测高精度在厘米级别的卫星高度计,该误差在可接受范围内。电离层Keras神经网络模型可以扩展IRI模型的使用范围,方便快捷,也有效地避免了IRI复杂繁琐的分层积分算法。该模型可应用于单频卫星高度计的电离层延迟误差校正。     

Laser Applications in Ground-Based and Space Observations (Marking 60 Years since the First Experiments on Lunar Laser Ranging)

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The first experiments on lunar laser ranging, which were carried out by Soviet and American scientists, date back to the early 1960s. Those studies...     

Marine and Brackish Ecosystems of South Brittany (Lorient and Vilaine Bays) with Particular Reference to the Effect of the Turbidity Maxima

The south Brittany coast of France offers considerable opportunities to study the transition between estuaries and the sea. The sea coast is semi-enclosed, due to the local geomorphology, with sheltered conditions. The infaunal macrobenthic communities have been identified and characterized by species richness (S), abundance (A) and biomass (B), related to environmental factors. The spatial succession of infauna along the estuarine gradient shows the presence of an area with a much reduced fauna, and an oligobiotic area with low values of S, A and B. In these strongly stratified estuaries, concentration of organic matter and sediment can result in oxygen depletion, which is not favourable for survival of the infauna. The oligobiotic area seems to be related to the presence of the turbidity maximum, the location and importance of which are functions of river discharge and hydrodynamic mixing. The turbidity maximum which causes these conditions is shown to be at a higher salinity than has previously been described for this phenomenon, and is shown to break the spatial gradient of marine to brackish communities which has been described in larger estuaries.     

Experiments on full-scale wave impact pressures

Measurements of full-scale wave impact pressures on seawalls have been made over a period of four years, up to and including the winter of 1980/1981, on seawalls in the South and West of England. This investigation is the first of its kind to be carried out in the U.K. using modern measuring and recording techniques and has produced significantly more wave impact pressure data than all previous full-scale investigations.Poor correlation was found between the semi-empirical equations at present used to estimate wave impact pressures and the prototype data obtained during this investigation. A rational expression for the estimation of wave impact pressures on coastal structures has thus been derived based on the local wave parameters at impact and includes a coefficient related to the percentage of air entrained in the incident wave.     

新钻探技术的试验

在实现深海钻探计划和随后的大洋钻探计划的漫长岁月里 ,钻探技术在不断地改进。由于研制出了新的不同的设备和工艺 ,我们成功地获得了连续的沉积建造剖面 ,使得能够极为详细和可靠地恢复沉积盖层的形成史、海洋环流的变化、气候的波动和生物的演化史。但是 ,至今尚未彻底克服在基岩中钻孔所遇到的困难。当在硬质岩石出露的洋底表面区域进行钻探时 ,困难特别大 ,例如在洋中脊的轴部。稳定钻孔 ,特别是重返该钻孔的问题也没有解决。当在若干航次中采用一般工艺进行钻探时 ,确实有顺利钻入基底足够深度的例子 (例如太平洋中的 50 4B孔和印度…     

我国东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展

为推动我国振兴东北老工业基地战略,充分发挥我国东北地区面向海洋的区位优势,加快区域经济的发展和繁荣,文章从基础条件、空间布局和实施重点3个方面,分析我国东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展战略。研究结果表明:辽宁省是海洋经济大省,而在打破传统"沿海"观念的基础上发展吉林省和黑龙江省的毗海经济和向海经济,有利于辽宁省海洋产业的转型升级和整个东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展,俄罗斯远东发展战略与我国振兴东北老工业基地战略也为此创造了环境和机遇;我国东北地区海洋经济区域协同发展的空间布局为"一轴一带两区",其中"一轴"为大连至佳木斯的铁路通道,"一带"和"两区"分别为辽宁沿海经济带、延边州海洋经济区和绥芬河海洋经济区,各地发挥各自的区位和产业优势,科学布局海洋产业,形成集聚、辐射和带动力量;我国东北地区应大力推动海洋经济一体化、资源配置市场化、对外开放国际化和科学技术创新化,从而实现海洋经济的区域协同发展。     

Numerical Experiments of Isolated Convection under Polynya

The dense water formation process under polynya or lead is examined by numerical experiments using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model. Many numerical experiments on isolated convection in an initially homogeneous fluid have been performed for different sets of external parameters, in order to investigate a relationship between the convection process and the external parameters. The main focus is on the situation in which the horizontal length scale of disk-shaped buoyancy forcing (radius R) is comparable with the total water depth (H). The two dynamical regimes described in previous work—the baroclinically unstable convection and the baroclinically stable convection—are confirmed in the experiments. A horizontal shift of a convective chimney is important to a density anomaly in baroclinically stable convection. For the stable range, as R is reduced R/H < 0.7, a new regime is found, called “single-plume convection”, in which multiple convective plumes do not fully develop, and the density anomaly scale has nearly no dependency on R. This change of dependency on R is consistent with that derived by scaling analysis. The non-hydrostatic component is more significant than the hydrostatic one in the single-plume convection. The information obtained is useful for parameterizing dense water formation under ice cover in a numerical model with a large grid size; i.e., the newly formed water has a density anomaly independent of the polynya size smaller than the water depth, while the anomaly increases as the size exceeds the depth.     

Deep-Sea Impact Experiments and their Future Requirements

In recent years, several experiments to assess the potential impacts due to deep-sea mining in the Pacific as well as the Indian Oceans have indicated the immediate changes and restoration patterns of environmental conditions in the marine ecosystem. The large volume of sediment(~ 500 × 10⁷ m³ per year) estimated to be resuspended would be the major influencing factor in environmental impact in the mining area, leading to changes in availability of certain nutrients and composition of biomass, followed by gradual restoration. Important results have been obtained from these experiments, but in order to have a better understanding of the impacts and restoration processes, it will be necessary to improvise future experiments to resemble actual deep-sea mining in terms of scale and methodology.     

海陆统筹发展战略研究

在总结国内外研究成果的基础上,对海陆统筹的生态文明建设、产业优化升级与海陆一体化建设的内在关系及其科学体系进行深入研究,以海陆统筹为主线,从海洋生态以及产业优化升级的效益角度充分论证海陆环境健康、产业优化升级在我国海陆统筹发展中的重要意义.通过对海洋经济区海陆统筹发展的实证研究,深刻分析海洋经济区海陆统筹发展中存在的问题及其根源,并结合欧、美、日等海洋强国海陆统筹发展的实践经验,设计我国海陆统筹发展的对策思路,完善海陆统筹发展战略理论体系.     

Experiments of wave-driven soil transport in clay beds

The physical processes of instability and soil mass transport in a soft clay bed by waves were quantitatively reproduced and measured in a laboratory soil-wave tank. Soft clays behave like plasto-elastic materials and dissipate wave energy quickly. Waves destroy clay fabrics gradually and soften clay. Waves induce mass transport of clay in the clay bed. The clay mass transport increases with wave energy. The Froude-Mach similitude is applied to the experimental data to hindcast the soil mass transport caused by Hurricane Camille in 1969.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

Experiments on Transformation and Run-Up of Wave Trains

—This paper details experiments undertaken in the UK Coastal Research Facility(CRF)at Hy-draulics Research(HR).Wallingford.on transformation and run-up of wave trains.The purpose of theseexperiments is to provide verification data for numerical models of wave transformation in shoaling.surfand swash zones.This is the kind of data that flume experiments are unable to provide.and is collected inthe highly controlled environment of CRF where extrinsic factors present in the field are not an issue.Theexperiments concerning wave trains are undertaken by use of existing wave generation software.and therun-up measurements are made with large experimental run-up gauges.     

Experiments on non-channelized turbidity currents and their deposits

Large-scale experiments on non-channelized turbidity currents show that a wide flow opening angle forms and a rapid dilution of the current with distance takes place. The thickness of the deposit decreases radially away from the source, resulting in tongue-shaped isopachs. The mean grain diameter also decreases with distance while the sorting improves. With increasing distance, the following succession of bedforms was observed: (Non-deposition) → parallel lamination → ripples → parallel lamination. This corresponds to the B, C and D division of the Bouma sequence for turbidites. The experiments are in good agreement with the models presented by Bouma, Mutti and Ricci Lucchi, and Walker for classical turbidites in the depositional lobes of submarine fans.     

基于耦合机制的水产养殖和捕捞的协调发展

为促进我国水产养殖和捕捞的协调发展,进而促进水产业的整体发展,文章基于水产养殖和捕捞的耦合机制,通过建立耦合协调度模型和评价指标体系,定量分析二者的发展水平和协同效应。研究结果表明:从经济、生态和社会角度,水产养殖和捕捞具有相互作用和共同发展的联动机制;根据综合评价指数和耦合协调度的计算,2007-2016年水产养殖和捕捞的发展水平总体向好,协调等级从极度失调向初级协调转变,二者协同效应增强;水产养殖和捕捞的关系是动态的,须把握"度",促进二者协调发展。     

The First Soviet Experiments on Remote Sensing and Contact Study of the Moon (on the 50th Anniversary of the Moon Landing of Lunokhod 1 Self-Propelled Vehicle)

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The creation of space technology in the Soviet Union in 1957 initiated flights of automated interplanetary stations to the Moon, Venus, and Mars and...