采动影响下煤层覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征

以孟加拉国Barapukuria煤矿X工作面为试验区,采用井下钻孔分段压水原位测试及相关理论计算方法,研究了工作面回采前后覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征。研究结果表明,工作面回采前后,覆岩渗透性变化显著,采后覆岩渗透性具有明显的垂向分带特征。自覆岩导水裂缝带顶部至底部,渗透性呈阶梯状逐渐增大,可细分为弱渗透带、中渗透带和强渗透带。研究结果对煤矿区水文地质参数识别与涌水量预测工作具有指导意义。      

宁东煤炭基地梅花井矿区地下水三氮特征及成因

为研究大规模综合机械化采煤氮污染来源及影响程度,选取宁东煤炭基地侏罗纪煤田鸳鸯湖矿区的梅花井井田为研究对象,通过调查取样分析,对梅花井井田地下水三氮污染分布、物源、水文地质条件进行研究。结果表明:(1)宁东煤炭基地鸳鸯湖矿区梅花井井田三氮NH4+、NO3-、NO2-含量范围分别为0.06～0.12mg/L、4.67～234mg/L、0.01～2.01mg/L,与国家地下水质量标准Ⅲ类水质限值对比,NO2-达到重度或极严重污染,主要分布在潜水含水层;NO3-污染级别为中度、轻度污染,超标样点占调查样点的75%,垂向上已延伸到承压含水层。水平空间上无论矿权范围还是矿权外,污染样点均有存在。(2)部分水样中NO3-毫克当量百分数超过25%,对水化学类型产生影响。(3)煤矿区NO3-、NO2-的污染首先与丰富的物源有关,还受煤矿开采扰动、地形地貌条件、垂向补给径流、水文地球化学条件等因素的影响。研究结果为风积沙大型机械化煤矿开采区地下水氮污染的防治提供了可参考依据。     

Stable isotope systematics and geochemical signatures constraining groundwater hydraulics in the mining environment of the Korba Coalfield,Central India

The present study explores the use of stable isotopes and major ion chemistry of various water sources such as mine water, groundwater, river water, and rainwater to identify the dominant hydrogeochemical process that controls the water quality in the active opencast coal mining area of the Korba Coalfield, India. Different hydrochemical models have revealed that the study area is mostly characterized by two facies alongside a dominance by ion exchange: i.e., a slightly mineralized Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–Cl^? and a meteorically derived Ca²⁺–HCO₃^? fresh water facies. In the isotope bivariate plot, the samples plot to the right of the LMWL and slopes observed in pre (4.94) and post-monsoon (5.85) seasons are not as steep as the LMWL (7.95) and this warrants the suggestion that meteoric water is the major source that replenishes the dynamic groundwater resource in the study area after being subjected to evaporation. The negative d-excess values (<?0) and enrichment of the δ¹⁸O ratio observed at some locations suggests a non-equilibrium process and a “mechanism of mixing”. A noteworthy fact is that isotopically river water is in tandem with the mine water samples for both seasons and testifies to a hydraulic connectivity between Hasdeo River water and mine water through a major fault. It is substantiated by mine inflows assessed by the sump test for Kusmunda and Gevra, which is two times higher than the predicted values by Darcy’s law. The wide variation in the isotopic composition is attributed to different vapor sources viz., southwest monsoon (SW) that originates in the Arabian Sea and locally driven air moisture from surface water bodies.     

Hydrogeochemical assessment of surface and groundwater resources of Korba coalfield,Central India: environmental implications

The present study assesses the impact of coal mining on surface and groundwater resources of Korba Coalfield, Central India. Accordingly, water samples collected from various sources are analyzed for major ions, trace elements, and other mine effluent parameters. Results show that the groundwater samples are slightly acidic, whereas river water and mine water samples are mildly alkaline. Elevated concentrations of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, HCO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? alongside the molar ratios (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)/(SO₄ ^2?+HCO₃ ^?) <1 and Na⁺/Cl^? >1 suggest that silicate weathering (water-rock interaction) coupled with ion exchange are dominant solute acquisition processes controlling the chemistry of groundwater in the study area. The overall hydrogeochemistry of the area is dominated by two major hydrogeochemical facies (i.e., Ca–Cl–SO₄ and Ca–HCO₃). Analysis of groundwater and river water quality index (GRWQI) elucidates that majority (82%) of samples are of “excellent” to “good” category, and the remaining 12% are of “poor” quality. Similarly, the effluent water quality index (EWQI) indicates that 6 out of 8 samples belong to excellent quality. Concentration of trace element constituents such as As, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd is found to be well within the stipulated limits for potable use, except for Fe, Mn, and Pb. Suitability of water samples for irrigation purpose, established using standard tools like Wilcox and USSL diagrams, reveal “excellent to permissible” category for majority of the samples. The present study also substantiates the effectiveness of the measures implemented for the treatment of mine effluent water.     

矿区流域不同水体同位素时空特征及水循环指示意义

为了探究平朔矿区所在流域不同水体同位素的时空变化规律,揭示采煤活动下区域水循环规律,于2020年8月和12月对流域内地表水、地下水和矿井水进行采样,测试样品的D和¹⁸O同位素组成,并利用贝叶斯混合模型MixSIAR计算了矿井水不同来源的贡献率。结果表明：(1)地表水和矿井水δD和δ¹⁸O夏季较冬季高;地下水δD和δ¹⁸O季节差异不明显。地表水氢氧同位素值沿程呈增加趋势,但局部受到矿井水的补给,出现贫化;地下水氢氧同位素值沿径流方向呈逐渐增加趋势。(2)采煤区氢氧同位素值较非采煤区明显增加。受季节效应影响,在空间分布上8月浅层地下水氢氧同位素高值区域较12月明显增多。(3)δ¹⁸O与δD关系图表明,地表水在接受大气降水的补给之后受到了蒸发分馏作用的影响;浅层地下水的补给源较复杂,深层地下水由于采煤形成的导水裂隙带受到了浅层地下水和地表水的补给;矿井水受地表水、浅层地下水和深层地下水的补给。(4) MixSIAR模型揭示出深层地下水是矿井水的主要补给来源,占61.60%～67.20%,且补给比例冬季大于...     

Analysis of mining-induced variation of the water table and potential benefits for ecological vegetation: a case study of Jinjitan coal mine in Yushenfu mining area,China

The impact of high-intensity coal mining on water resources has drastically affected the local environment in the Yushenfu mining area, Northwest China. Many studies have ascertained that coal mining has caused reduction of the phreatic water level and vegetation death, which has deteriorated the fragile arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, at Jinjitan coal mine, it has been observed that the phreatic water level rose due to coal mining, which has been beneficial for the local ecology, especially the vegetation. In this study, the variation of the phreatic water table and its ecological effects were investigated by in-situ tests and remote sensing. The results suggest that the recovery of the permeability of the loess aquitard controls the vertical leakage of phreatic water, whereas horizontal recharge is controlled by land subsidence. An ecological impact evaluation, using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), demonstrates that the vegetation is being gradually improved. Compared to a small improvement of ~9.7% in the unexploited area, a?~23.3% improvement occurred in the exploited area where low-density shrubs transformed to high-density shrubs and herbs. Emergence of phreatic water at the land surface in low-lying areas of the working faces may induce the formation of an oasis and wetland system in arid and semiarid areas. These findings could change the conventional negative impression around mining and improve ecological restoration practices.

     

Using correlation and multivariate statistical analysis to identify hydrogeochemical processes affecting the major ion chemistry of waters: a case study in Laoheba phosphorite mine in Sichuan,China

Prior to mining, the water in and around the mine is rarely influenced by human activities, and hydrogeochemical processes are the major factors influencing and controlling water chemistry. To identify these natural hydrogeochemical processes in Laoheba phosphorite mine (Sichuan Province, China), correlation and multivariate statistical techniques were used. Results show that water quality in the area is generally good before the Laoheba phosphorite mine goes into construction and production. The cluster analysis classified water samples into 4 clusters (C1–C4). Samples from C1 and C2 are of HCO₃?Ca·Mg and HCO₃?Ca type, while those from C3 and C4 are of HCO₃?Ca·Mg type. Most parameters except Cl^? and pH show an increasing trend in the order of C1 to C4. Three principal components were extracted, and PC1 represents the ion exchange and the weathering of calcite, dolomite, and silicate minerals. PC2 and PC3 indicate the process of water recharge from upstream waters and the process of evaporation, respectively. The hydrochemistry of waters in the area is a result of multiple factors, and natural mineral weathering and ion exchange are the most important ones.     

榆神府矿区地面塌陷特征及环境问题

在遥感解译的基础上,实地调查了神木县煤矿开采区地面塌陷现状,阐述了地面塌陷分布、发育特征及发育规模。共发现大面积地面塌陷30处。地面塌陷规模以中型为主,稳定性以较差为主,险情等级以小型为主,均为高强度采煤造成。单个塌陷区最大面积27.67 km2,煤炭开采强度与塌陷发育程度关系密切。论述了石圪台村、榆神路煤矿、蛇疙瘩村、榆家梁煤矿、后柳塔村、沙沟茆村等典型村镇地面塌陷特征。地面塌陷导致的地质环境问题日益突出,截至2015年4月30日,已经导致了48次1.5~3.3级的塌陷地震,诱发区域性地下水水位下降、井泉干涸与河流断流、水域面积萎缩,并进而产生一系列生态环境问题。      

Mobility and impact of trace metals in Barapukuria coal mining area, Northwest Bangladesh

Trace metals were analyzed in water and sediment samples from Barapukuria coal mine area of Bangladesh in order to evaluate their mobility and possible environment consequences. Cadmium is the most mobile element with an average partition coefficient (log K _d ) of 2.95 L/kg, while V is the least mobile element with a mean log K _d of 5.50 L/kg, and their order of increasing mobility is: V < As < Pb < Fe < Cr < Se < Mn < Ni < Zn < Cu < Ba < Sr < Cd. Contents of organic carbon in sediment samples shows strong positive correlations with most trace metals as revealed by the multivariate geostatistical analysis. The overall variation in concentration is mainly attributed to the discharge of effluents originating from the coal mining activities around the study area. Compared to their background, Ni and Cu are the most enriched while significant enrichment of As, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cr, and Pb is also observed in the sediments. Geoaccumulation indices (I _geo ) suggest sediments are moderately to heavily polluted with respect to Ni and Cu. The metal pollution index (MPI) varied from 91.91 to 212.01 and the highest value is found at site CM03 that is close to discharge point. The sediment quality guideline index (SQG-I _Intervention ) values (0.56–1.52) suggest that the sediments at the study area have moderate to high ecotoxicological risk.     

孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿含水层水力联系研究

为进一步查明孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿水文地质特征及含水层间水力联系,为矿井水害防治提供理论依据,以19组水质化验数据为基础,结合含水层及隔水层空间展布特征、井田构造特征、水位历时曲线、水化学类型、氢氧同位素特征等,综合分析新近系UDT含水层、Ⅵ煤顶板含水层、Ⅵ煤含水层之间的水力联系。结果表明,井田北部LDT隔水层局部缺失,为UDT含水层水向含煤地层补给提供了条件;井田北翼煤层顶板含水层与UDT含水层水位变化规律密切相关,且水位相近,初步证明两者存在水力联系;各含水层水均为HCO₃-Ca·Na·Mg型,均为低矿化度水,进一步证明各含水层间存在水力循环;聚类分析结果表明各含水层水质存在一定关联度,推演含水层间水力联系程度;氢(δD)氧(δ18O)同位素特征点分布于全球大气降水线附近,表明大气降水是各含水层共同的补给水源。研究成果可以指导孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿Ⅵ煤层开采时水害防治方向。      

Experimental study and numerical simulation of soil water and salt transport under dry drainage conditions

Coal mining has serious impacts on local environment, including damage to the land and soil by subsidence, damage to ground-water systems through the fracturing and subsiding of overlying rocks, contamination of surface waters with acid mine drainage, and pollution of the atmosphere by release of toxic gases. The damage to ground water and its consequent impacts on the regional environment is the core of research of the coal mining from the perspective of environment protection. The present paper focuses on the changes of surface vegetation coverage, the pollutants released from pit coal power plants, and the damages to the ground aquifers induced by mining activities in arid Eastern Junggar coalfield of China. At first, the authors investigated the changes of surface vegetation coverage, since mining began in the 2000s using Landsat data. Results show that the low surface vegetation coverage (grade 1 plus grade 2) in the southern part of the region decreased from 11.62?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 9.57?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (?17.6%), while it increased from 11.58?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 12.70?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (+?9.7%) in the eastern part. The high surface vegetation coverage (grade 3 plus grade 4) in the southern part increased from 1.94?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 4.00?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (+?106.2%), while it decreased from 4.39?×?10⁸ m² in 2003 to 3.26?×?10⁸ m² in 2017 (?25.74%) in the eastern part. The data of annual precipitation during the same period in this area show that the changes of surface vegetation coverage have less relationship with the annual precipitation, which indicates that the mining activities is probably the major factor for that. Second, a statistic of air pollutants generated from pit coal power plants was made based on data of references. Results show that the estimated gaseous pollutant emissions increased as 865.23 tons of smoke particles, 5940.73 tons of SO₂, and 7584.48 tons of NO₂ in 2013, which increased rapidly with 9.73 times the smoke particle, 21.69 times the SO₂, and 9.24 times the NO₂ than that of 2007. And then, the physical and numerical simulation of the damage of mining activities to aquifers was made to show the permeability of the reference points of overlying aquifers varies associated with mining activities. Results show that the porous rock matrix permeability has a negative relationship with fluctuation during mining, while the fracture permeability shows a positive one. Finally, a case investigation in southern area surrounding this coalfield was illustrated. Result shows that the local ground-water level decreased by 16 m difference from the altitude level of?+?774 m in 2003 to?+?758 m in 2013. Data and results from this study presented the already and the potential pollutions and damages to local environment induced by the mining activities in this region.

     

基于不同开采方式的煤矿涌水量预测及其环境影响分析

煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏,尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元,对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区,以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据,构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证,以9#煤矿为典型矿区,分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明：(1)综采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.70×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21～17.92 m;条带充填开采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.11×10⁴ m³/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×10⁴ m³/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01～0.44 m。(2)煤矿按综采方式开采,...     

大面积采动矿区水环境灾害特征及防治措施

矿山采动前后,相应伴生水系调整和水体污染,产生水环境灾害。以阜新新邱矿区为研究对象,在对环境地质情况调查分析基础上,主要从水资源流失、废旧地下采场和露天矿坑积水、矿区地表和地下水质污染等方面探讨了矿区水环境灾害的形成及特征。大面积的开采,造成矿区水资源流失严重,矿山停采后,地下水位逐渐恢复;废旧地下采场和露天矿坑形成的积水,在入渗过程中,通过运移累积、吸附转化、溶解解析和离子交换等水岩作用对地下水产生污染;矿区矿井抽排水和河流水质污染物不同程度超标。针对矿山水环境灾害,建议采用矿山地质环境治理、修建防排水及净水设施、水环境监测等手段进行防治,以使矿区环境得到根本改善。     

Impacts of a large Sahelian city on groundwater hydrodynamics and quality: example of Niamey (Niger)

The management of groundwater resources is very important in the semiarid Sahel region, which is experiencing rapid urban development. Impacts of urbanization on groundwater resources were investigated in the unconfined aquifer of the Continental Terminal beneath the city of Niamey, Niger, using water level and chemical data. Hydrodynamic and chemical changes are best described by a combination of factors including the historical development of the city, current land use, water-table depth and topography. Seasonal groundwater recharge occurs with high spatial variability, as indicated by water-level monitoring in all wells, but there was no interannual trend over the 5-year study period. Groundwater salinity shows high spatial variability and a minor rising trend. The highest salinity is in the old city centre, with Na–NO₃ dominant, and it increases seasonally with recharge. Salinity is much lower and more variable in the suburbs (Ca–HCO₃, Ca–NO₃, and Na–NO₃ dominant). Nitrate is the main ionic contaminant and is seasonally or permanently above the international guidelines for drinking water quality in 36 % of sampled wells, with a peak value of 112 mg L^?1 NO₃–N (8 meq L^?1). Comparison of urban and rural sites indicates a long-term increase in groundwater recharge and nitrate enrichment in the urban area with serious implications for groundwater management in the region.     

煤矿矿井水净化处理与回灌治理技术

煤矿在开采煤炭的同时,会有大量的矿井污水排到地面,造成环境污染。为解决矿井水排放的污染问题,施工大口径回灌井和建造地面水净化处理厂,矿井水经处理后部分用于煤矿生产,多余部分通过回灌井注入地下,实现水资源循环利用和节能减排。通过梧桐庄矿工程实例,介绍了煤矿矿井水净化处理与回灌治理技术。     

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

Simulation of the hydrogeologic effects of oil-shale mining on the neighbouring wetland water balance: case study in north-eastern Estonia

The water balance of wetlands plays an integral role in their function. Developments adjacent to wetlands can affect their water balance through impacts on groundwater flow and increased discharge in the area, and they can cause lowering of the wetland water table. A 430 km² area was selected for groundwater modelling to asses the effect of underground mining on the water balance of wetlands in north-eastern Estonia. A nature conservation area (encompassing Selisoo bog) is within 3 km of an underground oil-shale mine. Two future mining scenarios with different areal extents of mining were modeled and compared to the present situation. Results show that the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the subsurface is of critical importance to potential wetland dewatering as a result of mining. Significant impact on the Selisoo bog water balance will be caused by the approaching mine but there will be only minor additional impacts from mining directly below the bog. The major impact will arise before that stage, when the underground mine extension reaches the border of the nature conservation area; since the restriction of activities in this area relates to the ground surface, the conservation area’s border is not sufficiently protective in relation to underground development.     

采煤对浅层地下水环境的影响及矿井水生态利用分析

黄河流域中上游矿区煤?水矛盾突出,煤炭开采对地下水环境造成一定的破坏。基于此,以鄂尔多斯盆地北部侏罗纪煤田榆神府矿区为研究区,在野外调查、数据分析、室内测试的基础上,分析研究区矿井水的量质特征,揭示煤炭高强度开采对地下水环境的影响,并开展矿井水生态利用研究。结果表明:研究区矿井富水系数在0.23~2.28,平均为0.91,评估2020年区内矿井排水量高达4.70亿m3,受采掘活动影响,浅埋煤层开采区地下水位下降趋势明显;区内矿井水出现不同程度的污染组分超标现象,主要超标指标为化学需氧量(COD)、Na+、SO₄ 2?、溶解性总固体(TDS),未处理的矿井水外排将会污染区内地下水环境;研究区浅层地下水超限的水质指标主要为NO₃-N,与矿井水超限水质指标差别较大,反映出浅层地下水水质受采矿活动影响较小;提出矿井水浅层回灌和矿井水生态灌溉2种模式开展研究区矿井水的生态利用,矿井水回灌对矿井水中的溶解性有机碳、色度具有较好的去除效果,回灌后出水满足Ⅲ类地下水限值;浅埋煤矿矿井水具有作为矿区生态修复灌溉用水的较好潜力,中深埋煤矿和深埋煤矿矿井水不适宜作为灌溉用水。研究结果为我国西部煤矿区水资源保护和生态修复提供重要依据。      

大柳塔煤矿采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程的影响

陕西神木大柳塔县地区煤炭资源的开发不可避免会产生地面塌陷、地裂缝、地下水位下降等矿山环境地质问题,地面塌陷是否会加剧土地沙漠化成为研究的热点问题。调查表明20年间整个研究区和其中的主要矿区土地沙漠化呈现出重度沙漠化土地逐年减少、轻度及非沙漠化土地面积逐年增大的一致演化趋势,采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化没有出现加剧的现象。通过4处采煤塌陷区及2处煤矿未开采区土壤垂向剖面研究,地表植被类型及覆盖度、植被根系垂向分布、土壤粒度、含水率、地下水位之间等关系表明,采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程没有明显的影响。年均415mm的降雨量基本满足采煤塌陷区沙生植被正常生长所需水份,其结论为该地区大规模煤炭资源开发土地沙漠化防治提供了科学依据。     

Seawater inrush assessment based on hydrochemical analysis enhanced by hierarchy clustering in an undersea goldmine pit,China

Seawater inrush is deadly to undersea mine and it is very important to accurately assess the connectivity between seawater and the mine pit. With Xinli gold mine area as a case study, following the analysis of geological setting, a detailed hydrogeological survey and sampling were conducted and conservative ions test of mine water samples was carried out in the laboratory. Furthermore, the physical significances of ion concentration and ion ratios, such as Cl^?, γSO₄ ^2?/γCl^? and γNa⁺/γCl^?, were checked. The test data analysis, enhanced by the physical significance check and hierarchy clustering analysis, was used to assess the overlying seawater inrush into the mine pit. It was determined that the undersea rock masses in the Xinli mine area bear high-mineralization brine water. The ore-controlling fault gouge and a thin layer of clay in Quaternary block the seepage of overlying seawater into the undersea mine pit to a great extent. The mine water from surrounding rock of the northeast gopher drift is closer to seawater in hydrogeochemical features, which indicates that the connectivity between the northeast of footwall of the ore-controlling fault and seawater is relatively good and should be closely monitored in future production. The mine water from the southwest gopher drift and crosscuts is similar to the brine (salty) water in chemical features, drains the net reserves of brine (salty) water in bedrock fissures and will impose few impacts on production in the near future. This approach is feasible and cost-effective.