An adaptive high-dimensional model representation method for reliability analysis of geotechnical engineering problems

In this study, a new reliability analysis method was developed based on the adaptive high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) and applied to geotechnical engineering problems. For practical problems requiring finite element (FE) analysis or other numerical methods to evaluate system responses such as stresses and deformations, an efficient and accurate metamodeling technique is needed because it is not efficient or straightforward to directly adopt the conventional sampling-based or gradient-based reliability analysis approaches. In this work, an adaptive metamodeling approach was created and studied based on the HDMR framework and augmented radial basis functions (ARBFs). In this adaptive ARBF-HDMR technique, a simple and inexpensive first-order ARBF-HDMR metamodel was first constructed to explicitly express a performance function, and an alternate first-order reliability method (FORM) was applied to locate the design point and compute the reliability index. A local window was then defined such that additional sample points were generated and a higher-order HDMR component function was created using ARBF and added to the existing ARBF-HDMR metamodel. The accuracy of the ARBF-HDMR metamodel was improved through this adaptive process, especially in the region surrounding the design point. One mathematical and four geotechnical engineering problems were studied and solved using the proposed adaptive ARBF-HDMR approach. The proposed method was found to be capable of obtaining accurate reliability indices within a few iterations in all test problems.     

2-D electrical imaging in some geotechnical investigation of Madhupur clays,Bangladesh

Electrical imaging or electrical tomography is a survey technique suitable for the investigation of areas of shallow complex geology, where the use of other electrical and electromagnetic techniques is less effective. An electrical image has been delineated at a site located in front of the Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 16 soil samples were collected from two boreholes located on the image line and geotechnical parameters such as unit weight, water content, grain size, plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index were measured in the laboratory. These geotechnical parameters were compared with the measured electrical resistivity.     

长白山民用机场飞行区、地坪区、灯光带岩土工程条件分析

通过对长白山民用机场飞行区、地坪区、灯光带的岩土工程的详勘工作,综合分析原位测试、室内试验、载荷试验等各类试验成果,对场区工程地质条件进行了勘查。     

A maximum entropy method using fractional moments and deep learning for geotechnical reliability analysis

Acta Geotechnica - The spatial variability of the properties of natural soils is one of the major sources of uncertainties that can influence the performance of geotechnical structures. The direct...     

海洋CSEM法探测二维海底天然气水合物响应特征

针对海底天然气水合物开展了可控源电磁探测法(Controlled-source Electromagnetic Method,CSEM)响应研究,根据实际地质资料设计二维地电模型并进行正演计算,讨论了频率变化对CSEM响应结果的影响以及海底地形起伏时的CSEM响应特征。综合天然气水合物二维正演模拟结果,论证了海洋CSEM探测海底天然气水合物的可行性,研究成果可为今后的海底天然气水合物勘探提供技术支持。     

重力异常二维正演中的无网格方法

无网格法是一类新型数值算法,具有精度高、高阶形函数构造与物性加载便利等特点,在计算力学领域应用广泛。将无网格方法（PIM、RPIM及EFGM）用于重力异常场二维正演计算：首先从重力异常二维变分问题出发,利用Galerkin法结合高斯积分公式推导了对应的无网格离散系统矩阵表达式;其次通过数值试验得出了RPIM-MQ、RPIM-exp及EFGM-exp形状参数的建议值,最后比较分析了最优形状参数下不同无网格法的计算效果。结果表明：无网格法适用于介质物性分布变化较大的重力异常二维正演,exp函数形状参数α_c最优取值区间为[1.5,1.7],β建议值为0.6,MQ函数q取值区间为-4.1~1.9;EFGM较PIM及RPIM具有更高的计算精度。     

岩土工程可靠度分析的改进四阶矩方法

岩土工程可靠度分析中,功能函数往往呈隐式且具有强非线性性质,而目前最为实用的矩方法,如JC法、二次二阶矩法,主要适用于显式功能函数情形。为此,将高效的统计矩估计方法和可靠度分析的高阶矩法相结合,提出了一种岩土工程可靠度分析的改进四阶矩方法。首先,通过引入变量的独立化变换和线性变换将功能函数转换为参考变量的函数,并结合多变量函数的单变量降维近似方法和参考变量计算节点与权系数的确定方法,建立了功能函数前四阶矩的高效点估计法。然后,将上述统计矩与立方正态变换假设相结合,提出了易于实现的岩土工程可靠度分析的改进四阶矩方法。最后,由数学算例验证了统计矩估计方法的效率和精度,并通过经典的岩土工程算例验证了建议的改进四阶矩方法具有高效率、高精度且操作简单等特点。     

岩土工程计算分析的力分配方法

提出了一种岩土工程计算的新方法,即力分配方法。阐述了力分配方法的原理,并详细推导了方法的相应公式。提出的方法,适应于一般的岩土体力学分析,也同样适应于一般的固体力学计算。由于采用分配法计算,因此,该方法具有分配法计算的所有特点：共同避免了组成和解算典型方程,而以逐次渐近的方法来计算节点的不平衡力;其物理概念生动形象,易于掌握,且程序简单。由于该方法所具有的这些特点,其将在岩土工程计算领域有较好的应用前景。     

大样本岩土参数概率分布的正态信息扩散推断

在重要的岩土工程中,确定大样本岩土参数的概率分布对岩土工程稳定性和可靠性分析有着极其重要的意义。为此,基于积分均方误差最小计算得到的最优窗宽,提出了推断大样本岩土参数概率密度函数的正态信息扩散法。该方法基于信息扩散原理,从试验样本和信息论的角度出发,充分利用样本提供的数据信息,而不是先假定成经典的概率分布曲线拟合检验,数学意义和物理意义更加充分和严密。以推断压缩指数Cc的概率密度函数为例,分析了窗宽对信息扩散估计结果的影响规律,说明了该方法在大样本岩土参数概率密度函数推断方面的合理性。用该方法推断了大样本岩土抗剪强度参数的概率密度函数,通过K-S检验,验证了该方法的正确性和实用性。     

利用共轭梯度方法的激发极化三维快速反演

利用共轭梯度方法实现了激发极化(IP)三维快速反演。首先,利用共轭梯度方法反演电位数据,得到地下的三维电阻率模型,(由于避免了直接求偏导数矩阵,因此反演计算速度很快。)然后,以此电阻率模型为地下电导率分布,再反演IP数据得到三维极化率分布理论模型。试算结果表明其效果较好。     

金属离子对粘土土工性状影响的实验

在正交实验设计的基础上,通过大量的室内实验,对粘土吸附性的影响因素加以分析,为金属离子影响下的粘土土工性状研究奠定基础。在粘土吸附性的基础上,对粘土吸附离子后的基本土工特性进行实验研究,得出了粘土土工特性的变化趋势。结果表明:在单离子体系中粘土对离子的吸附量明显大于混合离子体系中对该离子的吸附量;在多离子体系中,则表现为高价离子具有更强的竞争力;粘土的塑性指数基本是随离子含量的增加而增大;粘土强度随着离子总含量的增高而逐渐降低。     

Fate and transport of zinc in a sand tank model: monitoring of 2-D plume using TDR method

Sorption is a well-known phenomenon that may cause the retardation effect of zinc in the subsurface environment. In this study, the governing process for zinc sorption during transport was investigated by conducting 2-D plume tests in a laboratory scale sand tank model using the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. Tracer solutions of NaNO₃ and ZnSO₄ were applied at a constant flow rate as a pulse type to capture the plumes of both solutes based on TDR-measured resistance. It was revealed that the observed zinc sulfate plume showed no retardation relative to sodium nitrate with a retardation factor of R ≈ 1. Instead of retardation, a prominent reduction of zinc sulfate mass occurred during transport through the tank model due to the irreversible sorption as well as longitudinal dispersion. This indicates that the controlling factor for the sorption process of zinc sulfate in the sand tank model is kinetic rather than equilibrium. These hydrogeological parameters would provide valuable information on the prediction of the fate of zinc in sandy aquifer materials.     

随机-模糊统计方法在岩土特征参数指标统计中的应用

岩土工程中的随机-模糊统计方法用模糊理论准确表达了岩土材料的空间变异性。针对随机-模糊方法权重系数的取值进行了讨论,研究了“参照点”在随机-模糊方法的意义,指出了“参照点”与核点无限接近时的最大隶属度才是所要求的正确结果,并根据模糊随机原理提出了直接迭代求解目标函数的流程。采用建议方法对某核电岩土工程中的参数进行了计算,获得了取不同“参照点”时各样本的隶属度曲线以及“参照点”向核点逐步逼近的过程曲线。结果表明,隶属度函数采用指数函数是合理的,样本隶属度分布形态为窄域“正态”分布。所得结论可为随机-模糊统计方法在岩土工程中的应用提供基本理论依据。     

New point-to-face contact algorithm for 3-D contact problems using the augmented Lagrangian method in 3-D DDA

This paper presents a new point-to-face contact algorithm for contacts between two polyhedrons with planar boundaries. A new discrete numerical method called three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) is used and formulations of normal contact submatrices based on the proposed algorithm are derived. The presented algorithm is a simple and efficient method and it can be easily coded into a computer program. This approach does not need to use an iterative algorithm in each time step to obtain the contact plane, unlike the ‘Common-Plane’ method applied in the existing 3-D DDA. In the present 3-D DDA method, block contact constraints are enforced using the penalty method. This approach is quite simple, but may lead to inaccuracies that may be large for small values of the penalty number. The penalty method also creates block contact overlap, which violates the physical constraints of the problem. These limitations are overcome by using the augmented Lagrangian method that is used for normal contacts in this research. This point-to-face contact model has been programmed and some illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the new contact rule between two blocks. A comparison between results obtained by using the augmented Lagrangian method and the penalty method is presented as well.     

Investigating 2-D MT inversion codes using real field data

There are currently a significant number of two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) inversion codes available for magnetotelluric (MT) data. Through various 2-D inversion algorithms suggested so far, the classical Occam's inversion, the data space Occam's inversion, the nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) method, and the Gauss–Newton (GN) method are fundamental driving methods to find optimum earth models, and OCCAM, DASOCC, NLCG, and MT2DInvMatlab are possible candidates one can find in the public domain that implement these algorithms for 2-D MT inversions, respectively. In this study, we investigate the pros and cons (strength and weakness) of these codes to help one use them efficiently in practical works and, as an introductory guide, further develop (sophisticate or extend) them, especially for the 3-D case. To achieve this goal, we applied each one of the four aforementioned codes on a profile of real MT field dataset. Then, further investigations have been done by performing several inversion tests to see how each code can find the appropriate model to reconstruct the subsurface resistivity structure. Numerical experiments show that the two parameters, regularization and target misfit, in addition to the main criteria of inversion (such as the forward and the sensitivities calculation method, and the type of inversion algorithm), are very important to produce the expected model in inversion. The regularization parameter that acts to trade off between model norm and data misfit can affect the inversion process in terms of both the computational efficiency and the accuracy of the obtained model. Also, lack of insufficient precision to choose the target misfit can lead the inversion to produce and reach an incorrect model.     

再论岩土工程有限元方法的应用问题

岩土工程数值分析方法对于研究复杂的岩土介质与多变的施工措施是一种得力的方法,比传统的解析方法、室内试验方法、模拟试验方法、现场试验方法等具有无可替代的优越性。按岩土工程数值方法的历史发展、作用及发展方向,将其分为4个层次：作为一种高级计算器,直接为某个具体岩土工程的设计服务,对该岩土工程在各种极端设计工况下进行安全性、稳定性的计算分析;作为一种强大的、无与伦比的模拟分析器,对复杂工况条件下复杂岩土工程的各种不利因素的相互作用、相互影响、耦合效应等进行模拟分析;作为一种无成本、可重复的多功能试验机,探索具体岩土工程的稳定机制或某工程措施的加固机制;作为岩土工程数值方法的终极目标,对数值分析方法进行二次开发——研发智能化、快速化、简便化的新型数值分析工具。对这4个层次进行了讨论,并对每个层次进行举例说明。     

三维弹粘塑性块体元法分析软件的面向对象开发

介绍了三维弹粘塑性块体元理论的基本原理。用VC++ 和AVS编制了块体元法分析软件,实现了人机交互功能。该软件集成了块体元分析的前处理、应力应变分析和后处理三大模块,给出了一种应用于该分析理论的科学计算可视化的有效途径。通过算例,验证了软件的实用性。     

微气候能量分析法在岩土工程分析中的应用

随气候条件而变化的边界条件的确定是岩土工程中非饱和土数值分析的一个难题。介绍了农业学中的土与大气相互作用分析中的一些应用较为广泛的方法,并采用空气动力学法和微气候能量平衡法相结合的方法确定土-气界面的边界状态,分析了法国鲁昂试验路堤的路堤填土与大气在2005年1月的能量交换,以及在此期间填土内的温度、含水率和吸力的变化,并与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,农业学中所采用的能量平衡以及能量计算方法可以有效地应用于岩土工程非饱和土的数值分析中,解决随气候而变化的边界条件的确定问题。     

饱和土体一维固结三参数概率特性研究

在考虑岩土参数空间变异性的情况下,对软粘土地基一维固结平均固结度的概率特征进行了研究,分析了平均固结度的概率特征对渗透系数、孔隙比和压缩系数三参数变异性的敏感性,进行了岩土参数分布类型对平均固结度影响的正交试验,并根据试验结果进行了方差分析,为进一步开展多层地基固结的可靠性分析打下了基础.     

Numerical integration method for computing reliability index of geotechnical system

To account for the uncertainties in the design of a geotechnical system, reliability-based design approach is often adopted, in which the main task is to evaluate reliability index of the system based on a performance function (or limit state function). In this paper, we propose a new method for computing the reliability index, based upon the numerical integration of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the performance function. This numerical integration method requires only a deterministic evaluation of the system performance and the joint probability of the uncertain input parameters. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method, measured in terms of the accuracy and the computational effort, respectively, are demonstrated with two geotechnical problems: a drilled shaft in sand and a semi-gravity retaining wall. The new method is found valid regardless of the type of distribution of uncertain input parameters, whether the correlations exist among these input parameters, whether the system involves single or multiple failure modes, and how the performance function is formulated.