桂东北地区几个加里东期花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其构造环境判别

通过对该区花岗岩的常量元素、稀土元素及微量元素成分分析对比,利用岩石化学特征并结合岩体产出地质条件,对花岗岩形成的构造环境进行了综合判别.提出桂东北花岗岩具有相同的成因和来源,属同一岩浆结晶分异演化而来.结晶分异作用为花岗岩的主要成岩方式.越城岭、苗儿山和海洋山岩体主要形成于同碰撞的挤压构造环境下,而大宁岩体总体构造环境为处于碰撞前向同碰撞转换的挤压构造环境.     

桂东北地区几个加里东期花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其构造环境判别

通过对该区花岗岩的常量元素、稀土元素及微量元素成分分析对比，利用岩石化学特征并结合岩体产出地质条件，对花岗岩形成的构造环境进行了综合判别。提出桂东北花岗岩具有相同的成因和来源，属同一岩浆结晶分异演化而来。结晶分异作用为花岗岩的主要成岩方式。越城岭、苗儿山和海洋山岩体主要形成于同碰撞的挤压构造环境下，而大宁岩体总体构造环境为处于碰撞前向同碰撞转换的挤压构造环境。     

广东三岗山二长花岗岩体形成时代、地球化学特征及地质意义

为探讨广东三岗山二长花岗岩体的形成年代及地球化学特征,对该岩体进行了 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄及主、微量元素和稀土元素分析.结果显示,中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的成岩年龄分别为(96.2±1.3)Ma和(99.5±1.2)Ma,为晚白垩世.二者均具有富硅、K＞Na、准铝质-弱过铝质、低钙、低镁、较贫铁等特征;二者均明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、U),强烈亏损元素Ba、Sr、Ti、P,略有亏损Nb;二者稀土元素总量较低-中等,中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩稀土总量相对较高,轻重稀土分馏较为明显,稀土配分曲线总体呈较陡的右倾式"V"型,具有中等-弱的负Eu异常(δEu为0.64～0.77).岩石学与地球化学特征表明,二者均为准铝质-弱过铝质的Ⅰ型花岗岩,为壳幔混合成因.构造图解反映三岗山岩体形成于火山弧花岗岩环境,推断其与太平洋板块俯冲引起的弧岩浆作用有关,该岩体可能形成于太平洋板块俯冲和后缘拉张导致的伸展构造环境.     

海坨山岩体中黑云母的成分特征及其指示意义

海坨山岩体位于北京市延庆区与河北省怀来县的交界处,为一大型复式岩基,前人对于其成因类型及形成环境方面的研究程度较低。黑云母是花岗岩中最为常见的暗色造岩矿物之一,其化学成分对生长环境较为敏感,可提供熔体的物理化学条件等信息,反映岩浆演化和结晶条件,故研究岩体中黑云母的成分特征,对研究其岩浆物质来源,分析其岩浆形成环境,探讨其与成岩作用的关系具有很好的指示意义。本文通过电子探针方法,对海坨山岩体中黑云母的化学成分特征进行了分析和研究,并在此基础上,对该岩体的岩浆物质来源与形成环境条件进行了研究与探讨。研究显示,海坨山岩体中的黑云母,具有富铁、镁,贫硅、铝的特征,钛的含量较高,属于镁质黑云母。其成分特征表明,海坨山岩体属I型花岗岩,其岩浆物质来源于上地幔与下地壳,形成于相对高温高压的较深环境。     

大兴安岭中部柴河地区钾长花岗岩的成因及构造背景:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学的制约

对大兴安岭中部柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩进行了系统的地球化学及锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究,并对其岩石成因及构造意义进行讨论.研究结果表明,柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩中锆石具有典型的岩浆振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U比值(0.44 ～ 1.42),反映了岩浆成因特征.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为133±3Ma.岩石具有富硅、稀土元素含量较高、相对富集轻稀土元素亏损重稀土元素的特征,Eu负异常较为明显,稀土元素配分图解具有右斜“V”字型的特征,并相对富集高场强元素和大离子亲石元素.以上特征表明,柴河林场地区钾长花岗岩为铝质A型花岗岩,是地壳岩石部分熔融的产物,具有典型A1型(裂谷或板内)花岗岩的特征,代表了伸展的构造环境.     

赣中早古生代古嶂花岗岩体的岩石学特征及其成因

通过对赣中于都县形成于加里东期的古嶂花岗岩岩体的岩相学及岩石地球化学特征进行了系统的研究,探讨其岩石类型、岩石成因及岩浆演化过程,并对其形成的构造背景进行了初步的探讨。岩相学上,古嶂花岗岩主要由石英,钾长石,斜长石,黑云母和白云母组成,其中白云母多为自形-半自形,中-粗粒,应为原生白云母;在地球化学特征方面,SiO_2含量较高,K>Na,CaO含量较低,其A/CNK>1.1,属于强过铝质花岗岩;微量元素组成上,古嶂花岗岩岩体中相对富集Rb、Th、U和稀土元素Ce、Sm、Nd,相对亏损Ba、Sr、Nb,属于低Ba-Sr范畴花岗岩。岩体稀土总量较低,相对富集轻稀土,有明显的Eu亏损,古嶂花岗岩应属于S型花岗岩。本文研究的古嶂花岗岩应为在后碰撞伸展环境中地壳物质在较低温度下部分熔融形成S型花岗岩岩浆,经结晶分异后形成。     

青海岗察花岗岩类地球化学特征、构造环境及成因

为探讨青海岗察花岗岩类的成因机制,通过岩相学、主量元素、微量元素地球化学特征研究,岩体由辉长辉绿岩、辉石闪长岩、紫苏辉石闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩等组成。岩石里特曼指数δ=1.37~2.36,属钙碱性系列;铝饱和指数(A/CNK)=0.765~1.018,属准铝质-弱过铝质岩石。在ACF图显示岗察岩体主要属I-S型花岗岩。稀土总量48.11×10-6~249.35×10-6,轻重稀土比值4.12~10.72,LaN/YbN比值3.30~12.85,稀土元素分配曲线显示轻稀土元素曲线向右倾斜,重稀土元素呈平缓型,说明轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显,显示岩浆源区的残留矿物含有角闪石。δEu=0.34~1.21,铕元素具负异常,说明源区在部分熔融过程中有斜长石的残留。微量元素蛛网图显示Rb具有明显富集,K,Th含量较高,Ba相对亏损,Ce,Hf,Zr,Sm,Y,Yb等明显低于洋脊花岗岩,具有后碰撞花岗岩特征。岗察岩体侵入时间上发生在陆陆碰撞期后的陆内叠覆造山阶段,其构造环境属后碰撞陆内造山叠覆-底侵构造环境。其成因是中三叠世,大陆碰撞地壳加厚的地质背景下,岩浆底侵-混合作用形成,为中央造山带印支期构造-岩浆事件的产物。     

赣中早古生代古嶂花岗岩体的岩石学特征及其成因

通过对赣中于都县形成于加里东期的古嶂花岗岩岩体的岩相学及岩石地球化学特征进行了系统的研究,探讨其岩石类型、岩石成因及岩浆演化过程,并对其形成的构造背景进行了初步的探讨。岩相学上,古嶂花岗岩主要由石英,钾长石,斜长石,黑云母和白云母组成,其中白云母多为自形-半自形,中-粗粒,应为原生白云母;在地球化学特征方面,SiO_2含量较高,K>Na,CaO含量较低,其A/CNK>1.1,属于强过铝质花岗岩;微量元素组成上,古嶂花岗岩岩体中相对富集Rb、Th、U和稀土元素Ce、Sm、Nd,相对亏损Ba、Sr、Nb,属于低Ba-Sr范畴花岗岩。岩体稀土总量较低,相对富集轻稀土,有明显的Eu亏损,古嶂花岗岩应属于S型花岗岩。本文研究的古嶂花岗岩应为在后碰撞伸展环境中地壳物质在较低温度下部分熔融形成S型花岗岩岩浆,经结晶分异后形成。     

黑龙江晨明地区两个晚三叠世岩体的地球化学特征及其意义

通过LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb测年及岩石化学分析,研究了黑龙江晨明地区跃进村岩体和云头砬子岩体的年代学、地球化学和形成环境。结果表明,跃进村岩体和云头砬子岩体的年龄分别为213±3 Ma和209±3 Ma,属于晚三叠世中期岩体。跃进村岩体岩性以石英二长岩为主,属于准铝质、钙碱性系列,轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素略亏损,属于I型花岗岩。云头砬子岩体岩性以碱长花岗岩为主,属于准铝质、碱性系列,轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素略亏损,属于A型花岗岩。两个岩体可能形成于海西—印支期造山带的造山隆起至后造山伸展环境的转换期。     

西秦岭天水地区太白花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

秦岭造山带南缘勉略构造带北侧发育有近东西向展布的印支期花岗岩带,位于甘肃徽县地区的太白岩体是该花岗岩类的一部分。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄表明,太白岩体的形成时代为221.8Ma±1.5Ma,属于印支期晚期。主要岩石类型为灰白色—肉红色中细粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。地球化学特征表明,太白岩体属于准铝质—弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素总量ΣREE为79.0×10-6~194×10-6,稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土元素强烈富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾型,Eu负异常明显;高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Ti、Y、Yb和大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr强烈亏损。太白岩体是以中基性岩石为主的壳源物质部分熔融形成的岩浆上升侵位形成的,且处于同碰撞(挤压环境)向后碰撞(伸展环境)转化阶段,为后造山期花岗岩,是扬子板块和华北板块全面碰撞导致增厚下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.