瘤状软骨凹顶藻化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱以及Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱手段,对海洋红藻瘤状软骨凹顶藻(Chondrophycus papillous Garbary et Harper)进行化学成分研究,分离得到5个化合物.通过MS、NMR等方法对得到的化合物进行结构确证,分别鉴定为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(Ⅰ),邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(Ⅱ),胆甾醇(Ⅲ),植醇(Ⅳ)和4-羟基苯甲醛(Ⅴ).所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中分离得到.通过MTT法对得到的单体化合物进行细胞毒活性筛选,结果显示所有化合物在10 mg/L浓度下均无明显活性.     

半枝莲化学成分研究

研究了半枝莲Scutellaria barbata D.Don的化学成分。利用硅胶色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱、HPLC等手段对化学成分进行分离纯化;通过理化性质、波谱分析方法结合文献对照,鉴定了化合物的结构。从半枝莲甲醇提取物中,共分离鉴定了10个单体化合物:齐墩果酸(1)、熊果酸(2)、反式-4-甲基肉桂酸(3)、金色酰胺醇酯(4)、对羟基苯甲醛(5)、对羟基苯乙酮(6)、5-羟基-7,3′,4′,5′-四甲氧基黄酮(7)、芹菜素(8)、5,7,4′-三羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮(9)、5,7,4′-三羟基-6-甲氧基黄酮(10)。化合物1、3、7为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

药用红树林植物黄槿的化学成分研究

利用正相硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、制备薄层色谱（PTLC）及重结晶等分离手段,从海洋红树林植物黄槿（Hibiscus tilisceus）中分离得到11个化合物,通过MS、1D和2D NMR等波谱技术鉴定了所有化合物的结构,分别为coniferaldehyde（1）,3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯（2）,松脂醇（3）,丁香脂素（4）,格榄酮（5）,黄芪苷（6）,植醇（7）,胆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-二醇（8）,胆甾-5-烯-3β,7β-二醇（9）,胆甾醇（10）和声-胡萝卜苷（11）。这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分离获得。     

圆形短指软珊瑚化学成分的研究

从中国海南岛三亚附近海域采集的圆形短指软珊瑚Sinularia gyrosa中分离得到4个化合物，经IR，^1H NMR和^13C NMR谱分析确定它闪的化学结构分别是孕甾烯醇酮（Ⅰ），24-亚甲基胆甾醇（Ⅱ），神经酰胺（Ⅱ），鲨肝醇（Ⅳ）。其中（Ⅰ）是首次从该种软珊瑚中分离得到。     

升麻中环阿尔廷烷型三萜皂苷及其抗肿瘤活性研究

从我国中草药的潜在区域特异性出发,对目前很少涉及的西北地区甘肃产升麻进行了较系统的化学成分及其生物活性研究。通过正、反相硅胶等色谱技术从升麻根茎的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到15个环阿尔廷烷型三萜皂苷;根据单体化合物的波谱学数据、理化性质将其分别鉴定为25-脱水升麻醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(1),25-O-乙酰基-升麻醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(2),25-O-乙酰基-7,8-去氢升麻醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(3),25-O-乙酰基-升麻醇-3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4{ST),asiaticoside A(5),asiaticoside B(6),isocimipodocarpaside(7),cimicidanol(8),26-Deoxyactein(9),升麻醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(10),24-O-acetylisodahurinol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(11),23-O-acetylshengmanol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(12),26-deoxycimicifugoside(13),升麻苷H-1(14),以及升麻苷H-2(15)。其中,化合物6为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物3,7,11为首次从该种植物中分离得到。选择人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)和人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)以MTT法对分离得到的化合物进行了肿瘤细胞毒活性评价,化合物2~6对两种肿瘤细胞都具有显著活性。研究结果进一步丰富了我国升麻中药的化学多样性,同时为其药效的物质基础及其构效关系提供了理论依据。     

群体感应抑制活性导向分离腐皮镰刀菌中代谢产物

本实验采用群体感应抑制(quorum sensing inhibitory, QSI)活性导向法,对分离自山东威海近海底泥的真菌 WH7-2开展代谢产物研究。综合菌落形态和转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer, ITS)全序列分析,菌株 WH7-2 鉴定为腐皮镰刀菌 Fusarium solani。综合运用多种色谱方法,从该真菌大米发酵产物的活性部位中分离得到 11 个化合物。分别鉴定为(2E, 5E)-3, 5, 7-三甲基-2, 5-辛二烯酸(1)、不饱和脂肪酸酯混合物(2 4)、镰红菌素-3-甲醚(5)、脱水镰红菌素(6)、(22E)-5α, 8α-过氧化麦角甾-6, 22-二烯-3β-醇(7)、(22E)-5α, 8α-过氧化麦角甾-6, 9 (11), 22-三烯-3β-醇(8)、3β-羟基-胆甾-5-烯-7-酮(9)、6β-羟基-胆甾-4-烯-3-酮(10)和(22E)-胆甾-5, 22-二烯-3β-醇(11)。其中不饱和脂肪酸酯混合物(2 4)具有 QSI 活性,其他化合物无 QSI 活性。除 5 和 6 外,其他化合物均为首次从腐皮镰刀菌 F. solani 中发现。     

产自两株海洋真菌的三种鞘脂类的结构测定

3种鞘脂类代谢产物N-2’-羟基十六碳酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(A)、N-2’-羟基-3’E-十八碳烯酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(B)和N-十六碳酰基二氢鞘氨醇(C)分别产生于来源于中国南海的2株海洋真菌(菌株编号为1924和3893),通过2DNMR、MS等方法测定了它们的结构。这是首次从南海红树内生真菌分离得到的3种鞘脂类代谢产物。     

两个N－酰基神经鞘氨醇的分离和结构鉴定

从南海细枝竹节珊瑚Ｉｓｉｓｍｉｎｏｒｂｒａｃｈｌａｓｔａ及柔软肉芝软珊瑚Ｓａｒｃｏｐｈｙｔｏｎｍｏｌｌｅ中各分离得到一固体化合物Ⅰ与Ⅱ，经光谱数据分析及化学方法分析鉴定Ⅰ为一个含有三个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇（首次是从柳珊瑚中分离得到的含多个不饱和键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇）；Ⅱ为一个新的含有两个双键的Ｎ－酰基神经鞘氨醇。     

中国南海短指软珊瑚中化学成分的研究

运用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和HPLC等技术,采用活性追踪分离的方法,对南海短指软珊瑚Sinularia sp.的化学成分进行了研究.从乙醇提取物中分离获得单体化合物,运用NMR,MS等波谱技术鉴定了8个化合物的结构,分别为:3β-羟基-24-亚甲基胆甾-5-烯-7-酮(1),孕甾烯醇酮(2),cembrene A(3),epoxycembrane A(4),4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3,7-cyclotetradecadien-10-one(5),(3E,7E,11E)-11,12-dihydroxy-1-isopropyl-4,8,12-trimethyicyclotetradeca-1,3,7-triene(6),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7)和十九烷-2-酮(8).化合物5和8为首次从珊瑚动物中分离得到,6为首次从短指软珊瑚属中分离得到.化合物3和4显示较强的卤虫致死活性.西松烷二萜类化合物是该短指软珊瑚中的重要活性成分.     

褐藻小粘膜藻的化学成分

应用正相硅胶、生物胶Bio-Beads、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱色谱和反相HPLC等层析方法,从小粘膜藻(Leathesia nana)中分离得到7个化合物,通过IR、MS、1D和2DNMR等波谱技术鉴定为4-羟基苯甲酸(1)、3．羟乙酰基吲哚(2)、2,3-二溴．4,5-二羟基苯甲醛(3)、3-溴-4,5-二羟基苯甲醛(4)、2,3．二溴-4,5．二羟基苯甲基乙醚(5)、双-(2,3-二溴-4,5-二羟基卞基)-醚(6)和3．溴-4．(2,3-二溴-4,5-二羟基苯甲基)-5-甲氧甲基苯二酚(7)。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.