重力和重力梯度数据三维相关成像

本文提出了重力异常三维相关成像方法和重力梯度数据三维相关成像方法,并提出了基于异常分离的三维相关成像方法来提高成像分辨率.通过合成Y型岩脉模型和合成多个直立长方体组合模型的重力异常和重力梯度数据试验分析,验证了本文三维相关成像方法可显示出异常地质体的空间赋存状态和等效剩余质量分布,具有良好的纵向和横向分辨率.     

孕震过程中重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的数值模拟研究

简要介绍了为探索和解释地震前后重力变化的各种孕震模式,推导了由孕震引起的密度变化和位移与地面重力位、重力、重力梯度之间的变化关系。摸拟计算了孕震位移和密度变化引起的重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布并分析了重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布特征。与此同时,采用广义司托克斯云积分和有限差分方法对云南丽江7. 0级地震前重力位、重力、重力水平梯度进行了计算。结果表明,强震前重力位、重力、重力梯度有其自身的变化特征,这对预测强震有实际意义。     

Focusing iterative migration of gravity gradiometry data acquired in the Nordkapp Basin,Barents Sea

Geological interpretation based on gravity gradiometry data constitutes a very challenging problem. Rigorous 3D inversion is the main technique used in quantitative interpretation of the gravity gradiometry data. An alternative approach to the quantitative analysis of the gravity gradiometry data is based on 3D smooth potential field migration. This rapid imaging approach, however, has the shortcomings of providing smooth images since it is based on direct integral transformation of the observed gravity tensor data. Another limitation of migration transformation is related to the fact that, in a general case, the gravity data generated by the migration image do not fit the observed data well. In this paper, we describe a new approach to rapid imaging that allows us to produce the density distribution which adequately describes the observed data and, at the same time, images the structures with anomalous densities having sharp boundaries. This approach is based on the basic theory of potential field migration with a focusing stabilizer in the framework of regularized scheme, which iteratively transfers the observed gravity tensor field into an image of the density distribution in the subsurface formations. The results of gravity migration can also be considered as an a priori model for conventional inversion subsequently. We demonstrate the practical application of migration imaging using both synthetic and real gravity gradiometry data sets acquired for the Nordkapp Basin in the Barents Sea.     

一种卫星重力梯度数据的ARMA最优滤波模型构建方法

由于卫星重力梯度观测的有色噪声特性和海量观测特征,在利用直接法进行重力场模型的最小二乘求解时,观测值的协方差阵为超大型的非对角阵,这给数值求解带来了极大困难.本文提出了一种基于先验误差功率谱密度的最优ARMA滤波模型构建方法,结合法方程的分块求解策略,可实现对卫星重力梯度观测值的高效滤波处理.数值仿真结果表明,利用最优ARMA滤波器进行时域滤波后,法方程的态性得到了明显改善,重力梯度观测值中的有色噪声得到了有效的"白化"处理,大地水准面精度得到了显著提升.     

A new method for near-topographic correction in gravity surveys

The paper is concerned with the problems of topographic reduction in gravity prospecting. Particular emphasis is placed on topographic conditions frequently encountered in mountainous areas such as in the Alps. New master curves are developed for several cases in which steep walls followed by inclined planes are located near the gravity sites. The computation methods are outlined and the precision as well as the rapidity are tested for various cases.Contribution No. 301. Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.     

基于阈值约束的协克里金法联合反演重力与重力梯度数据

常规协克里金方法反演重力或重力梯度数据具有抗噪性好、加入先验信息容易等优点,其反演的地下密度分布能够识别异常体中心位置,还原异常体基本形态,但反演图像光滑,分辨率低,这是由于常规方法估计的密度协方差矩阵全局发散、平稳.为了通过协克里金方法获得聚焦的密度分布需要改善密度协方差矩阵的性质.首先,本文推导了理论密度协方差公式,其性质表明,当理论模型聚焦分布时,其密度协方差矩阵是非平稳且聚焦分布的.为了打破常规协方差矩阵全局平稳、发散的特征,本文设置密度阈值处理协方差矩阵,通过不断更新协方差矩阵来迭代实现协克里金反演,最终得到相对聚焦的反演结果.用本文方法处理重力与重力梯度数据恢复两种密度模型,均得到了与正演模型匹配的反演结果;再将方法运用于文顿盐丘的实际测量重力与重力梯度数据,反演结果与已知的地质情况匹配较好.

     

A priori models and inversion of gravity gradient data in hilly terrain

The increased popularity of airborne measurements of the gravity gradient tensor for resource studies and geological mapping has resulted in a new awareness of the importance of terrain effects. In these measurements, the terrain effect often overwhelms that of the underlying crust and it becomes important to formulate a strategy for taking it into account when presenting the data and when inverting the data into density models. Using newly acquired data from Northern Sweden, we first attempted to estimate a variable terrain density model by inverting the data using a terrain model with a laterally varying density. Using data weights related to the topography variations, we find the best estimate of the lateral variation of the terrain density. We translate this model into a full three-dimensional model such that all columns have the same vertical centre of mass as estimated from inspecting the radially averaged power spectrum of the area. This then defines a reference model for subsequent three-dimensional inversion of the gravity gradient tensor dataset. We tested this approach first on synthetic data calculated from the measured topography including two density anomalies before we applied it to the measured data. The result is a model in which the surface density variations are propagated downwards in a systematic manner now in better agreement with measured densities of rock samples in the area.     

Reconstructing the gravity gradient anomaly field from surveys with wide line spacing using equivalent source processing: an error analysis

When anomalous gravity gradient signals provide a large signal‐to‐noise ratio, airborne and marine surveys can be considered with wide line spacing. In these cases, spatial resolution and sampling requirements become the limiting factors for specifying the line spacing, rather than anomaly detectability. This situation is analysed by generating known signals from a geological model and then sub‐sampling them using a simulated airborne gravity gradient survey with a line spacing much wider than the characteristic anomaly size. The data are processed using an equivalent source inversion, which is used subsequently to predict and grid the field in‐between the survey lines by means of forward calculations. Spatial and spectral error analysis is used to quantify the accuracy and resolution of the processed data and the advantages of acquiring multiple gravity gradient components are demonstrated. With measurements of the full tensor along survey lines spaced at 4 × 4 km, it is shown that the vertical gravity gradient can be reconstructed accurately over a bandwidth of 2 km with spatial root‐mean square errors less than 30%. A real airborne full‐tensor gravity gradient survey is presented to confirm the synthetic analysis in a practical situation.     

基于数据空间和稀疏约束的三维重力和重力梯度数据联合反演

随着重力和重力梯度测量技术的日趋成熟,基于重力和重力梯度数据的反演技术得到了广泛关注.针对反演多解性严重、计算效率低和内存消耗大等难点问题,本文开展了三维重力和重力梯度数据的联合反演研究,该方法结合重力和重力梯度两种数据,将L0范数正则化项加入到目标函数中,并在数据空间下采用改进的共轭梯度算法求解反演最优化问题.同时,本文摒弃了依赖先验信息的深度加权函数,引入了自适应模型积分灵敏度矩阵,用来克服因重力和重力梯度数据核函数随深度增加而衰减引起的趋肤效应问题.为了提高反演计算效率,本文又推导出基于规则网格化的重力和重力梯度快速正演计算方法.模拟试算表明,改进的共轭梯度法可以降低反演的迭代次数,提高反演的收敛速度;自适应模型积分灵敏度矩阵,可以有效解决趋肤效应,提高反演纵向分辨能力;数据空间和改进的共轭梯度算法结合,可以更好地降低反演求解方程的维度,避免存储灵敏度矩阵,有效地降低反演计算时间和内存消耗量.野外实例表明,该算法可以在普通计算机下快速地获得地下密度分布模型,表现出较强的稳定性和适用性.

     

基于深度学习的重力异常与重力梯度异常联合反演

高效高精度的反演算法在重力大数据时代背景下显得尤为重要,受深度学习卓越的非线性映射能力的启发,本文提出了一种基于深度学习的重力异常及重力梯度异常的联合反演方法.文中首先提出了一种基于网格点几何格架的重力异常及重力梯度异常的空间域快速正演算法,这为本文深度学习反演算法的实现奠定了基础;其次对大量的不同密度模型进行正演计算...     

重力和重力梯度数据联合聚焦反演方法

重力数据包含较多的低频信息,重力梯度数据包含较多的高频信息,将重力数据和重力梯度数据进行联合反演得到的结果更加可信.本文基于聚焦反演方法,实现了这一过程.因为联合反演中分量种类增加,所以计算灵敏度矩阵所需要的时间增加,为此,本文提出了一种快速计算灵敏度矩阵的方法.因为联合反演对内存的要求增大,本文选择有限内存BFGS拟牛顿法求解反演问题.本文通过再加权的方法实现深度加权.文中利用单一分量的反演结果来预测异常体的埋深信息,随后将埋深信息结合到深度加权函数中,将其用于多分量组合反演计算.给出了模型试验,发现预测得到的异常体的埋深信息与其实际埋深存在偏差,但是将这一信息应用到反演计算,能够得到与真实模型一致的结果.之后,本文通过模型试验来探究重力和重力梯度联合反演的优势,发现将重力和重力梯度数据联合,能够识别出额外的噪声,反演得到的模型更加合理.但是,对于不同分量组合得到的反演结果是相近的,反演模型的提高很小.最后,将联合反演方法应用到美国路易斯安那州Vinton岩丘的实际数据中,结果显示,将重力和重力梯度数据联合反演,反演模型得到了提高,反演得到的结果与地质资料吻合.     

Depth from extreme points method for gravity gradient tensor data

The ‘depth from extreme points’ method is an important tool to estimate the depth of sources of gravity and magnetic data. In order to interpret gravity gradient tensor data conveniently, formulas for the tensor data form regarding depth from the extreme points method were calculated in this paper. Then, all of the gradient tensor components were directly used to interpret the causative source. Beyond the g_zz component, also the g_xx and g_yy components can be used to obtain depth information. In addition, the total horizontal derivative of the depth from extreme points of the gradient tensor can be used to describe the edge information of geologic sources. In this paper, we investigated the consistency of the homogeneity degree calculated by using the different components, which leads to the calculated depth being confirmed. Therefore, a more integrated interpretation can be obtained by using the gradient tensor components. Different synthetic models were used with and without noise to test the new approach, showing stability, accuracy and speed. The proposed method proved to be a useful tool for gradient tensor data interpretation. Finally, the proposed method was applied to full tensor gradient data acquired over the Vinton Salt Dome, Louisiana, USA, and the results are in agreement with those obtained in previous research studies.     

卫星重力梯度观测数据L1级构建方法

高精度重力梯度观测数据L1级构建的系统方法是推进我国自主重力卫星任务重要的基础数据处理技术.本文以GOCE卫星L1级数据预处理技术和关键载荷原始数据为参考,面向我国发展的梯度测量卫星的任务需要,系统研究并初步实现了卫星重力梯度观测数据L1级构建方法,主要包括加速度计电压数据转换、多星敏感器联合姿态数据的角速度重建、卫星重力梯度分量构建等技术内容.计算结果表明,加速度计超灵敏轴精度为10^-10~10^-11m·s^-2·Hz^-1/2,达到重力梯度仪设计精度要求;多星敏感器联合解算最佳姿态角速度w_y、w_z在10~100 mHz内精度约提升1个量级,其精度约达到10^-5 rad·s^-1·Hz^-1/2量级,能够有效抑制低精度角速度分量在坐标系转换中导致的噪声传播;基于维纳滤波方法恢复的角速度在5~100 mHz频段内的平方根功率谱密度提升了（5.21~6.56）×10^-11 rad·s^-1·Hz^-1/2,显示了基于高精度角速度解算重力梯度分量的必要性;构建重力梯度各分量计算值与全球重力场和海洋环流探测器（GOCE）官方公布的重力梯度分量精度相当,其梯度张量的迹在20~100 mHz频段范围内约为10 mE·Hz^-1/2,验证了本文构建方法的有效性.研究工作可为下一步我国推进实施民用重力梯度测量卫星任务提供自主的原始数据处理技术支撑与储备.

     

Heli-borne gravity gradiometry in rugged terrain

For airborne gravity gradiometry in rugged terrain, helicopters offer a significant advantage over fixed-wing aircraft: their ability to maintain much lower ground clearances. Crucially, this provides both better signal-to-noise and better spatial resolution than is possible with a fixed-wing survey in the same terrain. Comparing surveys over gentle terrain at Margaret Lake, Canada, and over rugged terrain at Mount Aso, Japan, demonstrates that there is some loss of spatial resolution in the more rugged terrain. The slightly higher altitudes forced by rugged terrain make the requirements for terrain correction easier than for gentle terrain. Transforming the curvature gradients measured by the Falcon gravity gradiometer into gravity and the complete set of tensor components is done by a Fourier method over gentle terrain and an equivalent source method for rugged terrain. The Fourier method is perfectly stable and uses iterative padding to improve the accuracy of the longer wavelengths. The equivalent source method relies on a smooth model inversion, and the source distribution must be designed to suit the survey design.     

基于重力梯度张量曲率的边界识别

重力梯度张量曲率目前广泛用于重力数据的处理和解释中.为了拓宽重力梯度张量曲率的应用,本文回顾了重力梯度张量曲率的定义,从等位面的曲率定义出发,讨论了正确计算曲率的测量参考系及局部旋转的相关理论,并以单个球体和棱柱体为例来说明曲率的正确计算方式.然后,在正确计算重力梯度张量曲率的基础上,将重力梯度张量曲率应用到重力数据的边界识别中,通过理论模型和实际数据详细分析和比较了各种曲率在重力边界识别中的应用效果.结果表明：基于等位面的局部旋转坐标系是各种曲率正确计算的先决条件,纠正了曲率计算的误区;在边界识别中,局部坐标系下所计算的高斯曲率进行边界识别能够较好的圈定地下地质体的边界.

     

基于共轭梯度算法的重力梯度数据三维聚焦反演研究

重力梯度数据相对于传统重力数据,能够更细致、准确地描述地球浅部构造和研究矿产资源分布等信息.本文采用共轭梯度算法,在加权密度域求解重力梯度数据三维聚焦反演最优化问题,以恢复地下三维密度分布,目标函数包括数据不拟合函数和最小支撑稳定函数.首先,在推导目标函数对加权密度的一阶导数时,为了得到更合理的计算公式,我们考虑变加权函数中含有密度变量;此外,本文通过密度上下限约束,改善了传统聚焦反演中聚焦因子选取困难的问题.新算法获得的反演结果,对聚焦因子的选择约束较少,相比传统聚焦算法,能够更容易的获得理想结果.将方法应用于理论模型验证其有效性和正确性,并应用本文方法处理文顿盐丘地区的航空全张量重力梯度数据,得到了与已知地质信息匹配的密度分布,表明本文方法具有处理实际数据的能力.

     

一种改进的重力梯度全张量数据的边界识别方法

边界识别是重力资料解释中的一项重要任务.随着重力梯度测量技术的迅速发展,重力梯度张量数据在边界识别中的应用越来越广泛.本文重点研究了随着深度的增加,边界识别能力下降,正负异常中出现假边缘的问题.另外,有些边缘检测方法对走向不同的地质体识别能力有所差异.本文对基于重力梯度张量的水平方向Theta法进行改进,通过选择合适的...     

The gravity field and GGOS

The gravity field of the earth is a natural element of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). Gravity field quantities are like spatial geodetic observations of potential very high accuracy, with measurements, currently at part-per-billion (ppb) accuracy, but gravity field quantities are also unique as they can be globally represented by harmonic functions (long-wavelength geopotential model primarily from satellite gravity field missions), or based on point sampling (airborne and in situ absolute and superconducting gravimetry). From a GGOS global perspective, one of the main challenges is to ensure the consistency of the global and regional geopotential and geoid models, and the temporal changes of the gravity field at large spatial scales. The International Gravity Field Service, an umbrella “level-2” IAG service (incorporating the International Gravity Bureau, International Geoid Service, International Center for Earth Tides, International Center for Global Earth models, and other future new services for, e.g., digital terrain models), would be a natural key element contributing to GGOS. Major parts of the work of the services would, however, remain complementary to the GGOS contributions, which focus on the long-wavelength components of the geopotential and its temporal variations, the consistent procedures for regional data processing in a unified vertical datum and Terrestrial Reference Frame, and the ensuring validations of long-wavelength gravity field data products.     

重力及其垂直梯度交叉约束联合密度结构反演方法

重力垂直梯度能突出浅部地质目标, 具有较高的水平分辨率, 而重力异常则可以更好地保留较深场源的信息, 重力与重力梯度联合勘探常用来获取不同深度场源的异常特征.本文提出重力及其垂直梯度交叉约束联合密度结构反演方法, 其采用交叉梯度实现重力与重力梯度数据联合反演, 并将二者单独反演结果作为归一化权函数约束联合反演过程.该方法可有效改善不同参量反演结果集中于异常变化较大区域的缺点, 提升不同深度场源的分辨率, 更加准确地揭示深部场源的分布.模型试验结果表明该方法能清晰恢复不同深度场源的密度结构分布特征, 且具有良好抗噪能力.针对辽源采空区勘查开展重力与其垂直梯度联合测量, 利用本文数据联合反演圈定出了6个采空区, 与以往已知矿点位置完全一致, 且与高密度电阻率法解释结果吻合良好, 为区域规划建设提供了准确的依据.此外, 我们还对长白山火山地区卫星重力及其梯度数据进行反演, 估计了岩浆囊的位置和范围, 且与前人地球物理勘探结果较为吻合, 进一步证明了本文方法的实用性.

     

Review Paper: Historical development of the total normalized gradient method in profile gravity field interpretation

In the Russian school, the total normalized gradient method belongs to the most wide-spread of direct interpretation methods for potential field data. This method was also used and partly developed by many experts from abroad. The main advantage of the total normalized gradient method is its relative independence of parameters such as the expected differential density of interpreted structures. The method is built from a construction of a specially transformed field (total normalized gradient) on a section crossing the potential field sources. The special properties of this transformed field allow it to be used to detect the source positions. From the 1960s, the mathematical basis of the method underwent enormous development and several modifications of the method have been elaborated. The total normalized gradient operator itself represents a relatively complicated, non-linear band-pass filter in the spectral domain. The properties of this operator can be handled by means of several parameters that act to separate the information about field sources at different depth levels. In this contribution, we describe the development of the method from its very beginning (based mostly on qualitative interpretation of simple total normalized gradient sections) through to more recent numerical improvements to the method. These improvements include the quasi-singular points method, which refines the filter properties of the total normalized gradient operator and defines an objective criteria (so called criterion ‘α’ and ‘Г') for the definition of source depths in the section. We end by describing possibilities for further development of the method in the future.