高密度资料面元细分与速度分析关系研究

速度分析是地震资料处理的重要环节,制作准确的速度谱,可为动校正提供可靠的速度资料,并最终决定叠加资料的质量.本文在对速度分析的基本估算方法和应用要素做系统的概括总结后,对面元细分与速度分析关系进行了详细的理论研究和实际资料的检验.理论模型数据和胜利油田永新工区高密度实际资料处理表明,面元细分对速度谱的主要影响是覆盖次数,覆盖次数较低时,要准确获知速度较难;覆盖次数增大,速度谱变好,但其精度并不按覆盖次数线性增大.要实现高密度资料分辨率品质的提高,必须提高检波器接收精度.     

基于逆虚折射干涉法有效提取近地表弱地震信号

在地震勘探中,地形起伏和近地表速度的剧烈变化会导致地震波旅行时的扰动,通常会通过折射波信息来估算和消除这些扰动.本文在虚折射的基础上提出了逆虚折射干涉法,通过虚折射波场和原始折射波场的互相关,并对所有位于固定相位点上的检波点进行叠加,重构出逆虚折射波场.通过逆虚折射与超级虚折射的叠加,保证了不同偏移距下折射波振幅恢复的一致性,显著提高折射波的信噪比,有效提取弱信号.同时,本文采用反褶积干涉法来压制由于互相关和褶积产生的子波旁瓣的影响,弥补低频和高频能量的损失,改善恢复的折射波场的稳定性和分辨率.该新方法不需要知道近地表复杂速度模型的信息,可以将虚折射的勘探孔径恢复到原始地震记录的最大孔径.合成资料和实际资料的计算结果表明,基于反褶积的逆虚折射干涉法能够从低信噪比的资料中,有效恢复出折射波信息.     

Influence of crack distribution of rocks on P‐wave velocity anisotropy – a laboratory and field scale study‡

The purpose of this paper is the comparison of P‐wave velocity and velocity anisotropy, measured at different scales under laboratory and field conditions. A shallow seismic refraction survey with shot/receiver spacing of up to 10 m was carried out on a flat outcrop of lhertzolite in the southern part of the Balmuccia massif. Oriented rock samples were also obtained from the locality. The particular advantage of the laboratory method used is the possibility of measuring velocity in any direction under controlled conditions. Laboratory tests were made on spherical peridotite samples, 50 mm in diameter, by ultrasonic velocity measurements in 132 directions (meridian and parallel networks) under confining stress ranging from atmospheric to 400 MPa. The mean P‐wave velocity of the field and laboratory data differed by between 20–30%. In addition, P‐wave velocity anisotropy of 25% was detected in the field data. Whereas the anisotropy in the laboratory samples in the same orientation as the field surveys was less than 2%. This observed scaling factor is related to the different sampling sizes and the difference in frequencies of applied elastic waves. With an ultrasonic wavelength of 10 mm, laboratory samples represent a continuum. The field velocities and velocity anisotropy reflect the presence of cracks, which the laboratory rock samples do not contain. Three sub‐vertical fracture sets with differing strikes were observed in the field outcrop. Estimates of fracture stiffness from the velocity anisotropy data are consistent with other published values. These results highlight the difficulty of using laboratory velocity estimates to interpret field data.     

基于平均速度分析的近地表纵波速度反演

面波频散曲线对于横波速度、纵波速度、层厚等近地表地球物理参数的敏感度相差较大, 现阶段通过频散曲线可以获得较为精确的近地表横波速度与厚度信息, 但无法直接对纵波速度进行反演.研究表明, 泊松比对于波长(W)-探测深度(D)关系较为敏感.基于这一发现, 本文根据频散曲线与反演获取的横波速度结构计算平均速度, 获取W-D关系曲线.但合成数据测试证明, 因近地表浅层对应的W-D曲线变化较小, 且浅层纵波速度反演不准确会使误差累积, 直接反演W-D曲线无法获取可靠的纵波速度剖面.本文改进了基于平均速度分析的近地表纵波速度反演方法, 在目标函数中加入了对浅层信息较为敏感的W/D-D信息, 同时对W-D曲线与W/D-D曲线进行联合反演.合成数据测试证明可以获取较为准确地浅层与深层纵波速度.将该方法应用于实际地震数据中, 联合反演得到的纵波速度剖面与微测井数据较为吻合, 证明本文提出的方法可以不借助其他信息, 仅通过面波频散信息, 获取更为准确地近地表纵波信息.

     

波场延拓速度分析

对常用的静校正方法进行分析,认为把复杂地层速度用其下覆地层介质替换,去掉复杂地层对处理带来的影响,可以提高速度分析的精度,对于CMP道集地震数据,在共中心点一半偏移距中,可以利用波动方程的叠前双平方根算子,实现延拓,进行层层剥离．本文提出层速度替换速度分析方法,用来解决复杂地层速度对地震速度分析的影响,理论模型计算表明,该方法是可行的。     

莺东斜坡带速度分析方法研究及速度影响因素分析

莺歌海盆地是一个有勘探潜力的盆地,尤其是莺东斜坡带附近有良好勘探前景.但是由于研究区位于莺东斜坡带附近,因此构造解释具有相当的难度,尤其是由时间解释转化为构造解释有难度,需要有一个准确的速度来进行时深转换.基于此原因,本文首先介绍了速度谱拾取过程中的一些难点及解决方法;其后是速度分析取得的成果,通过DepthTeam形成速度体,从点、面、体三个不同角度证明了速度谱拾取过程中速度的准确性以及速度体的实用性;最后对单井和地层的速度进行了统计分析,总结了本区影响速度变化的主要因素.     

Shear wave velocity modelling in crustal rock for seismic hazard analysis

P-wave velocity data along with the thickness of sedimentary and crystalline layers within bedrock were collected from all global regions and presented in the Global Crustal Model CRUST2.0, published in 2001. This well-organised database provides invaluable potential contributions towards future seismic hazard modelling, particularly for stable continental regions (SCRs), where there is a scarcity of representative strong motion records for conventional modelling purposes. The P-wave velocity information presented in CRUST2.0 has been converted herein to S-wave velocity information. The latter is especially important for purposes of seismic hazard modelling. The value of the CRUST2.0 model has therefore been greatly enhanced by the important findings presented and further developed in this paper. By making the best use of available information on crustal conditions, the amplification behaviour of seismic waves affecting a region, an area or a site for any given earthquake scenario may be predicted. The developed methodology, which is intended for worldwide applications, has been illustrated by case studies in which model S-wave velocity profiles were developed for different geological regions within North America. The model profiles were found to be in excellent agreement with field measurements reported for each respective region.     

独立分量分析及其在地震信息处理中应用初探

独立分量分析(ICA)是最近才发展起来的一种统计学方法，旨在寻求对非高斯分布数据进行有效表示，使得各个分量在统计学上独立，或者尽最大可能地独立。许多应用中，这种表示意在获取数据的基本结构，包括特征提取和信号分离。本文给出ICA的基本理论和快速算法，并对FastICA稍作改进，在分析地震信号特点的基础上，对其在地震信息处理中应用进行初步探索，表明ICA在地震信号处理中具有应用前景。     

Impact of user parameters in inversion velocity analysis

Migration velocity analysis is a method devoted to the evaluation of both reflectivity and background velocity models, associated with the high and low wavenumber components of the model, respectively. Inversion velocity analysis is one of its improved versions, leading to more stable background velocity updates. Still, the impact of the user parameters should be understood for an optimal update of the background velocity. We show that a sign reversal of the background velocity gradient could occur when the selected surface offset range or the space lag range is too small. We derive the theoretical limits and check their consistency through simulations in a simple model with a single interface. These guidelines determine the necessary ranges of surface offsets and space lags for a proper update of the background velocity model. We discuss their applicability on the Marmousi model. Artefacts in the retrieved background velocity model are observed when the guidelines are not satisfied.     

选择相关法提高转换波速度分析精度

利用转换波速度分析拾取的横波速度是转换波共转换点（Common Conversion Point简称CCP）叠加技术中很重要的参数.它的拾取难度在于转换波时距关系在中—浅层或大偏移距情况下误差明显增大,以及在相邻薄反射层上叠加速度谱分辨率很低.本文对选择相关速度谱分析技术进行了研究,即在速度分析中不是利用所有道集,而是有选择的利用部分（可调）道集进行速度分析,研制了相应的实用软件.理论模型和实际资料均表明,该方法在中—浅层或大偏移距情况下,比传统方法有较大改善,分辨率明显提高,能大大提高速度谱估算的精度.     

Fine structure of Pn velocity beneath Sichuan-Yunnan region

We use 23298 Pn arrival-time data from Chinese national and provincial earthquake bulletins to invert fine structure of Pn velocity and anisotropy at the top of the mantle beneath the Sichuan-Yunnan and its adjacent region. The results suggest that the Pn velocity in this region shows significant lateral variation; the Pn velocity varies from 7.7 to 8.3 km/s. The Pn-velocity variation correlates well with the tectonic activity and heat flow of the region. Low Pn velocity is observed in southwest Yunnan , Tengchong volcano area, and the Panxi tectonic area. These areas have very active seismicity and tectonic activity with high surface heat flow. On the other hand, high Pn velocity is observed in some stable regions, such as the central region of the Yangtze Platform; the most pronounced high velocity area is located in the Sichuan Basin, south of Chengdu. Pn anisotropy shows a complex pattern of regional deformation. The Pn fast direction shows a prominent clockwise rotation pattern from east of the Tibetan block to the Sichuan-Yunnan diamond block to southwest Yunnan, which may be related to southeastward escape of the Tibetan Plateau material due to the collision of the Indian Plate to the Eurasia Plate. Thus there appears to be strong correlation between the crustal deformation and the upper mantle structure in the region. The delay times of events and stations show that the crust thickness decreases from the Tibetan Plateau to eastern China, which is consistent with the results from deep seismic sounding.     

Simultaneous inversion of velocity structures and hypocentral locations: Application to the Friuli seismic area NE Italy

A layeredP- andS-wave velocity model is obtained for the Friuli seismic area using the arrival time data ofP- andS-waves from local earthquakes. A damped least-squares method is applied in the inversion.The data used are 994P-wave arrival times for 177 events which have epicenters in the region covered by the Friuli seismic network operated by Osservatorio Geofisico sperimentale (OGS) di Trieste, which are jointly inverted for the earthquake hypocenters andP-wave velocity model. TheS-wave velocity model is estimated on the basis of 978S-wave arrival times and the hypocenters obtained from theP-wave arrival time inversion. We also applied an approach thatP- andS-wave arrival time data are jointly used in the inversion (Roecker, 1982). The results show thatS-wave velocity structures obtained from the two methods are quite consistent, butP-wave velocity structures have obvious differences. This is apparent becauseP-waves are more sensitive to the hypocentral location thanS-waves, and the reading errors ofS-wave arrival times, which are much larger than those ofP-waves, bring large location errors in the joint inversion ofP- andS-wave arrival time. The synthetic data tests indicated that when the reading errors ofS-wave arrivals are larger than four times that ofP-wave arrivals, the method proposed in this paper seems more valid thanP- andS-wave data joint inversion. Most of the relocated events occurred in the depth range between 7 and 11 km, just above the biggest jump in velocity. This jump might be related to the detachment line hypothesized byCarulli et al. (1982). From the invertedP- andS-wave velocities, we obtain an average value 1.82 forV _p /V _s in the first 16 km depth.     

Subsurface offset behaviour in velocity analysis with extended reflectivity images

Migration velocity analysis with the constant‐density acoustic wave equation can be accomplished by the focusing of extended migration images, obtained by introducing a subsurface shift in the imaging condition. A reflector in a wrong velocity model will show up as a curve in the extended image. In the correct model, it should collapse to a point. The usual approach to obtain a focused image involves a cost functional that penalizes energy in the extended image at non‐zero shift. Its minimization by a gradient‐based method should then produce the correct velocity model. Here, asymptotic analysis and numerical examples show that this method may be too sensitive to amplitude peaks at large shifts at the wrong depth and to artefacts. A more robust alternative is proposed that can be interpreted as a generalization of stack power and maximizes the energy at zero‐subsurface shift. A real‐data example is included.     

Improving the gradient of the image‐domain objective function using quantitative migration for a more robust migration velocity analysis

Migration velocity analysis aims at determining the background velocity model. Classical artefacts, such as migration smiles, are observed on subsurface offset common image gathers, due to spatial and frequency data limitations. We analyse their impact on the differential semblance functional and on its gradient with respect to the model. In particular, the differential semblance functional is not necessarily minimum at the expected value. Tapers are classically applied on common image gathers to partly reduce these artefacts. Here, we first observe that the migrated image can be defined as the first gradient of an objective function formulated in the data‐domain. For an automatic and more robust formulation, we introduce a weight in the original data‐domain objective function. The weight is determined such that the Hessian resembles a Dirac function. In that way, we extend quantitative migration to the subsurface‐offset domain. This is an automatic way to compensate for illumination. We analyse the modified scheme on a very simple 2D case and on a more complex velocity model to show how migration velocity analysis becomes more robust.     

The seismic velocity distribution in the vicinity of a mine tunnel at Thabazimbi, South Africa

Analysis of the refracted arrivals on a seismic reflection profile recorded along the wall of a tunnel at an iron mine near Thabazimbi, South Africa, shows variations in P-wave velocity in dolomite away from the de-stressed zone that vary between 4.4 and 7.2 km/s, though values greater than 5.8 km/s predominate along most of the profile. The seismic velocities at the tunnel wall, however, vary between 4.2 and 5.2 km/s. Time–depth terms are in the range from 0.1 to 0.9 ms, and yield thicknesses of the zone disturbed by the tunnel excavations of between 2 and 9 m. The very low seismic velocities away from the tunnel wall in two regions are associated with alcoves or ‘cubbies’ involving offsets in the wall of up to 10 m. The large variations in seismic velocity resolved over distances less than 15 m with signals of wavelength around 6–9 m are attributed to variations in the sizes and concentrations of fracture systems and cracks, and in the degree of groundwater saturation of the fracture systems. The results suggest that seismic velocity variations from reflection surveys may also assist modelling studies of the stress regime in deep mines, particularly if both P and S wave velocity variations can be determined. The seismic velocity variations inferred also show that application of refraction static corrections in the processing of ‘in-mine’ seismic reflection profiles is as important as in surface surveys, because of the higher frequencies of the seismic energy recorded in the deep mine environment.     

基于递归高通滤波的经验模态分解及其在地震信号分析中的应用

将地震信号分解成包含频谱互不重叠的单主周期的分量有利于地震信号的分析.分析了经验模态分解(EMD)中模态混叠的内在原因和已有的解决方法,梳理了解决模态混叠的思路框架,进而提出了一种新的基于输入递归高通滤波的EMD算法.首先用递归高通滤波器将信号预分解成频率由高到低的多个分量,实现信号的等价带通滤波,再用EMD对各带通分量按频率高低逐级递归筛分,获得完备的经验模态分量.通过合成信号和地震信号的仿真实验表明,该算法较好地克服了模态混叠,获得了频谱互不重叠的单主周期分量,并成功用于震相分离和分析,为地震信号分析提供了一种新思路.     

TI介质各向异性速度多参数分析

本文采用横向各向同性（TI）介质弹性参数的Anderson表征方式,利用小偏移距同类反射波或转换波信息重建纵横波速,以中长排列同类反射波或转换反射波信息重建各向异性因子图像,分步进行深度域TI介质中P、SV波多参数各向异性速度分析,以理论模型验证了方法的可行性.最后给出宽角反射PP与SS波折合剖面的速度与各向异性因子解释结果.     

地层衰减对地震波速度逆散射反演的影响研究

在利用地震波数据进行地球物理反演时,地层对地震波的吸收衰减效应会对地层物性参数的准确反演产生较大的影响,因此利用黏弹性声波方程进行反演更符合实际情形.本文在考虑地层衰减效应进行频率空间域正演模拟的基础上,提出基于黏弹性声波方程的频率域逆散射反演算法并对地震波传播速度进行反演重建,在反演过程中分别用地震波传播复速度和实速度来表征是否考虑地层吸收衰减效应.基于反演参数总变差的正则化处理使反演更加稳定,在反演中将低频反演速度模型作为高频反演的背景模型进行逐频反演,由于单频反演过程中背景模型保持不变,故该方法不需要在每次迭代中重新构造正演算子,具有较高的反演效率;此外本文在反演过程中采用了基于MPI的并行计算策略,进一步提高了反演计算的效率.在二维算例中分别对是否考虑地层吸收衰减效应进行了地震波速度反演,反演结果表明考虑衰减效应可以得到与真实模型更加接近的速度分布结果,相反则无法得到正确的地震波速度重建结果.本文算法对复杂地质模型中浅层可以反演得到分辨率较高的速度模型,为其他地震数据处理提供比较准确的速度信息,在地层深部由于地震波能量衰减导致反演分辨率不太理想.     

共聚焦点叠前深度偏移速度估计方法研究

基于共聚焦点技术可以将叠前深度偏移分为激发聚焦与接收聚焦两个过程,通过逆时聚焦算子的作用实现.由速度模型驱动逆时聚焦算子的更新,合成DTS面板,根据等时原理,通过DTS面板中时移曲线的曲率变化来交互的更新速度场.但是当地下介质稍为复杂的情况下,从面板中拾取分析点对应的时移曲线变得非常困难.针对这个问题,本文通过对分析点在限定深度和速度范围内合成的DTS面板零时刻振幅进行叠加,由其值的变化来确定分析点的合理位置及上层介质速度.     

Seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole using a seismic vibrator source‡

We present the results of a seismic interferometry experiment in a shallow cased borehole. The experiment is an initial study for subsequent borehole seismic surveys in an instrumented well site, where we plan to test other surface/borehole seismic techniques. The purpose of this application is to improve the knowledge of the reflectivity sequence and to verify the potential of the seismic interferometry approach to retrieve high‐frequency signals in the single well geometry, overcoming the loss and attenuation effects introduced by the overburden. We used a walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) geometry with a seismic vibrator to generate polarized vertical and horizontal components along a surface seismic line and an array of 3C geophones cemented outside the casing. The recorded traces are processed to obtain virtual sources in the borehole and to simulate single‐well gathers with a variable source‐receiver offset in the vertical array. We compare the results obtained by processing the field data with synthetic signals calculated by numerical simulation and analyse the signal bandwidth and amplitude versus offset to evaluate near‐field effects in the virtual signals. The application provides direct and reflected signals with improved bandwidth after vibrator signal deconvolution. Clear reflections are detected in the virtual seismic sections in agreement with the geology and other surface and borehole seismic data recorded with conventional seismic exploration techniques.