Natural aggregates in the performance and durability of concrete: chemical characteristics

This article continues from the earlier feature in Geology Today (2011, v.27, n.4) and looks at the influence of chemical reactivity within concrete due to the presence of unsound aggregates or deleterious material incorporated in the aggregate used in the concrete mix. Some of the more disruptive problems from chemical unsoundness come from the presence of chlorides, which cause rusting in reinforced concrete or, sulphate attack from ground waters. Both of these reactions are relatively common in Britain. Alkali–silica reactions with aggregates and cement is not too prevalent in Britain but can be very prevalent and disruptive elsewhere in the world.     

柱状节理玄武岩隧洞破坏模式及其力学机制模拟

柱状节理岩体由于其内部赋存大量的隐节理面,开挖卸荷后极易出现隐节理面开裂松弛等特征,导致其破坏模式异于一般岩体。其破坏模式主要受到异常发育的节理面和较高地应力的共同作用影响。由于柱状节理岩体节理面发育,岩体结构控制型破坏占主要部分,包括单临空面节理面滑移（塌方）、多临空面节理面滑移（塌方）、与错动带、断层等弱面相组合的坍塌等破坏模式;应力控制型破坏主要为河谷侧顶拱喷层开裂;应力-结构面型破坏主要为岩性交界处的节理岩体塌落等。柱状节理岩体表层主要发生柱内竖直隐节理面和柱间节理面的拉破坏,而围岩内部的柱状节理主要发生柱间节理面的剪切破坏。因此,现场柱状节理的支护也应主要包括两个方面：以喷射混凝土钢纤维来阻止柱状节理岩体表层的张性开裂,以系统锚杆来控制柱状节理岩体内部的剪切破坏。     

小浪底水利枢纽地下厂房岩体支护效果数值分析研究

介绍了小浪底水利枢纽地下厂房岩体力学行为数值分析的过程和方法,包括采用的屈服准则、三维几何模型、岩体力学参数、地应力场、开挖过程模拟和支护结构模拟方法。给出了1.0和0.8两种侧压力系数下,无支护结构、无预应力锚索有锚杆有衬砌、有预应力锚索有锚杆有衬砌3种情况的计算结果,研究结果表明：（1）支护结构对限制围岩位移和塑性区开展作用不大,但对于固定松动破碎岩块、防止洞周局部崩塌脱落有不可缺少的作用;（2）开挖过程对预应力锚索拉力影响不大;（3）开挖过程引起混凝土衬砌较大拉应力,围岩表面的钢筋网,对于限制衬砌开裂和防止其脱落,有重要作用。     

Analysis of Cracking in Rock Salt

Summary ?The use of underground mines in salt-rock formations for waste repositories makes the precise analysis of isolation properties of rock salt very important. One of the main mechanisms responsible for a degradation of isolation ability of the rock salt is the generation and development of cracks under influence of mining processes. Various aspects of cracking in salt rocks are studied – both in situ and in laboratory tests – for rocks of the world's largest Verkhnekamskoe potash-ore deposit (Russia). It is shown that not all the discontinuities (fractures) are closed in the course of the creep deformation of rocks. Parameters of cracking are determined for various conditions: age of pillars, mining technology, etc. Different methods – filtration, electrometric, nuclear magnetic resonance, mechanical tests – are used for crack observation and characterisation, both in specimens and in situ. Traditional investigations (partly with specially designed equipment) are accomplished by the testing methods of fracture mechanics for determination of critical values of stress intensity factors K _Ic and K _IIc. The problems and ways of the use of the obtained results in analysis of isolation properties for areas in vicinity of underground mines and/or waste repositories are discussed.     

Impact crushing of particle–particle compounds—experiment and simulation

Particle–particle compound consists of various sized particles with non-uniform properties, whose properties vary in large range depending upon applications, methods of manufacturing and ratio of its compositions. The different types of engineering agglomerates and building materials, like concrete, are some of the examples of particle compounds. Recycling of value material from building waste such as aggregates from concrete ball provides impetus to investigate particle–particle compounds.The liberation of aggregates is carried out by impact crushing in a large scale pneumatic cannon. Both experiments and Finite and Discrete Element simulations are adopted to study the cracking phenomena of aggregates. Also, the different aspects of crushing of particle–particle compounds at different velocities are discussed.     

贵州石漠化地区棕黄色粘性土团聚体稳定性研究

 以贵州省普定县碳酸盐岩石漠化研究试验区（陈旗村）的棕黄色粘性土为研究对象,考虑了初始含水率和浸润时间两个影响因素,对研究区土体中占绝对优势的5mm的大颗粒团聚体进行了共计16组湿筛法试验。结果表明:棕黄色粘性土团聚体遇水破裂的过程主要发生在被浸润初期,初始含水率越小的土壤,经雨水浸润后,大颗粒团聚体破裂得越快越彻底;而原本就比较湿润的土体,团聚体的稳定性则较好。因此,对碳酸盐岩石地区石漠化的防治,应着重考虑气候长期干燥、蒸发量对水土流失的影响。 〖     

Numerical simulation of desiccation cracking in a thin clay layer using 3D discrete element modeling

Desiccation cracking of clay soil is of critical importance in many applications, such as industrial waste containment, hydraulic barriers, road embankments, and agricultural operations. The factors that influence cracking are known qualitatively, but it is not clear how to predict the initiation and propagation of cracks. This study presents a discrete element approach to modeling desiccation cracking in thin clay layers, considering material property changes. First, an aggregate shrinkage model based on the aggregate structure of clay was proposed, and the drying shrinkage of clay soil was modeled by imposing drying shrinkage kinetics for each aggregate at the micro-scale. Second, the clay soil was represented by an assembly of aggregates linked by bonds, and desiccation cracking of the clay layer was modeled using a three-dimensional discrete element code (PFC3D), with the aid of the embedded programming language FISH. When the clay layer is sufficiently thin, the water content gradient along the section can be neglected; thus, the shrinkage kinetics are the same for all of the grains of clay. In the model based on the discrete element method (DEM), the bond strength and contact stiffness changed during drying. Their changes were determined by matching the simulation results with the experimental data. Third, the DEM approach was validated by reproducing experimental desiccation tests performed on a thin clay layer in a disk shape. The geometric parameters of surface cracks were quantified using image analysis techniques and were compared with experimental observations. Fourth, some factors of influence, such as the sample thickness, the properties of the soil–base interface, micro-mechanical parameters, and shrinkage parameters, were investigated using the DEM model. The results obtained from the DEM analyses were compared with the results of prior research in this field of study. The approach used in this study is very promising for simulating desiccation cracking in thin clay soil because the model captures the initiation and propagation mechanism of desiccation cracks. Although this study was carried out on surface cracking in a thin clay layer, the extension of this methodology is of potential benefit not only for predicting three-dimensional desiccation cracking in real clay liners but also for modeling cracking in other materials with properties that vary with water content or temperature, such as concrete and rock.     

不同节理表面形貌下非贯通节理岩体强度特性直剪试验研究

通过直剪模型试验,研究节理表面形貌下非贯通节理岩体扩展贯通强度特性。非贯通节理岩体的扩展贯通过程分为4个阶段：初裂前阶段、稳定扩展阶段、非稳定扩展阶段和摩擦阶段。结合试验现象和切向变形曲线,研究了非贯通节理岩体的初裂强度、临界强度、贯通破坏强度、残余强度等特性。在相同的法向应力下,节理表面越粗糙,不仅非贯通节理岩体的贯通破坏强度越大,而且初裂强度、临界强度、残余强度也越大。在不同的节理表面形貌下,初裂强度与贯通破坏强度的比值约为70%;临界强度与贯通破坏强度的比值约为90%;不过,残余强度与贯通破坏强度的比值变化较大,约为50%～90%。试验为进一步研究非贯通节理岩体破坏理论提供试验验证。     

Analytical prediction of aggregates' effects on the ITZ volume fraction and Young's modulus of concrete

In order to evaluate analytically the ITZ volume fraction (f_ITZ) in concrete, a three phase model is proposed for the random concrete microstructure using the Voronoï tessellation. Within this model, the ITZ local thickness is a statistical variable depending on the local paste thickness available between each couple of neighbouring aggregates. The f_ITZ is found to not exceed 7% for typical concretes. Then, the concrete Young's modulus is predicted analytically using a four‐phase generalized self consistent model but in which the proposed f_ITZ is considered. It is found that the concrete Young's modulus increases when increasing aggregates volume fraction, aggregates maximum size and the proportion of coarse aggregates and when decreasing the ITZ thickness and Young's modulus. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is discussed based on a comparison between its predictions and three sets of experimental results related to normal and high strength concretes taken from literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绢云母片岩粗粒料改性试验研究

绢云母片岩属极软岩,强度低,直接作为路基填料难以压实,易造成路基沉陷、路面开裂等不良工程现象。通过对绢云母片岩及其4种改性方案进行表面振动压实试验、室内重型击实试验、室内CBR试验以及回弹模量试验研究,探讨绢云母片岩经改性后用作高速公路路基填料的适用性。试验表明,绢云母片岩最大干密度采用室内重型击实与表面振动压实试验结果相差较大,采用表面振动压实时为1.92 g/cm3,采用室内重型击实时为2.01 g/cm3。主要原因是由于绢云母片岩颗粒破碎的结果。绢云母片岩及其4种改性粗粒土的在最优含水率附近的较宽范围内的变动对压实效果的影响不大,有利于填料的压实。绢云母片岩的回弹模量E较低,小于32 MPa,经改性后的土料的回弹模量均有显著提高,均达到50 MPa以上。添加20%红砂岩和20%黏性土的试料CBR值均只有3.7,添加3%水泥和5%水泥的试料CBR值上升明显。绢云母片岩经添加3%、5%的水泥化学改性后可用于高速公路上路堤及路床填筑。     

管道衬砌内水外渗对边坡稳定影响的数值模拟

根据钢筋混凝土受拉开裂特性，通过混凝土开裂后钢筋和混凝土联合承载原理，提出了在内水压作用下混凝土衬砌开裂的裂缝宽度估算公式。根据开裂衬砌内水外渗的规律，提出了高压管道内水外渗与混凝土衬砌裂缝宽度相互影响的有限元迭代计算分析方法。该方法将内水压荷载分解为起裂荷载和破坏荷载，对混凝土衬砌起裂荷载采用一次加载，对破坏荷载采用分级加载迭代，由此较好地反映衬砌开裂和渗流耦合作用效应。根据渗流荷载对边坡的破坏作用，提出了对边坡稳定判断的思路。通过对实际工程的分析计算，论证了高压管道内水外渗对边坡的稳定影响, 为内水外渗与应力场耦合分析提供了一种有效的计算方法。     

中高温三轴应力下鲁灰花岗岩热破裂声发射特征的试验研究

在中高温三轴应力作用下岩石内部物理化学性质和结构特性将发生变化,随着岩石内部结构的变化会引发一系列的声发射现象。通过试验研究了大试件花岗岩在三轴压力状态下声发射随温度的变化规律。试验研究表明：①随着温度升高,岩石的声发射现象是间断发生的;②花岗岩存在一个开始发生热破裂的门槛值温度,其值为120 ℃左右;③试验温度范围内花岗岩热破裂的声发射现象可分为5个阶段,即岩石原生裂隙整合阶段、热破裂前声发射静默阶段、热破裂声发射阶段、大规模热破裂后声发射静默阶段、二次热破裂开始阶段。     

低剂量水泥稳定粒料基本性能

我国长久以来使用的半刚性基层发展到今天已广泛采用水泥稳定粒料基层,低剂量水泥稳定粒料基层与此类似但减少了水泥用量,从经济上和防止反射裂缝两个方面改善了水泥稳定粒料基层的性能。首先从级配角度出发,分析了级配对水泥稳定粒料强度的影响,规定了各级级配的控制点。然后从水泥稳定粒料基层强度与水泥用量的关系出发,按相同的集料级配,针对不同的水泥用量绘制了其最大干密度和含水量的关系曲线。最后按抗压强度和CBR值对比了不同水泥剂量间及与级配碎石的强度变化情况,验证了低剂量水泥稳定碎石基层应用的可能性。     

我国不同原油裂解成气动力学研究

提供了我国海相、湖相原油的黄金管裂解成气热模拟实验数据和裂解成气的动力学参数。对比分析典型样品裂解生气特征、升温速率与温度对油裂解成气的影响表明:我国海相、湖相原油裂解成气门限温度、消亡温度差异不大,但与国外样品差异明显;源内和源外原油裂解成气过程差别明显,源内原油热稳定性弱于源外原油热稳定性,在油裂解气评价中应该考虑排烃效率的影响;温度是原油裂解的主要控制因素,温度高于180℃时,原油裂解过程主要在10 Ma内完成,且液态烃消亡温度要高于200℃。本次研究的实验结果、动力学参数及相关结论可供盆地模拟和油藏勘探工作采用和借鉴。     

Sulfate Attack on Concrete in an Inland Salt Lake Environment

INTRODUCTIONSulfate attack is one of the reasons for concretestructures deteriorating earlier than usual,thusshowing poor durability.The SO42-from the sur-rounding environment such as ocean,saline,groundwater,and even the concrete itself,reacts with thehydration products of cement,whichleads to the de-terioration of the concrete(Li et al.,2000;Kang,1995;Neville,1983;Samarai,1976).The deteriora-tionincludes three processes:the external swelling,cracking,peeling,and disjointing caused by …     

凉水煤矿采用二维地震寻找第三系煤田

凉水煤矿为第三系煤田,其特点是:主采煤层为褐煤,与围岩波阻抗差小;深层地层的层速度低,波阻抗差也比较小,深层反射条件差。针对此特点,在采集、处理环节采取了诸如混凝土砂浆封井、初至折射静校正、人工提取干扰等提高信噪比的措施,取得了比较好的勘查成果。     

遥感技术在泥石流灾害勘查中的应用

本文以具体实例总结和列举了利用遥感图像进行泥石灾害调查的多种应用方法，通过这些方法，不仅对泥石流特征，泥石流灾害，暴发周期和规模做了深层次的解译和研究，而且获得了丰富的调查成果，总结了北京地区泥石流分布规律，活动特点及危害状况，本文还对遥感技术在21世纪地质灾害工作的应用做了简单论述。     

Microplane constitutive model for porous isotropic rocks

The paper deals with constitutive modelling of contiguous rock located between rock joints. A fully explicit kinematically constrained microplane‐type constitutive model for hardening and softening non‐linear triaxial behaviour of isotropic porous rock is developed. The microplane framework, in which the constitutive relation is expressed in terms of stress and strain vectors rather than tensors, makes it possible to model various microstructural physical mechanisms associated with oriented internal surfaces, such as cracking, slip, friction and splitting of a particular orientation. Formulation of the constitutive relation is facilitated by the fact that it is decoupled from the tensorial invariance restrictions, which are satisfied automatically. In its basic features, the present model is similar to the recently developed microplane model M4 for concrete, but there are significant improvements and modifications. They include a realistic simulation of (1) the effects of pore collapse on the volume changes during triaxial loading and on the reduction of frictional strength, (2) recovery of frictional strength during shearing, and (3) the shear‐enhanced compaction in triaxial tests, manifested by a deviation from the hydrostatic stress–strain curve. The model is calibrated by optimal fitting of extensive triaxial test data for Salem limestone, and good fits are demonstrated. Although these data do not cover the entire range of behaviour, credence in broad capabilities of the model is lend by its similarity to model M4 for concrete—an artificial rock. The model is intended for large explicit finite‐element programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩体结构变形破坏的内在驱动力-不平衡力

岩体结构的变形破坏是一个渐近过程,常规的强度设计与极限分析均无法描述这一过程。在回顾总结岩体结构破坏控制、变形控制的基础上,提出岩体结构变形破坏控制最终要落实到开裂控制上来。总结了岩体结构开裂计算的特点和难点,阐明了用不平衡力描述岩体结构变形破坏过程的理论依据。分别从单轴压缩试验、边坡开挖卸荷、拱坝坝踵坝趾开裂等3个具体的数值案例论证不平衡力与开裂破坏的内在相关性。提出了蓄水导致不可逆的谷幅变形也是不平衡力作用结果:裂隙水压力使屈服面收缩、原先处于屈服或临界屈服状态的岩体应力状态超出屈服面,产生不平衡力和不可逆的塑性变形。指出了不平衡力本质是岩体结构非平衡态到平衡态的距离,岩体结构非平衡演化的总体趋势服从最小塑性余能原理,进一步指出了无法消除的不平衡力是岩体结构变形破坏的内在驱动力。不平衡力不仅可以作为岩体结构变形破坏的判据,还能给出相应的加固措施,具有重要的工程意义。     

水工隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌非线性有限元分析

在已有岩土程序的基础上,考虑混凝土材料的开裂特性,增加了钢筋和混凝土开裂的模拟功能,编制了相应的非线性有限元计算程序,实现了塑性迭代和开裂迭代计算的耦合。结合某水电站导流隧洞的工程实例,进行了施工、运行和封堵全过程仿真分析。计算过程显示：本算法迭代计算稳定,收敛性好,满足精度要求。同时研究结果表明：运行期,混凝土衬砌的开裂范围、裂缝宽度和相应的钢筋应力随着衬砌与围岩之间初始缝隙值的增大而增大;封堵期,围岩塑性区随着外水位的增加而增大,需要采取相应的加固措施保证围岩稳定。