粉煤灰改良饱和黄土动力特性研究

以资源循环再利用与提高饱和黄土地基抗震性能为目的,通过对不同掺量粉煤灰改良饱和黄土进行动弹性模量-阻尼比试验,研究了动荷载作用下粉煤灰掺量对饱和改良黄土动骨干曲线的影响,同时对不同掺量粉煤灰改良饱和黄土初始动弹性模量、最大动应力幅值、动弹性模量与阻尼比进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:饱和压实素土与不同掺量粉煤灰改良饱和黄土动骨干曲线均可用双曲线模型进行描述,模型参数受粉煤灰掺量影响较大;粉煤灰的掺入可有效改善饱和黄土地基抗震性能,随粉煤灰掺量增加,不同掺量饱和改良黄土动弹性模量与阻尼比分别总体呈增大与减小趋势;考虑粉煤灰改良饱和黄土抗震性能与经济成本,提出了饱和改良黄土最佳粉煤灰掺量为20%~25%;并基于回归分析,给出了饱和改良黄土动弹性模量衰减经验公式与阻尼比增长经验公式及其拟合参数。     

橡胶颗粒掺量对橡胶黏土剪切特性的影响

废旧轮胎制成的橡胶颗粒与黏土混合形成的混合土能利用于路基、填土等工程领域，能够改善黏土的力学性能。通过气动直剪仪对不同橡胶掺量（0、5%、10%和20%）下混合土的剪切特性进行一系列的研究，同时考虑不同剪切速率（0.5、1.0、2.0 mm/min）和竖向应力（30、60、90 kPa）的影响，探讨混合土的强度变化规律。试验结果表明：混合土的抗剪强度随着橡胶掺量的增加先增大后减少，在橡胶掺量为5%时取最大值；混合土的抗剪强度随着剪切速率的增大而减小，剪切速率对混合土抗剪强度的影响随着竖向应力的增加而减小；在竖向应力为30 kPa作用下，混合土呈先剪缩后剪胀的特性，其余条件下混合土均呈剪缩特性；加入橡胶颗粒会降低混合土的黏聚力，橡胶掺量越大，黏聚力下降越大，黏土中掺入橡胶颗粒会增加混合土的界面摩擦角，5%掺量下提高最明显。     

粉煤灰改良膨胀土的动强度试验研究

环境污染以及矿物资源的枯竭等因素强烈地激发了粉煤灰利用的研究和开发。粉煤灰改良作为地基的一种处理方法,越来越广泛地应用于公路路基的建设中。随着车辆速度的提高、车辆荷载的增加,动载对路基的影响引起人们的关注。本文以粉煤灰改良的膨胀土为研究对象,通过压实非饱和试件的动三轴试验,考察了粉煤灰掺入量确定的条件下,循环次数、动荷大小、围压等对土体动强度的影响。由试验结果绘出振次—轴向应变、动强度破坏振次关系曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰改良的非饱和膨胀土没有显著的屈服特征,可采用常规应变标准对应的振次作为破坏振次。     

高含水率疏浚淤泥混合固化轻质土试验研究

疏浚淤泥EPS颗粒混合轻质土是一种新型的轻质土工材料,具有密度小、强度高等特点,在工程中具有广泛的应用前景。本文对高含水率的白马湖疏浚淤泥进行了室内轻质土配比试验,系统分析了水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量以及养护龄期等因素对轻质土的密度及无侧限抗压强度这两个重要参数的影响规律。研究结果表明,轻质土的密度主要由EPS颗粒掺量控制,而水泥掺量和养护龄期对轻质土的密度影响较小;轻质土的强度受水泥掺量、EPS颗粒掺量和养护龄期的影响,其强度随龄期与水泥掺量的变化规律与一般水泥土一致,而强度与EPS颗粒掺量之间存在一个阈值。     

制样方法对非饱和压实黄土强度变化影响的试验研究

为研究不同制样方法对非饱和压实黄土抗剪强度指标的影响规律,进行不同干密度压实土在预湿及加湿两种制样方法下的剪切试验研究。结果表明:预湿制样试验中,存在一个临界含水率影响着试验黄土的黏聚力、摩擦角,当试样的含水率低于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率增加而提高,而当含水率高于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率的增加而降低;抗剪强度指标总体随试样干密度的增大而增大。加湿制样试验中,随着试样含水率的增加,黏聚力连续降低,摩擦角随含水率的增加先提高后降低,对比预湿试样而言,含水率对摩擦角的折减程度降低。可以看出制样方法对非饱和压实黄土黏聚力的影响特征比较突出,当含水率低于临界含水率时加湿试样的黏聚力比预湿试样大,而当含水率高于临界含水率时预湿试样的黏聚力较高,认为加湿试样存在类似"木桶效应",而预湿试样则与试样整体水平有关。研究结果对于进一步加深非饱和黄土抗剪强度指标的适用性研究具有一定参考价值。     

考虑孔隙特性的压实黄土抗剪强度试验研究

以甘肃省临夏某机场场址黄土为研究对象,基于室内三轴剪切试验,研究了初始含水率和压实度对重塑黄土抗剪强度指标、应力路径、破坏强度的影响规律;结合室内电镜扫描试验得到的重塑黄土细观结构图像,定量分析了不同压实度下重塑黄土孔隙特性,并建立了孔隙特性与破坏强度之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)不同初始含水率和压实度条件下重塑黄土应力G应变关系曲线形式为软化型、弱硬化型和强硬化型:7%含水率以下、90%压实度以上条件下为软化型,7%含水率、 85%压实度以下及9%含水率、90%压实度以上条件下为弱硬化型,其余条件下则为强硬化型; (2)重塑压实黄土应力路径曲线呈斜直线形式,曲线形式基本不受压实度和含水率影响;(3)重塑压实黄土抗剪强度指标、破坏强度随初始含水率的增加而减小,随压实度的增加而增大;(4)重塑压实黄土破坏强度与微、小孔隙含量成正比例关系,与中、大、特大孔隙含量及孔隙平均周长和面积成反比例关系.     

橡胶水泥土动力特性的试验研究

通过动三轴试验,研究了橡胶水泥土复合试样的动强度、动弹性模量和阻尼比等动力参数的变化规律,着重研究了橡胶粉掺量、围压和应变3个主要因素的影响并分析了内在机理。在围压不变的情况下,随着橡胶粉掺量的增大,橡胶水泥土复合试样动强度降低。围压越大,动强度越高,受橡胶粉掺量的影响越小。随着围压的增大,动弹性模量增大而阻尼比减小;随着橡胶粉掺量的增加,动弹性模量减小而阻尼比增大。通过数据拟合,得到了橡胶水泥土动弹性模量和阻尼比的计算公式。橡胶粉可以提高水泥土吸收能量的能力,采用橡胶水泥土作为地基处理材料时,能够起到减震的作用。     

重力式挡土墙地基抗震承载力探讨

高烈度地震区重力式挡土墙由于地基承载力不足导致墙身失稳是一种较常见震害类型。基于拟静力法原理,利用极限分析上限定理对地震作用下挡土墙地基极限承载力进行求解,通过典型算例分析了极限承载力随地震动峰值加速度的变化关系与机理,讨论了地基土强度参数对其变化趋势的影响,提出了同时考虑设防烈度和地基土性的挡土墙地基抗震容许承载力修正方法及相应修正系数取值建议。结果表明:设防烈度在9度及以内时,随着地震动峰值加速度增加,挡土墙地基极限承载力近似呈线性下降,下降速率与地基土黏聚力呈负相关性,而受内摩擦角的影响不显著;地震作用加剧挡土墙基底荷载倾斜与偏心导致地基破坏区缩减是造成极限承载力下降的主要原因;设防烈度大于7度时,挡土墙地基抗震容许承载力较天然工况下有所降低,8度和9度设防烈度对应的修正系数约为0.9和0.7。     

基于动三轴试验的压实黄土动强度特性研究

选取吕梁地区黄土,通过静压压实制备三轴试样,在GDS振动三轴仪上研究含水率、干密度和加载频率对压实黄土动强度的影响规律。结果表明:压实黄土的动强度及动强度参数均随振次的增加而减小,随含水率的增大而减小,随干密度和加载频率的增大而增大,动强度与振次之间的关系可用对数方程进行拟合。研究对黄土地区填方区基础建设具有重要意义。     

压实黄土强度的三轴试验研究

采用三轴试验研究不同含水率和不同压实系数条件下压实黄土的应力应变特性,获得了工程上常用的邓肯—张模型参数。结果表明：不同初始条件下主应力差-轴向应变关系基本符合双曲线关系;主应力差和初始切线模量随围压的增加而增大;对相同围压,破坏点处的主应力差随含水率的增大而减小,随压实系数的增大而增大;黏聚力、内摩擦角、K值及Rf随含水率的增加而减小,随压实系数的增加而增大;而n值的变化趋势刚好相反。     

Soil moisture dynamics in coastal savanna soils in the tropics under different soil management practices

Abstract

Soil moisture is important for crop cultivation and its adequacy to meet crop-water requirements is determined by the degree of soil management practised and the quantity of water applied to the soil. This study investigates soil moisture dynamics on three plots: Bare (clean, weeds removed), Weedy (kept weedy), and Mulched (cleared of weeds and fully covered with grass mulch) during rainy and dry periods at the Teaching and Research Farm at the University of Cape Coast, in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. Soil moisture dynamics under different levels of soil compaction were also studied. A Massey Ferguson tractor (MF265) was used to compact the soil at various levels by making 0, 1, 5, 9 and 13 passes. During both the rainy and the dry periods, moisture retention in the soil under bare, weedy and mulched plots increased with depth. During the rainy period, the mean soil moisture retention was in the order: Mulched > Weedy > Bare at both 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. Within a 7–day period, soil moisture measurements from a day after heavy rainfall (intensity > 7 mm h^?1) gave mean moisture losses of 2.7, 4.1 and 3.9% for the Bare, Weedy and Mulched plots, respectively. During the dry period, however, the mean soil moisture retention was of the order: Mulched > Bare > Weedy at both 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. Mean moisture loss during a 7–day dry period was 4.5, 2.9 and 3.4% for the Bare, Weedy and Mulched plots, respectively. Under different levels of soil compaction, the mean moisture retention in the soil increased from 8.3% at 0 pass to 17.8% at 13 passes within the 0–20 cm depth, whilst it decreased from 13.3 to 5.9% from 0 to 13 passes, respectively, within the 20–40 cm depth. It was realized that at less than two passes, the mean soil moisture retention within the 0–20 cm depth was less than the mean moisture retention within the 20–40 cm depth, but the converse happened for more than two passes. The study showed that mulching the soil surface helped to retain enough soil moisture during both the rainy and the dry seasons. Also, soil with high sand content required some sort of soil compaction in order to retain enough moisture at the crop rooting zone.     

Compaction and cover effects on runoff and erosion in post-fire salvage logged areas in the Valley Fire,California

Runoff and erosion processes can increase after wildfire and post-fire salvage logging, but little is known about the specific effects of soil compaction and surface cover after post-fire salvage logging activities on these processes. We carried out rainfall simulations after a high-severity wildfire and post-fire salvage logging to assess the effect of compaction (uncompacted or compacted by skid traffic during post-fire salvage logging) and surface cover (bare or covered with logging slash). Runoff after 71 mm of rainfall across two 30-min simulations was similar for the bare plots regardless of the compaction status (mean 33 mm). In comparison, runoff in the slash-covered plots averaged only 22 mm. Rainsplash in the downslope direction averaged 30 g for the bare plots across compaction levels and decreased significantly by 70% on the slash-covered plots. Sediment yield totalled 460 and 818 g m⁻² for the uncompacted and compacted bare plots, respectively, and slash significantly reduced these amounts by an average rate of 71%. Our results showed that soil erosion was still high two years after the high severity burning and the effect of soil compaction nearly doubled soil erosion via nonsignificant increases in runoff and sediment concentration. Antecedent soil moisture (dry or wet) was the dominant factor controlling runoff, while surface cover was the dominant factor for rainsplash and sediment yield. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and interrill erodibility calculated from these rainfall simulations confirmed previous laboratory research and will support hydrologic and erosion modelling efforts related to wildfire and post-fire salvage logging. Covering the soil with slash mitigated runoff and significantly reduced soil erosion, demonstrating the potential of this practise to reduce sediment yield and soil degradation from burned and logged areas.     

膨胀土裂隙面强度的直剪试验研究

膨胀土中原生裂隙面的存在往往导致膨胀土边坡的失稳。选取南水北调中线工程南阳段膨胀土进行裂隙面强度试验研究,研究成果表明,裂隙面中填充的灰白色粘土的含水量远高于两侧不含裂隙膨胀土的含水量,裂隙面的峰值强度不仅远远小于不含裂隙膨胀土的峰值强度,而且也小于不含裂隙膨胀土的残余强度。     

Soil erosion resistance effects on rill and gully initiation points and dimensions

Recent research has indicated the large spatial and temporal variation in soil erosion resistance against concentrated flow (SER). This study analyzes this variability in relation to rill and gully initiation locations on slopes and the downslope eroded volumes. The soil erodibility (Kc) and critical flow shear stress (τ_cr), were estimated from topsoil properties and correlated to eroded rill and gully volumes and their initiation points on slopes in the Belgian loess belt. Therefore, concentrated flow paths and topsoil properties were measured in their vicinity. The results show that rill and gully initiation points, and hence the lengths of concentrated flow paths, depend on τ_cr, which is controlled by soil surface conditions and can be predicted from saturated soil shear strength. Soil erosion control measures that increase soil shear strength (e.g. thalweg compaction), can therefore decrease rill and gully lengths. Once a rill or an ephemeral gully is initiated, its cross‐section was found to depend on Kc, which can be estimated from the soil water content, dry bulk density, and the dry density of roots and crop residues incorporated in the topsoil. 74% of the variation in the channel cross‐sectional area measured in the study area could be predicted from the combined effect of flow intensity and these three soil properties, whereas flow intensity alone could only account for 31% of the variation. Soil conservation measures affecting one of the soil properties that control Kc (e.g. double drilling of the thalweg, conservation tillage) can therefore decrease the cross‐sections of the concentrated flow paths. These findings also indicate that rill and gully initiation points are not only topographically controlled but also depend on the SER, which in turn determines the dimensions of these concentrated flow paths. Hence, knowledge of the variability in SER is indispensable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南阳膨胀土在受荷的湿干循环过程中细观结构演化规律研究

为了研究浅层膨胀土的细观结构在湿干循环过程中的演化规律,研制了可以进行CT扫描的CT-固结仪。在不同压力作用下对南阳膨胀土的原状样及其重塑土样进行多组多次湿干循环试验,并对每次烘干和增湿稳定后的试样进行CT扫描,跟踪观察湿干循环过程中试样的细观结构变化。结果表明:在湿干循环中,土样的膨胀量和收缩量都比较大,经历三次湿干循环之后,相同饱和度下土样体积基本不再变化;增湿和干燥都能使原状膨胀土及其重塑土的结构损伤,第一次烘干之后,土样即产生明显裂隙;随着湿干循环次数的增加,土样裂隙继续开展,土样结构损伤发生累积;上部荷载对裂隙开展有一定抑制作用,并影响裂隙的发育和裂隙网络的形状;原状膨胀土的裂隙围绕第一次形成的主裂隙发育,而重塑膨胀土的裂隙呈龟背状或辐射状;原状膨胀土及其重塑土在湿态(饱和度S_r=85%)时的CT数M_E值均较干态(饱和度S_r=25%)时的M_E值大;湿态和干态的ME值均随湿干循环次数呈近似线性变化,前者的坡度比较平缓,后者则较陡;基于CT数据定义了膨胀土的细观结构参数,提出定量描述湿干循环过程中膨胀土细观结构参数与试样饱和度、湿干循环次数及所受荷载的数学表达式,预测结果与试验资料比较接近。      

基于WSR方法的粗粒土干密度影响因素评价

从系统工程方法论的角度出发,以物理-事理-人理（WSR）方法论为指导,从粗粒土的物理属性、外界因素、试验操作等3个方面全方位多角度地分析总结了压实试验中影响干密度的因素,建立了基于WSR方法的振动压实试验中粗粒土干密度影响因素指标体系,并运用解释结构模型化（ISM）技术构建了粗粒土干密度影响因素的解释结构模型;通过系统分析,将基于WSR方法考虑到的11个影响压实试验中干密度的因素按照其影响程度分成了5个层次等级,并与在试验中的实践经验进行了对比。研究结果表明,在压实试验中,试验仪器的精确度、激振力、压重和激振时间对于粗粒土干密度的大小起着直接的作用,与笔者的实践经验是相似的。     

Shear strength of compacted soil: effects on splash erosion by single water drops

The persistence of soil compaction, caused by farmers' vehicles (tractors wheelings) during the dry season, can affect splash distribution and soil erosion so that surface flow starts at an earlier stage than between the wheelings. To investigate the effects of soil compaction on splash distribution, a dry clayey agricultural soil was compacted in steel cups with a hydraulic piston, and the shear strength was measured with a fall‐cone penetrometer. Two cups were compacted in the same manner, using one to measure the shear strength and the second for splash erosion measurements. A laboratory splash board of 1 m radius, divided into 13 concentric compartments, was used to collect the splashed particles. The water drop diameter used was 4·9 mm falling onto a soil splash cup of 50·2 cm² area from 8 m height with a terminal velocity of 8·8 m s^?1. The spatial distribution of the splashed particles, for different soil compactions, fitted the fundamental splash distribution function (FSDF) model better than the exponential function. The shapes of the curves of this function demonstrated the importance of the source area size; the smaller the cup diameter the better the spatial distribution is expressed by an exponential function. In addition, variability in soil surface conditions contributes to variation in splash characteristics. Detachment rates and average radial distance followed second degree relationships in terms of shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of swelling-shrinkage regularity of montmorillonite crystal and its relation with matric suction

The swell-shrinking mineral of saturated and unsaturated expansive soil has important effect on engineering mechanical behavior. Based on the swelling-shrinkage change regularity of montmorillonite crystal in this paper, the actions between various interlayers of montmorillonite crystal are generally summarized as two kinds of action potentials-shrinkage potential and swelling potential. Moreover, through the experimental research and analysis, the expression formula for variations of the swelling potential and shrinkage potential with interlayer distance is presented, and the regularity of matric suction variations with interlayer distance is also obtained for unsaturated expansive soil. It may provide a new theoretical basis and research path for further research on the swelling-shrinkage mechanism of expansive soil and matric suction potential of unsaturated soil.     

含砾黏土压实及强度特性的实验研究

采用室内重型击实实验对含砾黏土的压实特性进行分析,结合CT断层扫描研究材料整体干密度、最优含水率及黏土的压实程度与掺砾量、含水率等因素之间的关系。根据无侧限抗压强度实验结果,比较不同掺砾量和不同含水率下的无侧限抗压强度大小。结果表明:掺砾量较低时砾粒与黏土之间就已出现粒间空隙;含水率较高时,这些空隙及黏土孔隙中的水在击实过程中难以排出,同时水还阻碍了封闭气泡的逸出,造成黏土的压实效果明显降低;随着含砾量的增加砾粒逐渐起到骨架作用,减小了作用在黏土上的击实能量,也造成黏土的压实程度差于纯黏土。含砾黏土的无侧限抗压强度主要由黏土成分的密实程度控制,因而受到砾粒含量和含水率的影响,整体上随着含砾量的增加而降低,含水率较高时的下降幅度更明显。