电测井中电流参数对地层的分辨能力分析

常规电测井一般通过测量供电电极的电流和测量电极之间的电位差来计算围岩的视电阻率并划分地层界面,而忽略了对电流参数的利用。本文基于欧姆定律,通过供电电极电流的变化定性分析其周围岩矿石电阻的变化,进而用电流强度变化曲线识别地层属性。理论分析和试验结果表明,供电电极电流大小取决于电极的接触电阻,而视电阻率大小取决两个测量电极之间或供电与测量电极之间介质的电阻率总和,因此,电流比视电阻率对地层的灵敏度要高一些。绘制电流强度测井曲线可以准确划分地层层位,确定地层厚度,且不增加成本。     

激电和电磁效应对三维复电阻率正演结果的影响研究

复电阻率法(CR)又称为频谱激电法(SIP),是一种重要的激电分支方法,在矿产勘查中应用非常广泛.然而,在实际的频谱激电野外观测资料中,总是会受到不同程度的电磁耦合效应的影响.因此,研究同时存在激发极化效应和电磁效应的复电阻率性质,对频谱激电法的实际数据处理具有一定的参考价值.本文首先在均匀半空间条件下,进行了复电阻率法的正演模拟.分析了频率、收发距的改变对视电阻率和视相位的影响.然后在有低阻异常体存在情况下,同时采用三维积分方程法和三维有限差分法,研究了不同条件下视电阻率和视相位的变化.最后,根据对正演模拟结果的分析,总结出不同程度的电磁耦合效应对视电阻率及视相位的影响规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

地电阻率与地下水位,大气降水关系研究

用固定的地面对称四极装置进行的地电阻率观测,是测量地表以下一定深度范围内介质的电性变化。对于定点测量而言,横向不均匀性不是主要矛盾。因此,电测深资料的数值解释是以层状水平延伸介质为理论模型。在垂向不均匀的电性剖面中,任意一层真电阻率的改变,都会使视电...     

降雨对昌黎台地电阻率的干扰分析

昌黎台地电阻率受降雨影响明显, 降雨量越大, 地电阻率下降幅度越大, 两者存在良好的线性关系。 基于昌黎台电测深资料反演的水平层状均匀介质结果, 建立地表薄层电性结构变化模型, 通过影响系数理论定性分析降雨对地电阻率的即时效应, 研究结果显示降雨主要是通过改变地表介质含水量和电性结构造成地电阻率变化的。 利用褶积滤波法定量模拟降雨对地电阻率的短期影响过程, 可以较好去除降雨对地电阻率的即时影响和滞后响应。     

海洋直流电阻率法电测深装置响应分析

海洋直流电阻率法是海洋电磁勘探的重要方法之一,已经在许多海底资源探测中得到实践.本文推导了供电电极位于海底时四层水平层状介质电位表达式和视电阻率计算公式.根据快速汉克尔滤波法,计算含有贝塞尔函数的积分,编写MATLAB程序计算水平层海洋地电模型电位和视电阻率,探究海水深度和沉积层厚度对于视电阻率曲线的影响.研究表明海水越深,海平面对视电阻率曲线影响越小;沉积层厚度越薄,视电阻率异常响应越明显.建立了各种地电模型,并用二极装置、三极装置、偶极装置进行探测,对不同装置获得的视电阻率曲线进行分析,得出偶极装置对于滨海低阻层和高阻层异常反应能力较强.分析了低阻环境下不同装置在不同供电电流下接收端的电位信号强度,研究发现供电电流强度仅在收发距较小时对接收端电位信号强度影响较大,且供电电流越大电位信号强度越高.本文的结果为深入研究海洋直流电阻率法装置类型应用于海底资源探测奠定了基础.     

视电阻率变化与地下水位定量关系的探讨

本文以三层电剖面模型计算出由于电剖面参数变化而引起的视电阻率变化,进而说明因地下水位变化所引起的视电阻率变化是可能估计的。根据这个结果能够确定出由于地下水干扰所引起的视电阻率异常幅度,这将有利于视电阻率变化与地震关系的定性、定量分析研究。实际工作表明,视电阻率变化很复杂,许多因素都会使视电阻率发生变化,但水的影响很重要,因此,研究这个问题有重要意义。      

井中激电三维数值模拟及井眼影响因素分析

本文基于异常电位法,使用变步长有限差分的数值模拟方法,通过matlab编程实现了井中激电的三维数值模拟,由具有解析解的球形异常体模型验证了其正确性.同时,分析了侵入带、井径、不同电极系装置和不同井液电阻率对井中激电的影响,通过分析表明井径越小,井液电阻率与背景电阻率差别越大,其对视电阻率的影响就会越大,反之影响会变小;随着测点与点源距离的增加,电流密度随之减小,无论井径还是井液电阻率的影响等也会相应减小;井液及其侵入带相对于围岩低阻时,含有侵入带的视电阻率曲线较无侵入时突变范围变宽,而视极化率响应曲线突变范围变窄.最后根据不同条件下的视电阻率或视极化率响应,采用"自适应噪声滤波"算法对井液电阻率和侵入带等的影响进行了校正,结果表明,此校正方法具有一定的校正效果.     

土体视电阻率模拟实验

本文介绍了土体视电阻率模拟实验的装置、方法及所得结果。文中还将所获结果与唐山地震前后震区视电阻率观测资料进行比较、分析,结果认为:1.孕震体及其周围应变场的变化能引起视电阻率的变化;2.地震发生前(土层破裂前)视电阻率以下降为主,下降的幅值既与震中距有关,也与测点所处的构造部位有关;3.同一测点视电阻率的变化具有明显的方向性。     

生活垃圾渗滤液污染砂土电阻率变化机制实验研究

为探讨含水多孔介质被垃圾渗滤液污染后的电阻率模型,实现基于土体电阻率的污染物量化分析,以不同粒径组成、不同初始含水量三种渗滤液污染砂土为样本进行了电阻率测试,基于实验结果对污染砂土电阻率变化机制进行了分析.结果显示污染砂土电阻率普遍随渗滤液侵入量增大呈指数降低;和相同含水程度未污染土相比,污染土电阻率值更低,降低幅度随初始含水量增大而减小.渗滤液污染导致的孔液电阻率变小、孔隙水含量增大是导电性增强的主导因素,与此同时污染过程也存在导致土体导电性降低的因素,降低因子受土的类型和初始含水量控制.涵盖这些因素的Archie型公式可作为渗滤液污染土的电性基本式,进而可利用这个基本式实现土体中污染物含量的量化分析.     

频率域双极源全区视电阻率的计算及分析

频率域可控源电磁法由于其发射源的非偶极性,收发距受到发射场源功率的限制,在近区和过渡区,场源不能看做偶极子源,而是双极源.对于双极源数据在近区和过渡区的校正,若采用偶极予源校正,存在很大的误差,收发距一定时,偶极距越大,误差越大.双极源全区视电阻率利用半空间模型视电阻率等效地下复杂模型视电阻率计算全区视电阻率,对比偶极...     

含裂隙介质中的视电阻率各向异性变化

我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即:垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征:对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室和野外实际观测的许多结果做出合理的解释.     

Real-Time Geoelectric Monitoring of Seepage into Sand and Clay Layer

The migration of groundwater in rock and soil can appear as abnormalities in geoelectric fields. It is therefore important to study the characteristics of seepage in porous media by measuring the geoelectric field signatures. In this study, a physical model with layers of sand and clay was constructed and an electrical resistivity meter was used to examine the changes in the geoelectric field parameters during the infiltration process. The results show that the infiltration could be detected based on the geoelectric signatures including temporal changes through the spontaneous potential, excitation currents, and apparent resistivity. Specifically, the spontaneous potential was reduced by 100 to 200 mV when the water reaches an electrode. During the second water injection in the experiment, the measured spontaneous potential of all the electrodes recovered to the previous extreme values that range from −200 to −550 mV, thus indicating a “memory” effect. With stepwise changes in the excitation current, it was possible to determine the seepage velocity in sand and clay layer. The apparent resistivity is reduced to less than 400 Ωm when the infiltration reaches the electrodes. These results indicate the potential for real-time monitoring of water flow.     

地电阻率与水位关系的机理分析

从地电阻率的观测理论出发, 指出地电阻率场地的电性结构、 岩石的饱和度和孔隙度决定了地电阻率和水位的关系。 在长期的观测资料基础上, 通过实例系统地分析了地电阻率和水位的关系, 给出了不同层位的水位变化和不同方式的水位变化对地电阻率观测结果的影响, 认为非构造水位变化与地电阻率的关系主要取决于表层土壤或岩石的水饱和度, 构造水位变化与地电阻率变化存在明确的相关关系, 从而进一步探讨了与前兆异常有关的水位和地电阻率变化。     

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo–electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.     

层状介质二维电阻率扰动反演方法

为解决考古、工程地质和地下水污染勘查中某些探测靶体与周围介质间电性差异不大的地质问题,本文提出了层状介质背景下二维电阻率扰动反演方法．根据观测得到的背景剖面视电阻率断面,确定出背景场的电性层结构,利用电阻率扰动方法计算出敏感矩阵,通过广义逆矩阵法求解出电阻率的增量．在商丘地下夯土城墙的应用表明,该方法有效地抑制了夯土城墙的旁侧效应和地下水噪声的影响,揭示出地下夯土城墙的埋深与几何形态．     

点源两层大地三维地电模型视电阻率边界元解

本文用两层均匀大地人工点源作用下的空间电位分布作为基本解，导出了下伏基岩中陷含三维地质体情况下，关于电位的边界积分方程组，用边界单元法解积分方程求得地表电位，从而求得了一定装置下的视电阻率。本文方法的独特优点是积分只须在异常体边界面上进行了测线可以沿任意方向。用联剖法计算了均匀半空间下含球形异常体的ρｓ曲线，所得结果与其他学者用解析方法所求得的结果一致。用中间梯度法计算下层基岩中含有一长方体，测线     

Apparent resistivity over a three layer earth with an inhomogeneous interstratum

Summary The theory of resistivity sounding on a three layer earth comprising an inhomogeneous interstratum has been presented. The electrical conductivity in the intermediate layer, embedded between two layers of uniform conductivity, is assumed to follow either generalised power law or exponential variation. A point source of current is placed on the surface. The electric potential functions on the ground surface have been obtained. The expressions for apparent resistivity over the above models for the Wenner and Schlumberger electrode configurations have been derived.     

镇江大杨林岩溶塌陷及地裂缝灾害机理分析

镇江大杨林地区发生的民房墙体开裂、地面裂缝等地质灾害现象,从破坏特征看,应属地面塌陷和地裂缝共同作用的结果。根据地质调查资料,辅以物探（csAMT法）、钻探、槽形钻等工程勘查手段,基本查明了该地区内地质灾害发生的地质环境背景、形成条件及影响因素,重点分析了岩溶塌陷及地裂缝的形成机制。认为地下水开采是诱发岩溶塌陷的主要因素,并由此引发了居民区墙体及地面开裂,地袁水入渗侵蚀与持续干旱天气促进了农田地裂缝的形成。     

THE USE OF VERTICAL LINE SOURCES IN ELECTRICAL PROSPECTING FOR HYDROCARBON*

Conventional electrical prospecting can be extended to the search for deep-seated hydrocarbon deposits, by using the steel casings of drill-holes as vertical line sources. These sources produce at depth a density of current higher than the density created by point sources located at the ground surface. Several tests have shown that the contrast of conductivity between resistive hydrocarbon deposits and the surrounding salt water produces relevant anomalies on a resistivity map obtained with vertical line sources, especially where there exists a superficial masking effect caused by a highly resistive layer. In a survey carried out in the USSR, combined measurements were performed, both with line source and with surface point sources. The detected residual resistivity anomaly roughly delineates the contours of the known hydrocarbon deposit.     

A BOREHOLE MAGNETOMETRIC RESISTIVITY EXPERIMENT*

A borehole magnetometric resistivity (MMR) experiment is described in which an attempt is made to determine the extent and orientation of zones of fissuring within an otherwise massive sequence of carboniferous limestone. The region under investigation lies beneath a landfill site and the main parameter of interest is the direction of flow of ground water, which will be influenced by the orientation of the faults or fissures within the rock. The MMR method possesses some extremely advantageous features for application to hydro-geological problems of this kind. The method is sensitive to electrical current channelling within an otherwise relatively resistive medium, and the detection of the magnetic field within the borehole does not depend upon electrical contact of the receiver with the ground. Consequently, the method can be used in dry or plastic-cased boreholes. A direction of maximum electrical current flow is deduced from the MMR data which coincides with the predominant direction of jointing within the region. We are most grateful to the Water Research Centre, Medmenham, Berkshire, for supporting this research and particularly to Dr M. Fleet and Mr K. Beesley for their help and advice.