“5·12”汶川地震前后四川省主要地质灾害时空发育规律

区域地质灾害时空发育规律是内外地质营力共同作用的结果,大区域范围内外地质营力相对稳定,因此,地震的震源、震级、发生时间是影响大区域地质灾害时空发育规律的主要因素。为研究"5·12"汶川地震对四川省地质灾害时空发育的影响,以1998-2018年滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地震、降雨等数据为基础,采用数理统计与空间分析方法对比分析了汶川地震前后四川省主要地质灾害时空特征,结果表明:①四川省主要地质灾害的活跃性呈周期变化,正常情况下呈现3 a左右的小周期,"5·12"地震后地质灾害逐年增强,4 a达到峰值,之后逐年减弱,8 a后其影响不明显;②主要地质灾害发生的相对强度地震后变化不大,但较震前在各类型分区所表现的地质灾害活力与强度不对应,地貌分区中地灾数量最多的为四川盆地,而地灾活力最强的为川西北高原;岩性分区上震后地灾易发性与震前相比较第四系高于坚硬岩区;构造分区上地质灾害具有明显的分区特征,地震前后扬子准地台发生的地灾强度均远远大于松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系,但地灾活力明显弱于松潘-甘孜地槽褶皱系,基本构造单元也有类似的特点。      

北京防震历史经验与汶川地震灾后城镇选址重建

5.12汶川8.0级地震使灾区蒙受了巨大的生命和财产损失,地震造成的灾害与灾区地质构造有极强的空间相关性。灾区地震历史的分析结果表明,该区域地震格局有明显的时空特征,重灾区灾后重建城镇选址宜多学科联合谨慎规划。康熙18年(1679年)的北京平谷-三河8.0级地震与5.12汶川地震惨烈程度相近,北京地质构造研究与地震时空格局分析具有重大的现实意义,北京城市发展中的防震规划历史经验值得5.12地震灾区在重建与今后发展中借鉴。     

Deep-sea geohazards in the South China Sea

Various geological processes and features that might inflict hazards identified in the South China Sea by using new technologies and methods.These features include submarine landslides,pockmark fields,shallow free gas,gas hydrates,mud diapirs and earthquake tsunami,which are widely distributed in the continental slope and reefal islands of the South China Sea.Although the study and assessment of geohazards in the South China Sea came into operation only recently,advances in various aspects are evolving at full speed to comply with National Marine Strategy and‘the Belt and Road’Policy.The characteristics of geohazards in deep-water seafloor of the South China Sea are summarized based on new scientific advances.This progress is aimed to aid ongoing deep-water drilling activities and decrease geological risks in ocean development.     

Quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquakeinduced geohazards on natural landscapes in Jiuzhaigou Valley

Many natural landscapes that lie in high mountain regions are highly susceptible to geological hazards, and their values and integrity are strongly threatened by the hazards. A preliminary framework was proposed to undertake a quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the natural landscapes. Four factors reflecting the aesthetic value, ecological value, integrity of landscapes were selected to assess their vulnerability. The impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the landscapes is quantitatively expressed as the product of their vulnerability and resilience. The assessment framework was applied to Jiuzhaigou Valley which was severely struck by the Ms 7.0 earthquake on August 8, 2017. Field survey, satellite image interpretation, high-resolution DEM and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) reconnaissance were used to retrieve the values of the assessment factors. Twenty seven World Heritage Sites in the valley strongly influenced by the earthquakeinduced geohazards were evaluated. The impact values of two sites of them(Sparking Lake and Nuorilang Waterfall) are up to 8.24 and 4.65, respectively, and their natural landscapes were greatly damaged. The assessment results show a good agreement with the actual damages of the heritage sites.     

Risk assessment of secondary geological disasters induced by the Yushu earthquake

The Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake occurred on April 14,2010 in Qinghai Province,China.It induced a mass of secondary geological disasters,such as collapses,landslides,and debris flows.Risk assessment maps are important for geological disaster prevention and mitigation,and also can serve as a guide for post-earthquake reconstruction.Firstly,a hazard assessment index system of secondary geological disasters in the earthquake region was built in this paper,which was based on detailed analysis of environmental and triggering factors closely related to geological disasters in the study area.GIS technology was utilized to extract and analyze the assessment index.Hazard assessment maps of secondary geological disasters were obtained by spatial modeling and overlaying analysis.Secondly,an analysis of the vulnerability of hazard bearing bodies in the area was conducted,important information,such as, population density,percentage of arable land, industrial and agricultural outputs per unit area were regarded as assessment indices to evaluate socioeconomic vulnerability.Thirdly,the risk level of secondary geological disasters of the area was obtained by the formula:Risk=Hazard×Vulnerability. Risk assessment maps were categorized into four levels,including"low","moderate","high"and"very high".These results show that some urban areas are at very high risk,including Jiegu,Chengwen,Xiaxiula and Sahuteng towns.This research can provide some references and suggestions to improve decisionmaking support for emergency relief and post- earthquake reconstruction in the study area.     

Assessment of prospective hazards resulting from the 2017 earthquake at the world heritage site Jiuzhaigou Valley,Sichuan, China

On August 8, 2017, a Ms = 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in the Jiuzhaigou Valley, in Sichuan Province, China(N: 33.20°, E: 103.82°). Jiuzhaigou Valley is an area recognized and listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1992. Data analysis and field survey were conducted on the landslide, collapse, and debris flow gully, to assess the coseismic geological hazards generated by the earthquake using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), remote-sensing imaging, laser range finders, geological radars, and cameras. The results highlighted the occurrence of 13 landslides, 70 collapses, and 25 potential debris flow gullies following the earthquake. The hazards were classified on the basis of their size and the potential property loss attributable to them. Consequently, 14 large-scale hazards, 30 medium-sized hazards, and 64 small hazards accounting for 13%, 28%, and 59% of the total hazards, respectively, were identified. Based on the variation tendency of the geological hazards that ensued in areas affected by the Kanto earthquake(Japan), Chi-chi earthquake(Taiwan China), and Wenchuan earthquake(Sichuan China), the study predicts that, depending on the rain intensity cycle, the duration of geological hazard activities in the Jiuzhaigou Valley may last over ten years and will gradually decrease for the following five to ten yearsbefore returning to pre-earthquake levels. Thus,necessary monitoring and early warning systems must be implemented to ensure the safety of residents,workers and tourists during the construction of engineering projects and reopening of scenic sites to the public.     

茅山断裂带及邻区精细速度结构的双差层析成像研究

选取2008~2018年茅山断裂带及周边82个测震台站记录到的516个近震Pg、Sg到时数据,采用双差地震层析成像方法对茅山断裂带及邻区进行地震重定位和三维P波速度结构的联合反演,并分析溧阳历史上两次破坏性地震与速度结构的关系。结果表明,地震重定位后残差显著降低,研究区大部分地区横向分辨率可达0.2°。P波的速度结构横向差异变化比较明显,反演后的速度与初始速度模型之间的变化率基本在±10%左右。茅山断裂带两端呈现高速特征,中段表现为低速结构。溧阳震源区1974年MS5.5地震发生在深变质岩系内的低速层上,而1979年MS6.0地震发生在深变质岩系与浅变质岩系边界上,这两次地震的发震原因可能与具有塑性流变特性的低速体和速度梯度较大的转换复合位置容易产生应力集中有关。     

江汉洞庭盆地的非对称扩张与潜在地震危险性

本文依据地震地质、地球物理、第四纪地质和构造地貌等资料，参照目前可以接受的应力－荷载模型、热扩散模型和非对称扩张模型，较详细地论述了江汉洞庭盆地（ＪＤＢ）的构造演化历史、主要活动断裂的新构造变形与地震活动的相关特征，尝试性地预测未来强震危险程度，并提出若干抗震防灾的对策，目的在于为ＪＤＢ的长远开发规划、生命线和重要城市的抗震减灾提供基础资料。     

Engineering geological assessment for route selection of railway line in geologically active area: A case study in China

The Cheng-Lan railway links Chengdu, a central city in Southwestern China, and Lanzhou, a central city in Northwestern China. The railway passes through the Longmenshan fault zone (Wenchuan earthquake happened there on May 12, 2008), Minjiang fault zone, and Dongkunlun fault zone, which are all active. It runs over the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and crosses high mountains and deep valleys. There exists, along the railway’s alignment, different kinds of strata of hard granite and soft, weak metamorphic rocks such as carbonaceous slate, schist, and phyllite. It is, therefore, a key issue for such an infrastructure construction to assess the engineering geological conditions and risks, so as to mitigate or avoid possible georisks and to offer optional designs. Geological survey and georisk assessment along the railway corridor are carried out. Special attention is given to active faults, earthquakes and seismic zones. Based on these, discussions about geological aspects for route selection of the railway are conducted and countermeasures for georisk control are proposed accordingly. Main conclusions are achieved as follows: (1) Geohazards such as landslides, rockfalls and debries flows dominate both the route selection of the railway and the engineering structures (e.g., tunnels or bridges) adopted; (2) Tunnel has been proved to be an excellent structure for linear engineering in geologically active area; and (3) In the case where avoiding is impractical, necessary protection measures should be taken to engineering slopes in high earthquake intensity areas, especially the area with earthquake of Ms. 8 or greater.     

基于ETM+遥感数据的闽南地区断裂活动性评价探讨

以闽南地区为研究区域,以ETM+遥感影像数据为基础,通过广泛收集、分析研究区地质背景资料,分析区域内断层活动情况,进而提取研究区线性构造信息,结合地震地质资料对闽南地区主要断裂的分布情况及活动性做系统的分析研究。同时对闽南地区的新构造活动及构造应力场,线性构造和水系的分形分维,地震活动及其危险性和地热异常等主要影响因子做初步探讨。在确定影响断裂活动性的主要因素后,对研究区进行初步分区和定量化评价。最终判定研究区可圈定为:相对较不活动区、相对较活动区、相对活动区3个活动性级别。其中相对活动区面积占整个研究区3/5以上;相对较不活动区面积较小,造成相对活动的关键性因素是地震、活动断裂。     

2021-09-29宁夏中宁M_(L)3.6地震震源参数测定北大核心CSCD

基于宁夏区域地震台网资料,采用初至P震相定位法测定2021-09-29中宁M_(L)3.6地震震源深度,同时利用gCAP反演方法测定该地震震源机制解及矩张量解,然后根据震源机制与应力场模拟方法计算现今应力场体系在中宁M_(L)3.6地震震源机制两个节面的相对剪应力和正应力。结果表明,初至P震相定位法和gCAP方法测定的中宁M_(L)3.6地震震源深度均为11 km,震源机制节面Ⅰ走向242°、倾角63°、滑动角8°,节面Ⅱ走向148°、倾角83°、滑动角153°,矩张量解结果表明该地震的双力偶成分占全矩张量解的97.07%,表明该地震为天然地震。结合震中附近2009年以来M_(L)1.0以上地震重定位后的空间分布、区域地质构造和相对剪应力等分析推测,中宁M_(L)3.6地震发震断层可能与天景山断裂东南段附近NNW向断裂薄弱带有关,该地震是在青藏高原东北缘NE向挤压作用下,沿着NNW向断裂剪切滑动引起的一次右旋走滑型地震事件。     

长江三峡工程库首区诱发地震危险性研究

对国内外及三峡工程邻区的水库震例研究表明，诱发地震的形成及其诱震地点、强度是受水库区地质环境影响和制约的，因而水库地震危险性预测主要是依据库区的诱发地震环境条件。在研究长江三峡水库诱发地震地质环境条件的基础上，采用地质环境和概率分析两种方法对库首区蓄水后的诱发地震危险性进行了评估，认为本区发生中、强地震的可能地点是九湾溪断裂和仙女山断裂北端，诱发地震的震级上限为5．5级。     

CENOZOIC VOLCANISM AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN NORTHEAST CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION Northeast China is located in the eastern marginal part of Eurasian plate. There are about 700 Cenozoic volcanoes and about 50 000km2 volcanic rocks in Northeast China. The Cenozoic volcanism is related to the Pacific plate subducting, back-arc spreading and corresponding marginal continental rifting. About 700 Cenozoic volcanoes in Northeast China are concentrated at some places, so Shuangliao, Keluo, Wudalianchi, Yitong, Shulan, Shangzhi, Longgang, Jingbo Lake, …     

临沂市城市地下空间资源地质调查评价研究

临沂市城市建设发展迅速,城市面貌日新月异,但高楼密集、交通拥挤等问题也逐渐显现出来,城市建设需要更多的空间,开发利用城市地下空间已是首要解决的问题。临沂市位于沂沭断裂带与临沂单斜、平邑-方城盆地多个地质单元的交会处,断裂构造发育,地震活动强烈,地质条件复杂,城市地下空间开发的影响因素众多,该文从水文及水文地质条件、工程地质条件、环境地质条件、人类工程活动等方面对临沂城市地下空间资源地质环境适宜性进行了分析研究,提出了其主要制约因素为极其发育的活动性断裂的看法,凡是活动性断裂对地下空间开发有影响的区域,均为地下空间资源开发制约区。评价结论对于提高城市发展格局、提高城市空间利用率、指导城市空间开发利用规划具有一定的参考意义。     

层次分析法在区域地质灾害危险性评估中的应用——以夏甸风电场为例

将该项目区域视为一个小型区域,以此作为一个区域模型,并分为38个评估单元,结合野外调查数据及地质分析法进行评估,针对风电场区域大,地质环境条件多变,考虑了多个影响因素的综合作用,运用基于层次分析法对风电场区域地质环境、地质灾害进行综合评估。将38个单元逐个进行计算后,划分出了危险性中等区和危险性小区,层次分析法的评估结论与地质分析法的结论基本一致,层次分析法确定的危险性中等区涵盖地质分析法确定的危险性中等区。推广到类似区域进行合理、定量地划定区域危险性等级,给城市新区建设选址提供参考依据。     

利用大地形变资料进行强震危险区圈定的一个数学方法

利用大地形变资料进行地震危险区圈定尚无有效办法。本文提出一种由椭圆脐点突变（Ｄ）模式用Ｗ值进行强震危险性判定，并在危险性判定基础上通过统计修订，圈定地震危险区的数学方法，推导了全部计算公式，并通过５个中强震实例验算，表明了方法的有效性。     

基于信息量模型的涪陵区地质灾害易发性评价

本文以重庆涪陵区为研究区域,选取坡度、坡向、累计汇水面积、地层岩性、水域、降雨量、植被和土地利用分类8个影响因子,提取高分一号遥感数据（2013.12.24）动态影响因子,引入信息量模型,分别计算上述影响因子对应的信息量,对该时期示范区的地质灾害危险性进行评价,并引入ROC曲线和AUC评价指标,对得到的区域地质灾害易发性评价结果进行精度评估。结果显示,2013年12月研究区内高易发区面积占总面积的9.73%,该易发区内含有104个地质灾害点,占所有灾害点的52.7%,灾积比为5.42,明显大于其他易发等级类别。利用ROC评价方法,计算成功率曲线AUC为0.796,预测率曲线AUC为0.748（74.8%）,具有较高的可靠性,证明本文方法在该区域地质灾害易发性评价的适应性良好。     

2019-07 Ridgecrest地震及其余震的双差重定位分析

选取加州理工学院（Caltech）、美国地质调查局（USGS）及南加州地震数据中心（SCEDC）的震相观测报告和数字波形数据,结合波形互相关技术,利用双差定位方法单独和联合反演Ridgecrest M_W6.4前震、M_W7.1主震及震后1个月内M_W≥2.5余震的震源参数。精定位结果显示,2 098次地震事件形成4个事件簇,得到高达97%重定位率的震源参数;地震序列走时残差为65 ms,互相关走时残差为57 ms。精定位后震中位置线性特征更为显著,震群空间分布呈L型和T型特征,余震展布长约90 km,宽约25 km。定量分析地震活动与断层构造的关系,结果表明,Ridgecrest地震序列始于深部并向浅部区域传播,震源深度主要分布在4~8 km范围,呈分段条带特征,揭示Ridgecrest地震序列对该处规模不一的多断层构造组成的复杂断层系造成破坏,小湖断裂带为地震序列的发震断层。     

2018-04-06无为ML4.1地震震源机制和深度及发震构造研究

基于华东地区测震台网记录,采用CAP方法反演2018-04-06无为M_L4.1地震的震源机制解和震源深度,利用双差定位方法对2016年以来无为地区发生的地震进行重新定位。结果显示, 地震的震源机制解为：节面I,走向120°,倾角57°,滑动角27°;节面Ⅱ,走向15°,倾角68°,滑动角144°;震源深度为12 km。双差定位结果显示,2016年以来无为地区发生的地震位于无为盆地西南边界,沿SE向分布,震中由NW向SE迁移。根据震源机制解和精定位结果推测,无为M_L4.1地震的断层面解为节面I,地震可能是在区域背景应力场作用下由无为盆地西南边界底部的SE向断裂运动引起的。     

2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震孕震机理分析

基于四川省、贵州省、重庆市数字地震台网的三分量宽频带波形资料和震相报告数据,使用Geiger定位法和ISOLA反演方法,对长宁M_S6.0地震序列进行重定位,并反演序列中5次M_S≥5.0地震震源机制解。重定位结果显示,地震序列主要分布在白象岩-狮子滩背斜轴部,总体沿NW65°方向展布,沿该方向震源深度特征为北西深、南东浅。震源机制解反演结果显示,主震破裂表现为高倾角左旋走滑特征,节面Ⅰ走向/倾角/滑动角为20°/72°/151°,节面Ⅱ走向/倾角/滑动角为120°/62°/21°,与白象岩-狮子滩背斜轴部走向基本一致。5次地震纯双力偶（double-couple,DC）成分含量均小于70%,矩心深度均小于10 km。综合分析认为,此次长宁M_S6.0地震发震断层为发育在白象岩-狮子滩背斜的左旋走滑断层,震因为流体注入和复杂的地质构造活动。