Quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquakeinduced geohazards on natural landscapes in Jiuzhaigou Valley

Many natural landscapes that lie in high mountain regions are highly susceptible to geological hazards, and their values and integrity are strongly threatened by the hazards. A preliminary framework was proposed to undertake a quantitative assessment of the impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the natural landscapes. Four factors reflecting the aesthetic value, ecological value, integrity of landscapes were selected to assess their vulnerability. The impact of earthquake-induced geological hazards on the landscapes is quantitatively expressed as the product of their vulnerability and resilience. The assessment framework was applied to Jiuzhaigou Valley which was severely struck by the Ms 7.0 earthquake on August 8, 2017. Field survey, satellite image interpretation, high-resolution DEM and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) reconnaissance were used to retrieve the values of the assessment factors. Twenty seven World Heritage Sites in the valley strongly influenced by the earthquakeinduced geohazards were evaluated. The impact values of two sites of them(Sparking Lake and Nuorilang Waterfall) are up to 8.24 and 4.65, respectively, and their natural landscapes were greatly damaged. The assessment results show a good agreement with the actual damages of the heritage sites.     

Modeling patch characteristics of farmland loss for site assessment in urban fringe of Beijing, China

Farmland protection and delimitation in the urban fringe considers not only natural factors but also the spatial characters and site factors. Taking Daxing District, Beijing in China as a case study, this paper used landscape ecology and power-law methods to analyze and evaluate farmland loss during the period of 2004-2007 based on the interpretation results of SPOT5 remote sensing images in 2004 and 2007. At the patch level, we selected four landscape indices, namely patch size, shape index, the nearest neighbor distance between farmland and construction land (including residential land and other construction land), and cropping type, to evaluate the risk of farmland loss and establish a farmland site analysis indicator system. The results showed that patch size and shape index have a significant positive correlation with farmland loss, whereas the distance to construction land has a clear negative correlation with farmland loss. As regards cropping type, fallow farmland is much easier for non-agricultural use than cultivated farmland. The relative transition ratio among vegetable land, fallow farmland and cultivated farmland is 1︰5.6︰1. The patch size of lost farmland follows a power-law distribution, indicating that not only small parcels but also large parcels can be lost. Patch size less than 4 ha or more than 15 ha is in high loss risk, between 4 ha and 10 ha in medium loss risk, and larger than 10 ha and less than 15 ha in low risk. Farmland with a more regular shape has a higher likelihood of loss. Patch shape index less than 2.0 is in high loss risk, between 2.0 and 3.0 in medium loss risk, and larger than 3.0 in low risk. Construction land has a varying impact on farmland loss, the residential land effected distance is 1000 m, and that of the other construction land is 2000 m. This analysis showed the relationships between site factors and farmland loss, and the analysis framework can provide support and reference for farmland protection and delimitation of prime farmland in China.     

Evaluation on tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites —Case of Kanas nature reserve of Xinjiang, China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices’ weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40671057), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX3-SW-355)     

Geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation in the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains,eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains is a typical region of mountainous landscape in western China and is the core region of "Shangri-La", a world-famous ecotourism destination. The landscape classification system is an important scientific basis for landscape protection and tourism development in this region. By combining geology and geography and referring to the concepts of "system tract" and "tectonic system" in geology, this paper comes up with grading standards for the geoscience landscape system of this region. Based on the regional stratigraphic structure, tectonic fault marks and geomorphological differentiation, this paper comes up with 2 Grade Ⅰ geoscience landscape system tracts, 8 Grade Ⅱ geoscience landscape systems, 21 Grade Ⅲ geoscience landscape areas, and 165 representative Grade Ⅳ geoscience landscape attractions. According to the main classification methods for the geological heritage and tourism landscapes, the geoscience landscapes can be divided into 4 categories, 16 types and 19 subtypes. On this basis, 23 eco-tourism areas of the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains can be delimited. The study provides a theoretical direction and method reference for the geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation, which has an importantsignificance on the mountain landscape protection and tourism development in the regions of complex geo-environments.     

Analysis of dynamics and driving factors of wetland landscape in Zoige, Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Zoige Wetland is one of the largest plateau wetlands in the world. This paper provides a dynamic analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of the wetland in Zoige, Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, supported by ERDAS8.7 and ArcGIS9.0. It is the first comparative analysis of a system of rapidly changing wetland with landscape patterns in Zoige, using 3 classified landsat Thematic Mapper images of 1977, 1994 and 2001. The classified images were used to generate wetland distributing maps, and shape index （S）, diversity index （H）, dominance index （D）, evenness index （E）, fragmentation index （F） and fractal dimension （Fd） were calculated and analyzed spatiotemporally across pure grazing area in Zoige for each landscape type and in different periods （before 1977, during 1977-1994 and 1994-2001）, as well as the driving forces of natural and anthropogenic. The study shows that for a comprehensive understanding of the shapes and trajectories of the shrinking and desertificated land expansion of the wetland, a spatiotemporal landscape metrics analysis in different periods is an improvement than only with landscape changing rates. This type of analysis can also be used to infer underlying social, economic, and political processes that drive the observed wetland forms. The results indicate that wetland patterns can be changed over relatively short periods of time. The total area of lake reduced by 164.86 km^2, grassland extended by 141.74 km^2, semi-marsh extended by 105.94 km^2, marsh reduced by 86.00 km^2 the number of landscape patches reduced by 56, and their average area decreased by 2.68 km^2, the successions within lake, marsh, semi-marsh and grassland were found obviously. S decreased stepwise： D and F increased but H decreased： The changing rate after 1994 was 2.3 to 2.9 times greater than that before. The change of the wetland landscape patterns resulted in the interaction between socio-ceenomic and natural forces of positive and negative aspects; and natural factors affected as assistant aspect. Some important human activities in this period led to the change of the landscape patterns in this region directly. Some measurements made by government and NGO delayed the converting process partly.     

山东东阿鱼山地质公园主要地质遗迹成因及评价

地质公园是保护地质遗迹、维护生态环境、实现可持续发展战略的重要场所。通过对山东东阿鱼山省级地质公园的野外调查及研究分析,总结了鱼山地质公园内主要地质遗迹的形成原因并对其评价。认为:园内地质遗迹丰富、地学价值高、环境优美,能使人们更加直观的了解地壳的演变过程,又能够培养青少年对自然科学的爱好和兴趣。     

The dynamics of landscape-scale ecological connectivity based on least-cost model in Dongshan Island,China

As a hot topic in Landscape Ecology study, ecological connectivity is an important indicator for regional land sustainable use and biological protection. This paper conducted a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity using remote sensing images of Dongshan Island in 1994, 2003 and 2011. Based on least-cost modelling, the method takes into consideration the type of barrier, the distance impact, and the adjacent land use types to obtain the Barrier Effect Index (BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index (ECI). The application of this method to Dongshan Island showed the ecological connectivity index (ECI) was low in 1994, improved in 2003, and decreased significantly in 2011. The results of the dynamic analysis of landscape structure showed farmland and roads were the main landscape classes that caused the low observed ECI in 1994 and 2003; these tended to divide the landscape and cause fragmentation. Construction land and roads were the main landscape classes resulting in low ECI in 2011, while forest and grassland had a high ECI. Trajectory analysis showed ECI tended to decrease in the low mountain forest zone of the northwestern and southeastern parts of Dongshan Island as well as in the coastal protection forest area. The areas where ECI became high were located in the northeastern part of Dongshan Island where cities and towns are concentrated with high human populations. Therefore, rapid urbanization has been the most important factor driving changes in landscape structure and patterns during the last 17 years on Dongshan Island. The approach not only assists us in revealing the driving mechanism of landscape dynamics from another aspect, but also can assess the impacts of regional and urban plans on landscape structure and function.     

典型地貌景观指数的多尺度效应分析 ——以山西省运城市为例

 景观指数作为定量描述景观特征的指数,具有明显的尺度效应。进行景观指数的尺度效应研究,对进一步理解格局与尺度之间的关系具有重要意义。本文以TM影像为基础,选择山西省运城市平原、丘陵、山地及综合地貌4种不同地貌类型,对7个常用景观指数进行了多尺度效应分析。结果表明:不同地形上斑块密度(PD)、景观形状指数(LSI)、结合度(COHESION)3个指数有明显的粒度效应,随粒度的增加呈现逐渐减少的变化趋势;最大斑块指数(LPI)、周长面积比分维数(PAFRAC)、景观聚集度(CONTAG)和Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)4个指数随粒度的增加几乎不发生变化。不同地貌的景观指数随幅度的变化规律比较复杂,景观形状指数(LSI)随幅度的增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其余6个指数在较小幅度范围内变化比较复杂,但随着幅度的增大有逐渐趋于平稳的趋势。针对研究区不同地貌类型,其景观指数在不同粒度和幅度下有较大区别,可以根据景观指数值的大小来区分地貌的复杂程度。     

文化遗产多源探测技术与环境重建展望

从自然侵蚀到人为损毁的文化遗产研究与保护,是一项多学科综合的复杂过程。文化遗产的数字化保护已成为全球学术界和工业界关注的热点,多源探测技术与多维环境重建是文化遗产数字化保护过程中不可或缺且相辅相成的重要研究内容。首先,本文依据文化遗产所处的地理空间立体层次,将其划分为水下文化遗产、近地表文化遗产以及室内外景观遗产,并分别分析了3个不同层次的探测方法与技术;然后,从考古制图、多源异构文化遗产信息化管理、三维重建与虚拟修复、多模式展示与虚拟交互4个层面,分析了多维环境重建的相关技术方法与手段;最后,总结了文化遗产数字化保护研究可能的发展趋势为多传感器协同观测、多维数据分布式管理与共享、动态环境重建与感知、多模式交互展示。     

浅论栖霞市地质遗迹资源的保护和利用

栖霞市是烟台地区唯一的内陆县级市,独特的地理优势造就了丰富的地质遗迹资源,包括典型的花岗岩地貌、岱崮地貌、丰富的地热资源、更新世化石遗址、矿冶遗址、地质灾害遗迹、地质构造形迹等。通过对该地区地质遗迹资源保护工作中存在问题的分析,提出了正确处理地质遗迹资源区旅游与保护的关系。     

Estimation on Aesthetic Value of Tourist Landscapes in a Natural Heritage Site： Kanas National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China

Most world natural heritage sites are designated partly by reason of their prominent aesthetic values in accordance with Article Ⅶ of World Natural Heritage Convention.In this paper, the aesthetic values of Kanas National Nature Reserve, which has potential for such designation, was analyzed quantitatively using scenic beauty estimation(SBE).The landscapes of 19 representative scenic spots in the Kanas National Nature Reserve in summer and autumn were selected as the objects of evaluation.The contributions of different landscape factors to the aesthetic value of the Kanas National Nature Reserve were revealed using a multivariate quantitative model.The main factors affecting the aesthetic value were waterscapes, vegetation, mountains, folk culture and the tourist environment.The t-test and F-test results are extremely significant.According to the results, some suggestions were given for conserving the landscapes in the Kanas National Nature Reserve.     

基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法

城市边缘区位于城市与乡村之间的过渡交接地带,既是城市扩张的前沿,也是城乡建设和用地置换中最具活力的地区。准确识别城市边缘区的空间范围一直是城市空间结构研究的核心问题,有助于从城乡对比的角度来衡量城市化程度。本文以城市边缘区的空间突变特征为切入点,基于格网尺度评价构建基于多源数据的城市边缘区特征识别指标,然后采用小波变换检测进行特征值突变点群的识别,并利用基于Delaunay的自动边长阈值的边界提取算法识别突变点群内外边界,从而实现了一种基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法。最后,以江阴市作为研究区进行了实证分析,并将本文方法提取结果与通过信息熵模型和土地利用程度综合指数模型提取城市边缘区的经典方法提取结果进行对比,经典方法所提取的城市边缘区结果更为混乱分散,而本文结果更为完整客观。将本文方法提取结果与使用土地利用数据与行政区划统计年鉴数据构建城市边缘区识别指标进行突变检测的不同指标方法提取结果进行对比,二者重叠度达88.03%,体现了本文方法的正确性,而从局部细节分析来看,本文结果更符合实际情况。为了更好地验证本文方法的有效性,利用景观格局指数对本文方法和不同指标方法提取的城市建成区、城市边缘区和乡村腹地的范围进行检验：从斑块类型层级指数分析, 2种方法划定的区域都具有典型的空间特征;而从景观层级指数分析,本文识别出的边缘区所计算的斑块密度、最大斑块指数、景观分离度、景观破碎化指数和香农多样性指数均高于对比方法,而蔓延度和香农均匀度均低于对比方法,说明本文识别的城市边缘区范围内景观破碎化程度和异质性更高,景观分布不均匀,社会经济条件更复杂,从而证明了本方法的有效性,尤其适合于非闭合环状的城市边缘区的提取。     

中国特色地质遗产体系及其保护

从合理开发利用与保护地质遗产的角度,提出地质遗产体系的概念,认为地质遗产体系由矿产资源型遗产、旅游资源型遗产和科教资源型遗产系列组合构成,包括11个地质遗产系列和若干个亚系列。详细论述了中国特色的地质遗产,包括众多优势的矿产资源、奇特的地质旅游资源及罕见的地学科研和科普教育资源,探讨了遗产保护4个最紧迫的任务及其长期需要开展的工作。综合分析表明,中国是具有诸多特色的地质遗产大国,地质遗产是不可再生稀缺资源,中国的地质遗产保护已刻不容缓。     

基于景观格局指数的基本农田保护区集中连片性研究——以济南市历城区为例

耕地与基本农田保护是我国土地管理、土地利用规划的重要内容。新一轮土地利用总体规划修编及数据库建设中要求基本农田调整布局更加集中连片。该文应用景观格局指数,研究了济南市历城区基本农田保护区规划调整中集中连片性的变化。结果表明,除保护区图斑面积标准差外,图斑平均面积、图斑面积变异系数、图斑边界密度、最大斑块指数、平均欧式邻近距离5项指标均表明,规划调整后基本农田保护区布局上更加集中连片。为基本农田保护区布局的集中连片性判断提供了简便易行的方法。     

Forest landecape and bird diversity in mountain region, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan

The degeneration of forest landscapes is mainly caused by human impact on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. We studied the relationship between forest landscapes and birds in mountain regions of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. In Jinuo ethnic region, forest landscape is degenerating, and bird diversity is reducing as a result of human influence. However, in Hani ethnic region of Mengsong area, a comparative study area, there are also traditional practices of agriculture and forestry. The traditional practices are dynamically adaptive to local geographic environment and social economic conditions. A great deal of biodiversity exists in the place where people have lived for many generations and use the resources of environment in a sustainable manner. Considering bird diversity and forest landscape of mountainous area, both economic and ecological benefits should be taken into account, which relate to land use and landscape protection. Biodiversity conservation, resource management and policy making should pay much attention to the best interconnection of land use and landscapes protection.     

基于GIS与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉资源综合评价

景观视觉评价是评判景观视觉资源价值的重要方式。本研究从景观视觉的综合定量评价角度出发,设计基于基本视觉元素与景观视觉敏感度的综合评价指标体系,提出一种基于GIS空间分析与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉综合评价方法,利用综合视觉指数分别从整体视角和单因子视角客观揭示景观视觉资源的分布特征及其影响因素。以泰山风景区为研究区的实验结果显示：单因子视角中,玉皇顶、天烛峰、碧霞祠等景点分别在视域范围、相对坡度敏感度、相对距离敏感度等侧面具有最高的评分。综合视角下,景观视觉指数最高的景点为玉皇顶（0.819）,最低的景点为桃花峪（0.180）。通过与基于用户打分的景点评价结果的对比,验证了本方法的可靠性与先进性,为定量化描述与评价景观视觉资源提供了一种新的研究思路和研究方法,也为景区综合发展规划及景点的开发保护提供了客观的参考依据和决策支持。     

FOREST LANDSCAPE AND BIRD DIVERSITY IN MOUNTAIN REGION, XISHUANGBANNA, YUNNAN

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山东威海金洲国家矿山公园矿业遗迹类型及评价

矿业遗迹是人类矿业活动的历史见证,是具有重要价值的历史文化遗迹,也是当今世界在自然和文化保护方面的一项重要内容。该文详细介绍了山东威海金洲国家矿山公园的矿业遗迹资源类型,划分了等级,并对其从自然属性、科学价值、经济价值等方面进行了评价。     

沂蒙山国家地质公园地质旅游资源评估研究

沂蒙山国家地质公园地质旅游资源丰富,独有的岱崮地貌群景观以及长江以北最大地下峡谷的喀斯特地貌景观,且从超基性金伯利岩到酸性花岗岩的岩石地貌类型丰富。同时,地质公园旅游种类众多,且地质旅游资源较为集中,适合开展地质旅游。通过介绍沂蒙山国家地质公园概况和主要地质遗迹景区,并运用了综合评价法对沂蒙山国家地质公园主要地质遗迹地质旅游资源进行评估,评估结果显示主要地质遗迹景区的地形与地质资源较为独特,地质遗迹景观较为丰富,但文化资源方面未引起足够重视;景区的相关设施与交通建设尚可,但相对不完善,有待提高。目前沂蒙山国家地质公园开发适度,但保护的力度有所欠缺,应坚持开发与保护并重原则;地质科普教育工作没有得到有效宣传,应更加突出科普教育意义,体现地质遗迹的科学价值。通过地质旅游资源评估,对该区域的地质旅游资源进行重新的认识,激发游客和学者对沂蒙山国家地质公园的热情,实现地质遗迹价值,推动景区的地质旅游发展。     

Nature Conservation versus Scenic Quality：A GIS Approach towards Optimized Tourist Tracks in a Protected Area of Northwest Yunnan,China

Development of appropriate tourism infrastructure is important for protected areas that allow public access for tourism use.This is meant to avoid or minimize unfavourable impacts on natural resources through guiding tourists for proper use.In this paper,a GIS-based method,the least-cost path（LCP） modelling,is explored for planning tourist tracks in a World Heritage site in Northwest Yunnan（China）,where tourism is increasing rapidly while appropriate infrastructure is almost absent.The modelling process contains three steps：1） selection of evaluation criteria（physical,biological and landscape scenic） that are relevant to track decision; 2） translation of evluation criteria into spatially explicit cost surfaces with GIS,and 3） use of Dijkstra＇s algorithm to determine the least-cost tracks.Four tracks that link main entrances and scenic spots of the study area are proposed after optimizing all evaluation criteria.These tracks feature lowenvironmental impacts and high landscape qualities,which represent a reasonable solution to balance tourist use and nature conservation in the study area.In addtion,the study proves that the LCP modelling can not only offer a structured framwork for track planning but also allow for different stakeholders to participate in the planning process.It therefore enhances the effectivenss of tourism planning and managemnt in protected areas.