洞庭湖平原退田还湖区湿地生态功能建设初探

洞庭湖湿地是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一，湿地资源丰富；由于人类长期不合理的开发利用，特别围湖造田等一系列人类活动影响，使湿地生态环境受到严重的破坏，洪涝灾害频繁，影响了湖区人民的生产生活；因此退田还湖、防洪减灾，恢复湿地，开展退田还湖区湿地生态功能区建设，不仅有利于湿地资源的保护，而且对发展湖区经济，改善湖区人民的生产生活具有十分重要的意义。     

论洞庭湖湿地对污染物的净化作用

本文通过计算与分析，提出：洞庭湖特殊的水文泥沙条件、湖滨湿地的丧失和水生高等植被的缺乏等因素，是造成湿地去污效果低下的主要原因；通过退田还湖，恢复重建湖滨湿地和植被缓冲带，培育湖泊水生高等植被，以树代草，发展湿地林业等措施，可显著提高整个湖泊湿地系统的净化效果。     

退田还湖政策的博弈分析

运用博弈论(Game theory)方法,探索退田还湖所涉及的利益主体之间尤其是移民安置中的的博弈关系。研究表明:退田还湖的实施以及移民安置工作必须兼顾各级地方政府以及农民的利益,必须从经济理性人的角度寻找博弈各方的行动动机,并以此为依据制订政策。单凭地方政府的力量不能完成退田还湖工程,中央政府的介入是必要的,并且要起主导作用;但单独依靠中央投入不能实现资源的最优配置。中央或上级政府应当综合考虑自身的生态防洪效益与基层政府和农民的切身经济利益,重点放在改变地方经济状况上,通过各种长期稳定的优惠政策提高基层政府主动接纳移民的积极性,这样才能顺利完成该工程。     

基于社区的湿地合理利用和可持续管理——来自洞庭湖区西畔山洲垸的案例分析

过去十年来频繁发生的几次极端洪涝灾害事件引发了人们对洞庭湖地区湿地资源保护、湿地生态系统服务与人类发展和社区生计之间关系的持续争论。本文根据2000-2008年间所获取的1683份系统问卷调查数据,从定量和定性的角度重点分析了洞庭湖区西畔山洲垸内的湿地合理利用和可持续管理等最佳实践及其社会经济效益,得出如下研究结论：（1）退田还湖后,在西畔山洲垸开展的基于社区的湿地资源合理利用活动在恢复、保护湿地的同时,大幅提高了社区经济收入和福利水平,同时又降低了社区应对粮食短缺、贫困、洪灾等方面的脆弱性,增强了社区可持续发展的自然资源基础;（2）社区妇女、年长的农民以及低收入群体从这些实践活动中获益较大;（3）自2000年开展上述合理利用活动以来,参与这些活动的家庭收入持续增加,比没参加活动的家庭获得了更高的收入,也拥有了更多的财产,而即使在2001年这些由外部主导的替代生计活动停止资助以后,其仍然对社区内的收入提高具有显著的累积贡献作用;（4）区域内社会组织结构发生积极变化,社区基层组织从无到有,社区参与共管、自治能力以及社区居民的环保意识都得到了大幅提高,社区自我发展的能力已经形成。目前,越来越多的周边社区居民已经加入有机柑橘、有机蔬菜等有机农业生产活动或对加入表示出极大的兴趣;（5）生计水平提高的原因可以归结为当地社区的自我驱动和积极参与、国家政策机遇、公私合作的伙伴关系（PPP）的建立、社区基层组织建设以及适应性管理方法的应用等。     

构造沉降和泥沙淤积对洞庭湖区防洪的影响

作者利用洞庭盆地多年水准测量资料和洞庭湖近年的泥沙资料,对洞庭盆地的构造沉降速率和泥沙淤积速率进行了分析,从地貌学和水利学角度,对“洞庭湖盆”和“洞庭盆地”这两个不同的空间概念进行了区分,在此基础上,探讨了构造沉降和泥沙淤积对洞庭湖蓄洪空间和防洪大堤的影响。在目前洞庭湖盆被大堤围限的情况下,洞庭盆地的构造沉降运动使洞庭湖的蓄洪空间不断减小;洞庭盆地的构造沉降量虽然在一定程度上缓解了洞庭湖不断萎缩的趋势,但构造沉降对洞庭湖区的防洪形势却是不利的。构造沉降和泥沙淤积均对防洪大堤的质量提出了更高的要求,增大了洞庭湖区防洪的难度。     

Eco-compensation effects of the wetland recovery in Dongting Lake area

Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of programs of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers’ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people’s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.     

洞庭湖区湿地恢复的生态补偿效应(英文)

Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost.Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China.Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake.Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake,the practical im...     

土地利用变化对洪水调蓄能力的影响--以洞庭湖区为例

本文在中国资源与环境时空数据库的支持下,利用20世纪70年代末期、90年代末期获取的陆地资源卫星图像和GIS分析方法,对洞庭湖区近20年的土地利用/覆盖变化进行了遥感调查,进而以水域与其他土地利用类型之间的转移变化为基础,对区域洪水调蓄能力的变化进行了估算.结果表明,变化比较显著的地类有3类:耕地减少了1.97%,各类建设用地总计增加了14.88%,水域面积增加的幅度为8.77%.因土地利用变化导致的区域洪水调蓄能力增加估计为6.23亿m3,由此增加的湖泊容积,最大为13.01亿m3.     

洞庭湖地区农业功能时空演变的影响机制研究

农业功能的时空演变规律和影响因素研究是引导地区分工、凸显地域价值、促进区域协调发展的科学依据。以洞庭湖地区24个县市区为研究区域,分别从粮食生产功能、就业与社会保障功能、生态保育功能和旅游休闲功能构建评价指标体系,运用熵值法、农业功能变化时空差异诊断模型、地理探测器等方法模型对洞庭湖地区1997—2017年农业功能的动态变化过程、影响因素与作用机制进行研究。结果表明:①1997—2017年洞庭湖地区农业功能时空变化特征显著:洞庭湖地区粮食生产功能整体呈增强趋势,且中部地区增强明显;就业与社会保障功能整体呈减弱变化趋势,市辖区尤为明显;生态保育功能整体呈减弱趋势且变化幅度大,石门县、安化县等丘陵地区减弱明显,而洞庭湖中部平原区域增强;旅游休闲功能整体呈增强变化态势,石门县、桃江县等地区以及各市辖区旅游休闲功能大幅度提升。②农业发展基础是农业功能演变的决定性因素,地区发展水平是农业功能演变的重要因素,生产环境质量是洞庭湖地区农业功能演变的基础因素;地区发展水平对农业功能演变的影响程度逐渐上升,生产环境质量因素的影响程度逐渐下降;各影响因子之间存在交互作用,农业功能时空的演变过程及结构受到多...     

洞庭湖演变趋势探讨

洞庭湖的演变主要受构造沉降、泥沙淤积和人类活动影响三大因素的控制。目前 ,洞庭湖盆的构造沉降速率虽然较低 (3～ 10mm/a) ,但构造沉降量仍抵消了部分泥沙淤积量 ,在一定程度上抑制了洞庭湖日益萎缩的趋势。由于湖盆中泥沙淤积速率大于构造沉降速率 ,洲滩会继续发育和扩展 ,洞庭湖仍保持淤高的趋势。在“4 35 0工程”完成和三峡建坝后 80年内 ,湖盆泥沙淤积速率将降低到 1 79mm/a ,洞庭湖不断淤高的趋势将得到减缓。     

The influences of the tectonic subsidence and the siltation on the situation of preventing flood disasters in the Dongting Lake area

With the long-term data of the geodetic sea level measurements undertaken in the Dongting Basin and the recent sediment data of Dongting Lake, we analyze the tectonic subsidence rate of the Dongting Basin and the sedimentary rate of Dongting Lake. From the point of view of geomorphology and hydrogeology, we distinguish the two different spatial concepts between "the basin of Dongting Lake" and "the Dongting Basin". Then, we discuss the influences of the tectonic subsidence and the siltation on the levees and the space of storing flood. The better quality of levees is required due to the tectonic subsidence and the siltation, and the difficulties of preventing flood disasters are increasing. The space of storing flood is not affected by the tectonic subsidence, but by the siltation. At present, the sedimentary rate of Dongting Lake is higher than the tectonic subsidence rate of the Dongting Basin. The tectonic subsidence capacity of the Dongting Basin counteracts a part of sedimentary capacity, and the shrinking tendency of Dongting Lake is restrained to a certain extent, but the tectonic subsidence is harmful to the situation of preventing flood disasters in the Dongting Lake area.     

构造沉降和泥沙淤积对洞庭湖区防洪的影响

With the long-term data of the geodetic sea level measurements undertaken in the Dongting Basin and the recent sediment data of Dongting Lake, we analyze the tectonic subsidence rate of the Dongting Basin and the sedimentary rate of Dongting Lake. From the point of view of geomorphology and hydrogeology, we distinguish the two different spatial concepts between “the basin of Dongting Lake“ and “the Dongting Basin“. Then, we discuss the influences of the tectonic subsidence and the siltation on the levees and the space of storing flood. The better quality of levees is required due to the tectonic subsidence and the siltation, and the difficulties of preventing flood disasters are increasing.The space of storing flood is not affected by the tectonic subsidence, but by the siltation. At present,the sedimentary rate of Dongting Lake is higher than the tectonic subsidence rate of the Dongting Basin. The tectonic subsidence capacity of the Dongting Basin counteracts a part of sedimentary capacity, and the shrinking tendency of Dongting Lake is restrained to a certain extent, but the tectonic subsidence is harmful to the situation of preventing flood disasters in the Dongting Lake area.     

洞庭湖鱼类资源动态监测与研究

洞庭湖现为长江中游地区仅存的两大通江湖泊之一,研究其鱼类资源对了解湖泊通江的生态作用意义重大;2002-2008年我们对洞庭湖的鱼类资源进行了动态监测与研究,记录到和鉴定出鱼类109种,隶属于8目19科,详细报道了2002年9月至2008年6月的鱼类资源动态监测结果,分析了鱼类资源消减的原因,并提出了相应的增殖保护措施。     

三峡工程建设背景下的洞庭湖区治水方略探讨

在长江三峡工程建设的大背景下,本文分析了洞庭湖区的水灾减灾机制,探讨了洞庭湖区的治水方略,提出应充分发挥三峡水库的调蓄功能,协调江湖关系,改善冲淤关系,加强水利工程建设,实现三峡水库与湖南四水水库的优化调度