Relationship between Indian Ocean dipole and ENSO and their connection with the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon

1Introduction Indian Ocean dipole(IOD),a kind of localcharacteristics of variation of sea surface temperature(SST)in the Indian Ocean,behaves with an oppo-site SSTA symbol between the east and west parts ofthe tropical Indian Ocean(Yu and Liu,2004;Rongand…     

副热带东北太平洋海表温度异常的传递及与ENSO的联系

厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)现象是地球气候系统中最主要的年际变化信号之一,对其形成机制和预报的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于ERSST v4海表面温度资料与NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis大气再分析资料,通过回归分析与合成分析等方法,研究了副热带东北太平洋海区海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)异常信号的传递机制及其与ENSO现象的联系。诊断结果表明,副热带东北太平洋SST异常与ENSO指数有很好的正相关关系。副热带东北太平洋SST异常的暖信号超前于ENSO指数约半年时间,通过风-蒸发-海温的反馈机制,沿东北-西南方向向赤道中太平洋缓慢传递。更进一步的数值实验显示,副热带东北太平洋的正SST异常信号的确可以影响大气环流场,使其西南方向的海面风速减弱,蒸发潜热通量减少,从而使信号向西南方向传递。     

海面温度半球间偶极子模态对7—11月北半球平均热带气旋强度年代际变化的调控

海面温度半球间偶极子(sea surface temperature inter-hemispheric dipole,SSTID)是全球海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)异常的重要模态之一,表现为南、北两半球间SST的反相变化。此文探究了7—11月SSTID对7—11月北半球平均热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)强度年代际变率的超前影响。观测分析表明,SSTID超前7—11月北半球平均TC强度年代际分量8~11 a,并在提前时间为9 a时达到最大正相关。通过海洋-大气耦合桥理论进一步分析表明,7—11月北半球TC活跃区海洋可以作为海洋桥,以SST的形式存储超前约9 a的SSTID信号。同时北半球TC活跃区大气作为大气桥将超前约9 a的SSTID信号传递到大气中,进而作用于7—11月北半球平均TC强度,该过程以TC潜在生成指数为表征。北半球TC活跃区的垂直风切变和600 hPa相对湿度的综合影响在其中起关键作用。由此建立了基于SSTID的7—11月北半球平均TC强度年代际变化预测模型,该模型表现出良好的后报性能。利用该模型对2021—2029年7—11月北半球平均TC强度预测表明,7—11月北半球平均TC强度将以持续增强为主并在2020年代末达到破纪录的强度。     

ENSO及印度洋海盆模态关联的南海SST异常年代际变化及海洋平流输送的贡献

采用国际海—气综合数据集(The International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set,ICOADS)船舶观测资料及简单海洋同化分析数据(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation,SODA),研究了厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)和印度洋海盆模态(Indian Ocean Basin,IOB)对南海海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)影响的年代际变化,并着重讨论了不同时期海洋平流输送对SST异常的影响。结果表明,ENSO事件对南海SST的影响呈现显著的年代际变化特征;在1870~2007年期间,扣除资料较少的时期,有4个显著不同的时段,分别是1892~1915年、1930~1940年、1960~1983年、1984~2007年。在1950年之前的两个时段,南海在ENSO期间出现一次显著的增暖,而在1950年之后的两个时段中,南海出现了两次显著的增暖。除第一个时段外,其余三个时段ENSO发展期冬季大气潜热及短波辐射异常是导致南海增暖的主要原因,海洋平流作用较弱;而在最近的两个时段中,海洋平流对ENSO消亡年夏季南海增暖有重要影响。不同时段海洋平流对南海增暖贡献的差异说明ENSO及IOB对南海区域气候的影响具有明显的年代际变化特征。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE KUROSHIO AND SST OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC, AND ITS EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION OF QINGDAO

This paper analyses the sea surface temperature (SST) of the eastern Pacific Ocean, the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, the subtropical high pressure of the Pacific Ocean and the precipitation for rainy season of Qingdao. We obtain a result that if this year the eastern Pacific Equatorial Zone is a warm-water year, the Kuroshio path in the East China Sea for next year will be subject to oscillation westward. The SST of the eastern Pacific Ocean may predict precipitation for rainy season of Qingdao one year earlier than that of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea.     

20 世纪热带海洋海表面温度年际变化的特征

利用Hadley中心海冰和海表面温度资料集Had ISST和美国国家海洋大气管理局的扩展重建海温(ERSST)海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)观测数据,结合政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)中CMIP3(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3)的24个耦合模式的模拟结果,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解等方法,对20世纪热带海洋在的SST年际变化进行了分析。结果表明,20世纪热带海洋年际变化的主要规律是ENSO信号,且有持续增强的趋势;热带海盆间存在显著的SST梯度,其长期变化与热带东太平洋显著相关。本文结论有利于理解在全球变暖背景下,海盆间的相互作用对赤道海域气候改变的影响。     

A comparison of two global ocean-ice coupled models with different horizontal resolutions

A global eddy-permitting ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 by 0.25 is established on the basis of Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) and Sea Ice Simulator (SIS). Simulation results are compared with those of an intermediate resolution ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of about 1 by 1 . The results show that the simulated ocean temperature, ocean current and sea ice concentration from the eddy-permitting model are better than those from the intermediate resolution model. However, both the two models have the common problem of ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) that the majority of the simulated summer sea surface temperature (SST) is too warm while the majority of the simulated subsurface summer temperature is too cold. Further numerical experiments show that this problem can be alleviated by incorporating the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing into the vertical mixing scheme for both eddy-permitting and intermediate resolution models.     

两类厄尔尼诺事件期间热带大气GILL响应分析

分析了1979-2018年两类厄尔尼诺事件期间月平均热带太平洋海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)异常、对流降水异常、大气环流异常等特征,发现东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺期间海洋及大气加热场并不是赤道对称,赤道以南热源强度大于赤道以北.大气对热源的响应表现在:1)低层在大气热源西侧出现南、北半球...     

Atmospheric and oceanic responses to Super Typhoon Mangkhut in the South China Sea: a coupled CROCO-WRF simulation

The South China Sea(SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and it encounters frequent typhoons. The atmosphere and ocean will create significant thermal and dynamic responses during the intense disturbance caused by typhoons. However, these responses have not been thoroughly investigated owing to the complicated marine environment. According to the satellite data, the SCS Basin was observed to have a strong sea surface temperature(SST) response to Typhoon Mangkhut,resul...     

2007和2012年北极最小海冰范围空间分布不同的原因分析

Satellite records show the minimum Arctic sea ice extents(SIEs) were observed in the Septembers of 2007 and2012, but the spatial distributions of sea ice concentration reduction in these two years were quite different.Atmospheric circulation pattern and the upper-ocean state in summer were investigated to explain the difference.By employing the ice-temperature and ice-specific humidity(SH) positive feedbacks in the Arctic Ocean, this paper shows that in 2007 and 2012 the higher surface air temperature(SAT) and sea level pressure(SLP)accompanied by more surface SH and higher sea surface temperature(SST), as a consequence, the strengthened poleward wind was favorable for melting summer Arctic sea ice in different regions in these two years. SAT was the dominant factor influencing the distribution of Arctic sea ice melting. The correlation coefficient is –0.84 between SAT anomalies in summer and the Arctic SIE anomalies in autumn. The increase SAT in different regions in the summers of 2007 and 2012 corresponded to a quicker melting of sea ice in the Arctic. The SLP and related wind were promoting factors connected with SAT. Strengthening poleward winds brought warm moist air to the Arctic and accelerated the melting of sea ice in different regions in the summers of 2007 and 2012. Associated with the rising air temperature, the higher surface SH and SST also played a positive role in reducing summer Arctic sea ice in different regions in these two years, which form two positive feedbacks mechanism.     

Air-sea interactions associated with tropospheric biennial oscillation in South China Sea summer monsoon and their effects on El Niño-Southern Oscillation

The South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) behaves with prominent climate variability from the intraseasonal to interdecadal time scales. On the interannual time scale, the biennial variability (so-called tropospheric biennial oscillation, TBO) is as important as the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period. Some observed data sets, including reanalysis data, are used to explore the associated air-sea interactive physical processes and how the SCSSM TBO affects the ENSO. The results show that the shearing vorticity induced by the north Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone both contribute to the TBO in the SCSSM. The results also indicate that the ENSO has a weak effect on the SCSSM TBO, whereas the latter affects the ENSO to some extent.     

渤海海冰的年际和年代际变化特征与机理

根据1951-2013年间的渤海冰情等级资料,利用最大熵谱分析、相关分析和合成分析等方法,研究了渤海冰情等级的年际和年代际变化特征,探讨了局地气候、大气环流、ENSO(El Nio-Southern Oscillation)和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对海冰的影响。结果表明,渤海海冰具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,并在1972年前后发生了一次由重到轻的气候跃变,在跃变后冰情较跃变前平均降低了0.7级。相关分析与合成分析结果显示,渤海冰情的年际变化除受局地气候的影响外,还受西太平洋副热带高压(副高)、极涡和欧亚环流的共同调控,特别在1972年以后,秋季副高、冬季欧亚和亚洲纬向环流对渤海冰情的年际变化均有重要影响,可作为渤海海冰预报的重要因子,而春季PDO、ENSO、冬季副高及欧亚和亚洲经向环流则是渤海冰情年代际变化的影响因素。     

赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率特征与ENSO循环

用美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,分析了赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率的演化特征,讨论了它们对ENSO循环的影响.结果指出,赤道太平洋次表层海温异常年际和年代际变率具相似的ENSO模分布和演变过程,二者均以赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温显著的异常中心与赤道东太平洋表层海温异常中心显著反号为主要分布特征,其演变过程通过赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常中心沿海洋气候温跃层向东向上传播来完成.赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常年际变率决定了ENSO循环,年代际变率对ENSO循环也有重要影响,其影响主要在中太平洋, 造成ENSO模的年代际变化.当年代际变率处于正常状态时,ENSO循环基本上是东部型冷暖事件之间的转换;当年际和年代际变率位相相同时,ENSO事件强度将会加强和持续,并出现中部型ENSO事件;当二者位相相反时, ENSO事件强度将会减弱.     

南海冬季海浪的时空变率特征

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the waves in the South China Sea(SCS) in the boreal winter during the period of 1979/1980–2011/2012 have been investigated based on the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts interim(ERA-Interim) reanalysis dataset. The results show that the leading mode of significant wave height anomalies(SWHA) in the SCS exhibits significant interannual variation and a decadal shift around the mid-1990 s, and features a basin-wide pattern in the entire SCS with a center located in the west of the Luzon Strait. The decadal change from a weak regime to a strong regime is mainly associated with the enhancement of winter monsoon modulated by the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO). The interannual variation of the SWHA has a significant negative correlation with the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in the same season and the preceding autumn. For a better understanding of the physical mechanism between the SCS ocean waves and ENSO, further investigation is made by analyzing atmospheric circulation. The impact of the ENSO on the SWHA over the SCS is bridged by the East Asian winter monsoon and Pacific-East Asian teleconnection in the lower troposphere. During the El Ni?o(La Ni?a), the anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone(cyclone) dominates over the Western North Pacific, helps to weaken(enhance) East Asian winter monsoon and then emerges the negative(positive) SWHA in the SCS.     

西太平洋暖池表层暖水的纬向运移

基于1950～2000年太平洋月平均SST资料,运用Morlet小波分析等方法研究了西太平洋暖池表层暖水的纬向运移特征.结果表明:暖池表层暖水纬向运移的年际(2～8a)和年代际(10～16a)变化都非常明显;表层暖水的纬向运移于1982年前后经历了一次气候跃变,跃变后暖水东界的平均位置比跃变前东移了10个经度;表层暖水的纬向运移对ENSO暖(ElNiño)、冷(LaNiña)事件的形成和发展具有直接的作用.     

Evaluation of the heat balance constituents of the upper mixed layer in the North Atlantic

Different physical mechanisms which cause interannual and interdecadal temperature anomalies in the upper mixed layer (UML) of the North Atlantic are investigated using the data of ORA-S3 reanalysis for the period of 1959–2011. It is shown that the annual mean heat budget in UML is mainly caused by the balance between advective heat transfer and horizontal turbulent mixing (estimated as a residual term in the equation of thermal balance). The local UML temperature change and contribution from the heat fluxes on the lower boundary of the UML to the heat budget of the upper layer are insignificant for the time scale under consideration. The contribution of the heat fluxes on the upper UML boundary to the low-frequency variability of the upper layer temperature in the whole North Atlantic area is substantially less than 30%. Areas like the northwestern part of the Northern Subtropical Anticyclonic Gyre (NSAG), where their contribution exceeds 30–60%, are exceptions. The typical time scales of advective heat transfer variability are revealed. In the NSAG area, an interannual variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation dominates, while in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, an interdecadal variability of advective transfers with periods of more than 30 years prevails.     

Interdecadal modulation of interannual atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Pacific

The interdecadal modulation of interannual variability of the atmosphere and ocean is examined over the North Pacific by using Wavelet Transform combined with Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis. For the period of record 1899–1997, the interannual variability of the wintertime Aleutian Low, identified by either the North Pacific Index or the leading eigenvector (EOF-1) of North Pacific sea level pressure (SLP), exhibits an interdecadal modulation. Interannual variance in the strength of the Aleutian Low was relatively large from the mid-1920s to mid-1940s and in the mid-1980s, but relatively small in the periods from 1899 to the mid-1920s and from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. The periods of high (low) interannual variability roughly coincide with pentadecadal regimes having a time averaged relatively intense (weak) Aleutian Low. Consistent with this SLP variability the interannual variance in the zonal wind stress is strengthened in the central North Pacific after the 1970s. The SLP EOF-2, which is related to the North Pacific Oscillation, exhibited a strengthening trend from the beginning of this century to the mid-1960s. After the 1970s, the interannual variance of SLP EOF-2 is generally smaller than that in the period from 1930 to 1970. Similar interdecadal changes in interannual variance are found in expansion coefficients for the first two EOFs of the Pacific sector 500 hPa height field for the period 1946–1993. EOF-1 of Pacific sector 500 hPa corresponds to the Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern, while EOF-2 is related to the Western Pacific (WP) pattern. The relative influence of the atmospheric PNA and WP interannual variability on North Pacific SSTs appears to have varied at pentadecadal time scales. Results from an SVD analysis of winter season (December–February) 500 hPa and North Pacific spring season (March–May) SST fields demonstrate that the PNA-related SST anomaly exhibited larger interannual variance after the 1970s, whereas the interannual variance of the WP related SST anomaly is larger before the 1970s. Correlations between the coastal North Pacific SST records and gridded atmospheric field data also change on interdecadal time scales. Our results suggest that the SST records from both the northwest and northeast Pacific coasts were more closely coupled with the PNA teleconnection pattern during the periods of 1925–1947 and 1977–1997 than in the regime from 1948 to 1976. Teleconnections between ENSO and preferred patterns of atmospheric variability over the North Pacific also appear to vary on interdecadal time scales. However, these variations do not reflect a unique regime-dependent influence. Our results indicate that ENSO is primarily related to the PNA (WP) pattern in the first (last) half of the present century. Correlation coefficients between indices for ENSO and PNA-like atmospheric variability are remarkably weak in the period from 1948 to 1976.     

ENSO对华东地区春季降水影响的不对称性

利用1958—2019年的观测和再分析数据集,对冷、暖两类厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO）事件与后期华东地区春季降水之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）在暖ENSO事件中,华东春季降水量与前冬季ENSO海面温度异常存在较强的正相关关系。在冷ENSO事件中,这种强正相关向内陆地区西移,主要集中在江西和湖南。（2）暖ENSO事件通常会导致浙江、江苏和福建等沿海省份春季降水量过剩,而冷ENSO事件往往导致江西和湖南降水偏少。这归因于ENSO对大气环流的非线性影响。（3）与暖ENSO事件相比,冷ENSO事件引起的海面温度异常中心明显西移,造成异常低层大气环流的西移,最终导致华东降水的西移效应。（4）通过分析和发现,强调了华东春季降水对ENSO的非线性响应,这对华东地区的季节性气候预测具有重要意义。     

Heat oscillation in the upper ocean of the southern South China Sea

Data used in this study are temperature/depth profiles taken over the upper 400 m of the ocean in the southern South China Sea (4°-14° N, 106°-120° E) for the period 1961-1973. The data are analyzed on the grid 2 (latitude) by 2 (longitude) in space and bimonthly in time. The vertically averaged temperature (TAV) over the upper 100 m of the ocean is calculated as the estimate of the heat content in the upper ocean.The TAV is cooler in the northwest region of the study area and warmer in the southeast in the annual and seasonal mean figures. The first EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) of anomalous TAV accounts for 41 % of the total variance for the period 1961-1973. The time function associated with it displays a significant interannual changes in the heat content, with 2-4 a oscillation period and associated with the ENSO events. During ENSO event TAV increases with the tendency of increasing towards equator along the basin. This anomalous states also exist in the water layers below 100 m depth. T     

我国近海热带气旋活动的气候特征及其与大尺度环境场的关系

利用1949~2004年共54 a的热带气旋资料,通过对历年影响我国近海(距海岸线300 n mile范围内)25°N以北及以南热带气旋的基本要素特征值的分析,发现我国近海25°N以北与以南热带气旋影响的频数和年代际变化不一致,尤其是20世纪80年代中期以来呈现反位相特征,近海25°N以北TC偏多,强度强;25°N以南TC偏少,强度弱.对热带气旋个数偏多年与偏少年对应的夏季海温场、高度场的合成分析,发现25°N以北偏多年比以南偏多年的东太平洋海温负距平强度大、范围广,高度距平场上反映出25°N以北偏多年西太平洋(包括南海)负高度距平区更为偏北、偏东;25°N以北TC偏少年时,中东太平洋海温为正距平区,高度场上太平洋低纬区域基本为正距平区,太平洋高纬区域是负距平区,而以南TC偏少年中东太平洋海温是负距平区,高度场上太平洋高纬区域是正距平区.文中还对当年前期各月海温场、高度场与当年以北、以南热带气旋个数分别作了相关分析,得出了一些实用有效的预报因子.