2019年四川荣县MS4.9地震序列监测与活动特征研究

通过对荣县M_S4.9地震震中及附近地区地震监测、地震地质、地震活动背景和区域地震活动性的分析表明,荣县M_S4.9地震震前经历了区域地震平静至活跃、再发震的过程,该序列为正常的震群型,震中区及其附近的华蓥山断裂地震带和马边地震带的震后地震学参数均正常。荣县M_S4.9地震发震断裂为荣县-威远基底断裂,华蓥山断裂带及其附近地区2018年开始的5—6级地震活跃与川西地区东昆仑断裂带2017年8月九寨沟M_S7.0强震的发生存在呼应关系。      

基于区域-时间-长度算法的区域地震活动与强震关系研究

基于区域-时间-长度(RTL)算法,本文以汶川M_S8.0、 于田M_S7.3、 芦山M_S7.0、 鲁甸M_S6.5及景谷M_S6.6地震为例, 对强震前地震活动异常空间分布与发震地点的关系进行分析, 并根据新提出的物理参数区域-时间-长度的面积分I_RTL探索区域地震活动水平与地震发生时间的关系． 结果显示:3次M_S≥7.0强震前均检测到地震活动平静, 2次M_S＞6.0地震前均检测到地震活动增强, 这些地震活动平静和增强异常主要分布在震中及其附近潜在发震断裂带及周边, 异常范围和异常程度随时间由小到大再到小． M_S≥7.0强震前, 地震活动平静主体区的I_RTL曲线在震前1—3年从零值下降至低谷后回升,低谷点与地震发生的时间间隔为9—18个月; 鲁甸M_S6.5和景谷M_S6.6地震前, I_RTL曲线分别在震前1年和1.8年由低值开始上升, 达到峰值后回落, 峰值点与地震发生的时间间隔分别为3个月和9个月． 本文结果表明, 地震活动平静的I_RTL低谷点和地震活动增强的I_RTL峰值点对地震发生可能有一定的指示意义．      

2011—2014年3次于田MS≥5.0地震序列重定位及其发震构造

基于新疆区域数字地震台网震相观测报告,采用双差定位方法对2011—2014年阿尔金断裂带西南端NE向张性剪切段附近的3次于田M_S≥5.0地震序列进行了重定位,并对其余震分布及发震构造等进行了分析． 结果表明: 2011年于田M_S5.5地震的发震构造为阿尔金断裂,该地震同时触发了阿尔金山前普鲁断裂的中小震活动,地震序列呈近NS向长条带状分布; 2012年于田M_S6.2地震序列沿NNE向分布,发震构造为苦牙克断裂; 2014年于田M_S7.3地震序列沿NE和NNE方向展布,其中NE走向的余震序列沿阿尔金断裂走向有3处余震丛集分布,由此推测该余震低活动区是由于断层内存在一较大凹凸体,终止了破裂的传播所致,发震构造为阿什库勒断裂和苦牙克断裂． 此外,地震序列截面特征显示,2011—2014年3次于田M_S≥5.0地震序列基本贯通了阿尔金断裂带西南端的次级断裂和普鲁断裂．      

2022年芦山MS6.1地震：发生在隐伏反冲断层上的一次中强地震

继2008年汶川M_S8.0地震和2013年芦山M_S7.0地震后,2022年6月1日在龙门山断裂带南段又发生了一次M_S6.1强震,距离2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震中位置仅10 km.为研究此次地震的发震断层及两次芦山地震的关系,对震后60天的余震序列进行重定位,获得了933个高精度定位结果,EW,NS和UD方向上的定位误差分别为0.15 km,0.13 km和0.23 km.余震序列在水平分布上沿北东—南西向略长,在深度上主要分布在12—20 km,10 km以浅余震很少.余震震源深度剖面显示发震断层面倾向南东,与2013年芦山M_S7.0地震发震断层结构中的反冲断层倾向一致,两次芦山地震的发震断层结构相交为复式Y型断裂结构,此次芦山地震的发震断层为其中一条深度更深的反冲断层.此次地震没有产生地表破裂,推测发震断层为一条埋深较深的隐伏断层.两次芦山地震的余震震中分布区跨过了该区域的一条大型逆冲型断裂带,即双石—大川断裂带.深度剖面显示芦山M_S7.0地震的南东...     

汶川地震和芦山地震的孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性研究

运用非连续变形分析法与三维有限元法相结合的方法,以GPS资料作为位移速率和震源机制的约束条件,通过数值模拟研究了青藏高原及其东侧邻区构造地块的运动、变形、相互作用及其与近30年来发生于该区的大地震之间的关系。研究中引入了以应力与摩擦强度的比值定义的断层“失稳危险度”,通过数值模拟计算得到了研究区地壳块体边界断层的失稳危险度分布。结果表明,失稳危险度高的地段与近期该区发生的M_S≥7.0地震所在的位置基本一致,其中龙门山断裂带上包括汶川和芦山大地震的发震断层均为失稳危险度最高值地区。计算得到的应变率强度分布图显示,青藏高原东部边缘整条地带均为应变率强度的陡变带,特别是以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显,其西侧应变率强度为东侧的近4倍,而且,这个带位于宽度相同、走向与龙门山断裂带走向相一致的高应变能密度带中,表明这两次大地震前,作为其发震断层的龙门山断裂带已积累了相当高的应变能,失稳危险度高,处于力学上的不稳定状态。模拟计算得到在上地壳层中,2001年昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震引起汶川、芦山地震发震断层的库仑破裂应力增加约0.016 MPa,相当于龙门山断裂带约两年的应力积累,也就是说,使汶川、芦山地震发震断层的失稳破裂提前了约两年。 此外,关于2008年汶川M_S8.0地震的模拟计算表明,汶川地震的发生也使包括芦山地震发震断层的龙门山断裂带西南段和东昆仑断裂带东南端的库仑破裂应力增大,应变能积累增强,这说明汶川M_S8.0地震的发生对已处于失稳危险度较高状态的2013年芦山地震和2017年九寨沟地震发震断层的提前失稳破裂起到了促进作用。      

基于POT模型的昆仑山地区地震统计特征分析

极值统计是研究较少发生但一旦发生即产生极大影响的随机事件的有效方法。本文以地震活动频繁的昆仑山地区作为研究区域,建立了基于广义帕累托分布的超阈值(POT)模型,并讨论了该地区若干地震活动性参数,包括强震震级分布、潜在震级上限、强震平均复发间隔、一定周期内的强震发震概率、一定时期内的重现水平和超定值重现震级。经统计分析得到：该地区震级阈值选定为 M_S5.5,超阈值期望震级为 M_S6.81,潜在震级上限高达 M_S9.08,M_S8.0 的平均复发间隔仅为 66.8 年,未来 3 年该地区发生 M_S5.5～M_S6.5 的概率在 80% 以上,百年重现水平即可达到历史最大震级MS8.1。     

2021年6月10日云南双柏MS 5.1和6月12日云南盈江MS 5.0地震总结

2021年6月10日和6月12日,云南地区先后发生双柏M_S 5.1和盈江M_S 5.0地震,距5月21日云南漾濞M_S 6.4地震发生不足1个月,文中系统总结2次地震前出现的地震活动和地球物理观测异常,其中：地震活动方面：震前存在中等调制地震集中、地震条带等中短期异常;地球物理观测方面：2次地震发生前,震中附近存在形变、电磁和流体等多项异常,其中双柏M_S 5.1地震以形变学科趋势异常为主,盈江M_S 5.0地震以流体异常为主。对2次地震序列跟踪分析,发现双柏M_S 5.1地震余震较为丰富,震后半年内共记录M_L 3.0以上地震7次,最大震级为M_L 4.8,计算得到地震序列活动参数为：h值=1.23,b值=0.85;盈江M_S 5.0地震发生后半年内仅记录M_L 3.0以上余震4次,最大余震为M_L 3.3地震,计算得到地震序列活动参数为：h值=2.45、b值=1....     

2022年6月1日四川芦山MS6.1地震的震源参数及其构造启示

2022年6月1日四川芦山发生M_S6.1地震.基于四川区域台网的地震资料，采用HypoDD(双差重定位)方法对芦山M_S6.1地震序列M_L≥1.0的地震事件(2022年6月1日至7日)进行了重定位，利用gCAP(generalized Cut And Paste)波形反演方法获取了序列中M_S≥3.0地震的震源机制和矩心深度，同时用Bootstrap方法评估了主震震源机制结果的稳定性以及计算了不同机构得到的多个震源机制中心解的最小旋转角，计算了现今区域应力场体系在2022年芦山M_S6.1地震和2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震源机制节面产生的相对剪应力和正应力，并根据芦山M_S6.1地震序列重定位后的震源位置拟合了发震断层面，分析了该地震序列的发震构造.获得的主要结果如下：(1)芦山M_S6.1地震序列主要沿着双石—大川断裂呈现NE-SW向的优势展布，初始破裂深度主要集中在10～18 km,平均深度14.5 km,整体呈现西...     

芦山两次强震序列活动特征及余震预测效能对比分析

利用可充分考虑小震信息的Omi-R-J模型,对2013年芦山M_S7.0地震和2022年芦山M_S6.1地震序列活动特征进行对比分析,发现芦山M_S7.0地震序列较芦山M_S6.1地震序列完备性随时间变化更加明显,震后早期检测能力较低,两次地震序列稳定时段检测得到的完整性震级均为1.8级左右。芦山两次地震序列p值差异较小,展示了相对正常的衰减过程;芦山M_S7.0地震序列k值明显大于芦山M_S6.1地震序列,这或许与芦山M_S7.0地震较为发育的余震或强余震有关;芦山M_S7.0地震序列b值小于芦山M_S6.1地震序列,表明M_S7.0地震之后芦山地区仍处于较高的应力状态,而M_S6.1地震之后应力处于相对较低的水平。利用N-test方法开展效能评估,结果显示,两次地震序列初期阶段余震发生率展示了较好的预测效能,基于震后初期1天内的数据开展的未来1天的余震预测中,仅有1...     

青海玛多MS7.4地震对周边活动断裂的库仑应力加载及发震概率增量的计算

2021年5月22日2时4分位于青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块内部青海果洛州玛多县发生了M_S7.4地震(玛多M_S7.4地震),震中位于98.34°E,34.59°N,震源深度17 km(中国地震台网中心测定).震后区域应力调整直接导致了周边断层的库仑应力变化和主震断层外余震的发生,进而影响到区域地震活动性并改变了即发地震概率.本文利用有限断层滑移模型计算了青海玛多地区主要断层的库仑应力变化,结合Dieterich地震发生率模型,给出了库仑应力扰动下超越某一特定震级地震的发震概率公式,得到了受青海玛多M_S7.4地震所产生的库仑应力场的影响周边8条断裂(段)分别发生M_S≥7.0和M_S≥6.0地震的概率变化.结果表明,8条断裂(段)的发震概率均有不同程度的增加.对于发震概率增幅较为明显的甘德南缘断裂、玛多—甘德断裂和西藏大沟—昌马河断裂在震后短时间内(约10年内)发震概率迅速提升,之后趋于平稳,不排除有潜在发生破坏性地震的可能,特别是发生M_S≥6.0地震的可能性.针对达日断裂,由于库仑应力增加造成的影响不明显,短期内发生M_S≥7.0或M_S≥6.0地震的可能性不大,但随着时间的推移,不排除几十年后有潜在发生破坏性地震的可能,尤其要关注发生M_S≥6.0地震的可能性;东昆仑断裂特别是玛沁—玛曲段仍然是未来强震发生的可能区段,需重点关注和防范M_S≥6.0地震乃至M_S≥7.0地震的发生;玉树—甘孜断裂发生M_S≥6.0地震,尤其是发生M_S≥7.0地震的危险性不高,而乌兰乌拉湖—玉树南断裂有潜在发生破坏性地震的风险,对于M_S≥6.0以上地震需要加强防范.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.