塔里木河流域绿洲城镇发展与水土资源效益分析(英文)

This paper examines the spatial pattern of land and water resources as well as urbanization and their interactions in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. In order to do so, we extract the data associated with efficiency of land and water resources and urbanization for the years of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008. Specifically the paper investigates the extent to which agglomeration of population and economic activities varies geographically and interplays with spatial pattern of resources efficiency through computation of Global Moran’s I index, Getis-Ord Gi* index and a coordinated development model. The method used provides clear evidence that urbanization, land and water resources efficiency have shown uneven spatial pattern due to oasis distribution, climate, and initial phase of urban development. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) Agglomeration and dispersion of urbanization are not consistent with those of land and water resources efficiency.(2) Evolution of the hot and cold spots of urbanization, and land and water resources efficiency, in different trajectories, indicate that there are no significant interactions between them.(3) The evidence that numbers of hot and cold spots of the three factors present varying structures reveals the dominance of unequal urban development in the study area.(4) Significant differences are also found between sub-river basins in terms of the three factors, which is a reflection of the complex physical geography of the area.(5) The degree of coordinated development of cities in the Tarim River Basin is generally low in part as a reflection of difference in spatial patterns of the three factors. It is also shown that the pattern of the degree of coordinated development is relatively stable compared with evolution of hot and cold spots of the three factors.     

Glacier and snow variations and their impacts on regional water resources in mountains

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Glaciers and snow are major constituents of solid water bodies in mountains; they can regulate the stability of local water sources. However, they are strongly...     

中国典型山区农业水土资源匹配格局变化——以太行山区、横断山区、黔桂喀斯特山区为例

为了解中国典型山区农业水土资源分布的匹配程度及其格局变化,研究以区域内单位面积耕地拥有的农业水资源量刻画太行山区、横断山区和黔桂喀斯特山区农业水土资源的时空匹配情况。结果表明：① 三大山区耕地分布的集中程度较高。太行山区的耕地主要分布在河北境内的北段地区和山西境内的南段地区,横断山区的耕地主要分布在南段地区,喀斯特山区的耕地分布呈现“南北多中部少”的格局。② 三大山区农业水资源的分布及变化都主要集中在低海拔地区。太行山区的农业水资源主要分布在山西、河南段,横断山区的农业水资源主要分布在四川境内,喀斯特山区的农业水资源较均匀地分布在广西和贵州境内。③ 太行山区农业水土资源匹配程度较差,横断山区、喀斯特山区农业水土资源匹配程度较好。2000—2015年间,太行山区中部、横断山区东部、喀斯特山区南部地区的农业水土匹配程度有变好趋势,而太行山区南部、横断山区西南部、喀斯特山区北部地区的农业水土匹配程度有变差趋势。研究时段内,太行山区的水田转旱地情况突出,太行山区也是三大山区中农业水土资源匹配程度最差的,应该关注太行山区的用水压力,重视农田水利设施维护和农田灌溉水有效利用。     

黑河流域水资源动态变化与绿洲发育及发展演变的关系

通过探讨流域及绿洲发育及其发展演变的水资源动态变化的特征,阐明它们之间的独特关系,并以此来揭示绿洲系统发育的河流流域地带性问题及特征。研究表明,本区水资源动态变化主要在径流形成、利用和消失三个区域内具有依次性体现的特征。其中占总流域面积10%左右的河川径流形成区,对全流域的水资源动态变化具有先决性作用,并在各个区域水动态变化体现上又受到系统对水的吞吐、留存、蒸散和转化能力大小的影响。因此,河流流域是地域分异现象中通过水流作用所体现出的水平地带性与垂直地带性的一种交汇,同时也是地带性与非地带性系统分异的主要区域。作为河流流域地带发育的绿洲系统,其发展演变规律和特征是相当独特的,如开放性、动态性、脆弱性以及资源有限性等。其中有限的水土资源及其动态变化是制约区域内各层次流域发展及绿洲系统发育的关键,并在不同区段上存在着显著差异性,且彼此间常体现出互为依存、互为消长的依次性制约关系。如水资源量的多寡、质的优劣和时空动态变化及分布、以及人为作用等决定着绿洲类型体现和规模分布、发育层次及阶段或发展演变过程及趋势、和社会经济价值体现等。     

北京市水资源与水量平衡研究

以降雨-径流-蒸散发平衡和水资源供需平衡模式为基础进行研究,得到以下结论:北京市2001～2009年系列的水资源量与多年平均系列相比,水资源产量减少了约40.1%,减少的原因既有气候因素,也有人类活动导致土地覆被变化的原因,其中气候因素占30.1%,下垫面变化导致产流减少的比重为69.9%;同时由于人口的增长,北京市人均水资源占有量从270 m³下降到114 m³.在北京市水平衡分析中,采用不同下垫面蒸散发模式,计算得到2001～2009年北京市蒸散发为494 mm,河川径流量为46 mm,入境水量为4.34 亿m³,出境水量为8.03 亿m³,超采地下水、水库净补给以及外流域引水量为6.19 亿m³.在不考虑河道内生态需水条件下,北京市的现状缺水量为4.73～5.86 亿m³.到2014年南水北调中线水到达北京以后,北京将可以在75%来水年份下保障10～15年的水资源的基本供需平衡。但是如果遭遇95%来水频率的特枯年份,北京仍然将会面临较为严重的水资源短缺问题。     

黄河流域湿地格局特征、控制因素与保护

准确掌握流域湿地资源的数量和分布, 是流域湿地评价、修复与保护决策的前提。利用“北京一号”小卫星数据对黄河流域2006年湿地格局现状进行了监测, 在GIS技术支持下对流域湿地资源分布的影响控制因素进行了分析, 进而结合不同流域分区水资源条件, 对流域湿地保护策略进行了探讨。研究表明, 2006年黄河流域湿地总面积为25134km²,其中, 河流、湖泊、沼泽、滨海、人工湿地面积分别占该流域湿地总面积的36.2%、8.0%、45.0%、3.9%、6.9%.受气候及水资源支撑条件的影响, 黄河流域重要湿地集中分布在源区高寒沼泽湿地、上游河湖湿地、中下游河道湿地以及河口三角洲湿地。流域天然湿地分布受气候影响显着, 随着气候干燥度的增加, 湿地率呈明显递减趋势。研究认为, 黄河流域大部分地区属于半干旱区, 水资源条件先天不足, 必须充分考虑流域和区域水资源的支撑能力和干扰影响, 在流域层面和河流生态系统的尺度上统筹考虑, 构建科学合理的流域湿地保护框架体系。     

Returning home: migrant connections and visions for local development in rural Nepal

Migration to domestic and international destinations has become an emblematic feature of Nepal’s societal changes. Part of this development is education migration from rural to urban areas within the borders of Nepal, an often overlooked but increasingly important aspect of contemporary migration flows. By focusing on these educational migrants, this paper explores how they connect to their rural homes. Guided by a critical reading of the migration-development scholarship, the paper examines how migrants and their relatives make sense of educational migrants’ remitting and returning practices, and by comparing three groups of educational migrants, the migrants’ reasons for staying connected and sending remittances are scrutinized. The paper finds that although educational migrants do not generate extensive economic remittances for local development in Nepal, they stay connected to their rural homes and partake in important social remittance practices that represent a vision for impacting local development.     

Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961–2000

The suspected impact of climate warming on precipitation distribution is examined in the Yangtze River Basin. Daily precipitation data for 147 meteorological stations from 1961–2000 and monthly discharge data for three stations in the basin have been analyzed for temporal and spatial trends. The methods used include the Mann–Kendall test and simple regression analysis. The results show (1) a significant positive trend in summer precipitation at many stations especially for June and July, with the summer precipitation maxima in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in the 1990s; (2) a positive trend in rainstorm frequency that is the main contributor to increased summer precipitation in the basin; and (3) a significant positive trend in flood discharges in the middle and lower basin related to the spatial patterns and temporal trends of both precipitation and individual rainstorms in the last 40 years. The rainstorms have aggravated floods in the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin in recent decades. The observed trends in precipitation and rainstorms are possibly caused by variations of atmospheric circulation (weakened summer monsoon) under climate warming.     

天山北坡城镇化进程中的水土资源效益及其时空分异

通过空间分析的Global Moran''s I指数和Getis-Ord G_i^*指数以及协调发展度函数选取1995年、2000年、2005年和2008年4个年份数据对天山北坡城镇化进程中的土地资源效益、水资源效益的集聚扩散状态及其冷热点空间格局演化与空间联动发展效应进行分析,研究发现:(1)天山北坡在绿洲自然地理格局下发育起来的城镇,受自然地理条件和水土资源分布特点及城镇发展水平不一、城镇性质各异而对水土资源利用程度不一等因素影响,其城镇化水平和水土资源效益的空间格局表现出不同的发展状态。(2)土地资源效益相似的县市具有明显的空间差异,呈现出分散的格局并保持相对稳定的态势。(3)水资源效益的空间集聚和扩散状态不稳定,变化显著。(4)水土资源效益在城镇化进程中各自的空间演化格局与路径迥异,区域联动效应差异显著。绿洲城镇发展的实际决定了水土资源效益的冷热点区域演化相比自身发展水平更具敏感性。     

阿尔金山羌塘高原区域地表水可利用量及开发潜力分析

确定水资源可利用量是实现阿尔金山及羌塘高原区域生态环境维护与经济社会发展双赢的保障.首先、提出用倒算法计算研究区的水资源可利用量,明确涉及变量的概念及算法.其次、计算了研究区各分区的地表水资源量,湖泊、湿地需水量,河道需水量等变量,最终确定了各分区的地表水资源可利用量.再次、结合各分区水资源利用现状,进一步分析了各分区的水资源利用潜力.结果表明:东羌塘山间盆地区地表水资源开发利用潜力较小;柴达木盆地西缘区开发利用潜力较大;阿尔金山北麓区开发利用潜力不大.最后、建议在研究区建立相应的水文、气象、生态等监测站点,为研究区水资源的合理开发、利用与保护奠定基础.     

土地管理三维思维与土地空间资源认知

基于城市发展的三维理念轨迹及土地立体化利用趋势,采用文献检索与综合分析法,剖析土地管理重视三维思维的原因,辨析土地的空间特质,提出土地空间资源的概念内涵,初探土地空间资源管理制度和技术,以促进土地领域实践问题解决。结果显示：① 土地管理三维思维符合社会发展和土地利用趋势,是基于土地管理实践而衍生的创新需求。② 土地作为资源的本质属性之一是空间性,具备三维空间特质;土地空间资源是土地资源概念的外延,是以土地表层为基底或脱离土地表层的可利用的三维空间存在。③ 土地空间资源的提出,能引发土地管理领域在理念、制度和技术上进行三维思维化的重构与创新,具有科学意义和实践价值。     

联合国教科文组织国际水文计划项目在东亚可持续水资源管理中的作用

For over 30 years, IHP (International Hydrological Programme) has been actively operating as a UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN (United Nations) system in this region. By a number of initiatives and networks, the IHP has progressively carried out activities on the quantity and quality of global/regional water resources, transboundary water resources management, mitigation of water related hazards, and water education. While addressing comprehensive areas over water challenges, greater emphasis has been placed on the role of water resources management for sustainable development and with respect to the expected changes in climate and environmental conditions. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme) and its major product WWDR (World Water Development Report) in East Asia are under the framework of IHP which supports field oriented activities on monitoring freshwater, developing case studies, enhancing national assessment capacity, and facilitating decision making processes. In light of transboundary waters in IHP, RSC (Regional Steering Committee) plays a focal role for facilitating regional cooperation in the Southeast and East Asia and Pacific States. Furthermore, ISI (International Sediment Initiative) and IFI (International Flood Initiative) have significant roles, respectively, for the management of erosion and sedimentation in line with river system or reservoir management, and for the flood management focusing on capacity building of each country in East Asia. There are other major areas of concern under UNESCO’s IHP programme in East Asia, specifically in aspects including, mitigating water conflicts on transboundary aquifers through ISARM (International Shared Aquifer Resources Management), water management of arid areas through Water and Development Information for Arid Lands- A Global Network (Asian G-WADI), and sustainable management of groundwater by UNESCO Water Chair, as well as water education through the programme of Sustainable Water Integrated Management-Educational Component. Author: Ramasamy Jayakumar, native of India, Ph.D, specialized in application of remote sensing, GIS, geo-statistical methods in hydrogeological modelling and irrigation water management.     

黄河流域NDVI时空变化及其与降水/径流关系

NDVI是表征区域植被覆盖的重要指标。本文把黄河流域划分为 16个区域 ,利用Pathfinder (探路者 )的AVHRR NDVI资料 ,得到各区域 1982～ 1998年NDVI统计序列 ,详细分析了各区域NDVI时空变化特征。研究表明 ,17年来黄河流域各分区年平均NDVI都呈增加趋势 ,说明植被覆盖增加 ,生态环境好转 ,但是 8月份龙羊峡以上和兰河干流区间NDVI则有所下降 ,生态环境有局部恶化趋势。最后研究各区域NDVI与降水、径流和径流系数的年内、年际相关关系 ,结果表明 :从年内变化看 ,黄河流域各区域NDVI变化与降水、径流变化呈明显的正相关 ;从年际变化看 ,黄河流域各区域NDVI波动趋势与降水具有一定的相关性 ,但与径流、径流系数变化的关系相对复杂 ,不具有明显的相关性     

甘肃省水资源生态足迹和生态承载力时空特征

基于水资源生态足迹模型,核算了甘肃全省及14个市(州)2003—2017年的水资源生态足迹和生态承载力,在此基础上计算出其生态盈亏和生态足迹强度,并对其时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)2003—2017年甘肃省水资源生态足迹远大于生态承载力,导致水资源处于生态赤字状态,但水资源生态足迹总体上呈缓慢下降趋势,水资源生态承载力呈波动上升态势,生态赤字的变化趋势与生态承载力基本一致,而水资源生态足迹强度呈逐年下降趋势,说明甘肃省水资源利用效率不断提高,供需矛盾有所缓解;(2)生产用水尤其是农业用水是最大的足迹账户,且呈下降趋势;生态用水足迹虽然占比很低,但呈快速增长态势,用水结构趋向合理;(3)水资源生态足迹的区域差异明显,整体上呈现从西北向东南递减的分布趋势。水资源生态足迹强度的区域差异也较大,但呈缩小的态势;(4)水资源生态承载力的区域差异也十分显著,其高水平区和较高水平区空间分布相对稳定,呈现出向低值区发展的趋势;(5)水土资源匹配不合理,土地资源少而分散的甘南高原和陇南山地水资源生态盈余较大,而土地资源丰富的河西地区水资源生态赤字严重。     

The role of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization–International Hydrological Programme in sustainable water resources management in East Asian countries

For over 30 years, IHP (International Hydrological Programme) has been actively operating as a UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN (United Nations) system in this region. By a number of initiatives and networks, the IHP has progressively carried out activities on the quantity and quality of global/regional water resources, transboundary water resources management, mitigation of water related hazards, and water education. While addressing comprehensive areas over water challenges, greater emphasis has been placed on the role of water resources management for sustainable development and with respect to the expected changes in climate and environmental conditions. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme) and its major product WWDR (World Water Development Report) in East Asia are under the framework of IHP which supports field oriented activities on monitoring freshwater, developing case studies, enhancing national assessment capacity, and facilitating decision making processes. In light of transboundary waters in IHP, RSC (Regional Steering Committee) plays a focal role for facilitating regional cooperation in the Southeast and East Asia and Pacific States. Furthermore, ISI (International Sediment Initiative) and IFI (International Flood Initiative) have significant roles, respectively, for the management of erosion and sedimentation in line with river system or reservoir management, and for the flood management focusing on capacity building of each country in East Asia. There are other major areas of concern under UNESCO’s IHP programme in East Asia, specifically in aspects including, mitigating water conflicts on transboundary aquifers through ISARM (International Shared Aquifer Resources Management), water management of arid areas through Water and Development Information for Arid Lands- A Global Network (Asian G-WADI), and sustainable management of groundwater by UNESCO Water Chair, as well as water education through the programme of Sustainable Water Integrated Management- Educational Component.     

典型山地降水径流时空演变及“水-热-人-地”匹配性分析

山地是中国自然生态保护与经济社会发展问题交织、矛盾突出的区域。山地水资源受气候变化和人类活动综合影响发生演变,进一步影响到其与区域气候资源、土地资源以及经济社会之间的协调匹配,研究这些问题对辨识山地发展关键短板、提供山地问题解决思路具有基础意义。根据自然环境特点和经济社会发展状况,选择太行山、横断山和黔桂喀斯特三大典型山地开展研究,基于全国水资源调查评价成果及土地利用、经济社会数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析1956-2015年山地降水和径流时空演变特点;采用匹配距离和不平衡指数对山地的水（降水和径流）、热（积温和辐射）、地（面积和耕地）以及社会经济（人口和GDP）等4类要素匹配性进行综合对比分析。结果表明：三大典型山地中,太行山水资源禀赋最差,且2000年以来径流显著衰减,而横断山和黔桂喀斯特降水、径流丰富,且无明显变化趋势;从“水—热—人—地”对比来看,太行山以缺水问题为主,横断山多数地区土地与热资源偏少且水热空间差异大,黔桂喀斯特整体来说土地资源偏少;综合来看,水与其他要素的匹配性最差,特别是在太行山区,水的时空分布及其均衡匹配是保障山地可持续发展的关键。     

Assessments of ecosystem service indicators and stakeholder's willingness to pay for selected ecosystem services in the Chure region of Nepal

The Chure region of Nepal—the area sandwiched between the hills in the north and the plains in the south—is considered an ecologically fragile, structurally weak, and highly erosion-prone region. The forest in the Chure region provides several ecosystem services to people living in the downstream areas. However, assessment and quantification of ecosystem services in this region are very limited. This study, conducted in a watershed of the Chure region of western Nepal, combined local users' perspectives with experts' opinions to identify and rank ecosystem services based on land use types, to investigate the downstream users' willingness to pay for ecosystem services, and to explore the socio-economic factors affecting their willingness to pay. The study found that forests offered the highest number of ecosystem goods and services in this area. Local people were familiar with 10 different ecosystem services provided by the watershed and ranked drinking water service at the top. The downstream beneficiaries would be willing to pay a higher amount for drinking water service than they were currently paying if the quality of the service and its sustainability were assured. The amount they were willing to pay for ecosystem services increased significantly with monthly income. The results of this study are useful for other areas in which an upstream–downstream linkage exists and the upstream communities play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functions and the resulting supply of ecosystem services to the downstream communities.     

Problems for water resources development in typical small karst drainage basins and countermeasures

IntroductionThe karate runoff produchon process is a hydrO-geological process dependent on the shape and bining ofrainfall hydropoh and the spatial vacation Pattern Of landfonns, which is represented by the peak-forestdepression and peak-forest pci ie. It is also affected by tile unique chacterishcs and spatial pattern ofsurface and underground channel netWork exiSted in the karshc catChmellt, where the surface drainagedivide is different from the underground dlainage divide. Along with rese…     

A socio-hydrological approach for incorporating gender into biophysical models and implications for water resources research

Men and women interact with water resources and landscapes in different ways, and there are frequent criticisms that little research is undertaken across disciplines to address this issue. Biophysical scientists in particular struggle with how to integrate “gendered” water uses into models that are necessarily based on prevailing laws and equations that describe the movement of water through the hydrological cycle, independent of social constructs. We explore the challenges faced in developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches and then present a simple yet innovative socio-hydrological approach using participatory three-dimensional maps. As a case study, we describe undertaking this process in Ethiopia where two three-dimensional maps (men's and women's) were separately generated to represent the same 20 km² landscape. Mapping results indicated important distinctions in how men and women view landscapes with regard to the number and types of ecosystem services identified. For example, only women identified holy water sites along streams, while men identified twice as many sacred trees on the landscape. There was a clear focus and detailed knowledge about soils among participants in both groups. Maps developed as part of this exercise were successfully used as the principal land use input for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and results indicate that this is a valid strategy that enhances scientific knowledge and understanding of overall landscapes and ultimately adds value to research for development questions.