Small-scale, nature-based tourism as a pro-poor development intervention: Two examples in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

Tourism is widely acknowledged as a key economic sector that has the potential to contribute to national and local development and, more specifically, serve as a mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and pro-poor development within a particular locality. In countries of the global South, nature-based tourism initiatives can make a meaningful impact on the livelihoods of the poor, in particular the subsistence based rural poor. Taking two examples in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, where small-scale tourism initiatives were developed recently in response to existing natural attractions in the context of coping with local economic crises, this paper broadly assesses the modest benefits to date, as well as drawbacks, in improving conditions of life.     

Exploring the impacts of future tourism development on land use/cover changes

Land use/cover changes (LUCC) are central to tourism because land is used in multiple ways as a resource for tourism-focused activities. Tourism is essentially a geographical phenomenon, encompassing the movement and flow of people (seen as the demand side) and spatial distribution patterns relating to land use consumption (seen as the supply side). However, the impacts of tourism on LUCC are difficult to track and monitor. Contributing factors of this problem include a lack of empirical studies, shortage of micro-level LUCC datasets, and scarce methodological frameworks which can be used for assessments. This paper aims to provide a LUCC modelling approach in order to explore the impacts of tourism development on built-up areas. We developed a Cellular automata model (CA) which integrates Markovian transition probabilities and logistic regression transition suitability maps. LUCC rules for tourism development are framed within the national land use policy guidelines for the development of new tourism accommodation establishments (TAE). This primarily takes into consideration land cover compatibility and the proposed development's proximity to the coastline.Three scenarios were established to explore the impacts of tourism development in LUCC for the year 2020 in a Portuguese coastal region: business as usual (BAU); tourism trends (TOUR); and natural restrictions (NATR). TOUR results indicate that the tourism and urban land use/cover growth is higher and focuses heavily on the coastal region (within 5,000 m) when compared to the other scenarios. The overall results for BAU and NATR show a general convergence with the land use policy guidelines in terms of tourism nucleation and new TAE distance to the coastline.     

不同特质银发族旅游目的地选择影响因素差异

鉴于学界对银发族旅游目的地选择行为及其影响因素的关注还不够, 于2010年6月通 过在组团出游的老年旅游者中共发放问卷200份, 有效回收178份, 在此基础上基于市场细 分理论对银发族的旅游目的地选择行为进行了较为系统的研究。得出如下结论:(1)总体而 言, 旅游目的地治安状况、资源和环境、目的地可进入性是最重要的影响因子, 其它因素的 影响有限;(2)根据旅游特质因子, 可将银发族旅游市场分成了三个细分市场, 即:大众型, 经验型和品质型银发旅游者;(3)不同旅游特质细分市场的银发旅游者在旅游目的地选择行 为和人口统计特征上存在显着分异现象。     

The Life Cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia: the case of northern New South Wales

The caravan park sub-sector of the Australian tourism accommodation industry provides at least half of the national tourism bed capacity, and in 2009 generated over A$1.1 billion in annual takings. However, the number of parks and park capacity is in decline nationally while both international and domestic demand for the drive-tourism experience is growing. This sets a trend towards an accommodation facilities shortage for the caravanning sector and exposes its vulnerability. This paper uses a case study of caravan parks in the Tweed Shire, New South Wales, Australia, to examine the life-cycle pattern of these parks as a discrete unit of tourist area development and to consider the sector's future. The sector's history is framed within Butler's (Canadian Geographer 24(1): 5–12 (1980)) concept of the tourist area life cycle (TALC). The historical data demonstrate the urban and market change that has occurred around and within caravan parks of this coastal region over almost two centuries. The pattern of caravan park development and evolution conformed to the involvement, exploration, development, consolidation and stagnation stages of the TALC. In 2011, caravan parks in the Tweed region were at a critical tipping point with potential for either decline or rejuvenation.     

Tasting cheesescapes in Canterbury (New Zealand)

Food tourism is a means to connect agriculture produce and tourism activity. Food tourism allows destinations to convey the authenticity that comes from their food heritage, which is closely linked to natural and cultural landscapes. Food and landscapes in New Zealand are strongly related to dairy production, cheese production being one of the main features. This study showcases cheesescapes in Canterbury, the largest region in the South Island of New Zealand in terms of milk production. On one hand, thanks to food tourism, the producers can explore ways to diversify their production. On the other hand, visitors are able to identify with the inhabitants of a country and ‘taste’ a portion of its landscape through gastronomy.     

基于全球变化视角的滨海旅游资源可持续发展对策研究(英文)

滨海旅游是最传统的、主要的旅游形式,也是现代旅游增长最快的领域,在国内外均具有举足轻重的地位。全球变化很可能是由人类活动引起,并且影响着旅游业的发展。旅游业通过使用交通运输系统尤其是航空旅行、旅游目的地住宿餐饮等活动排放大量温室气体,对全球变化做出贡献。可持续滨海旅游以可持续的资源开发和管理为基础,在全球变化视角下,要达到这一目标,需要在滨海旅游模式与产品类型转变、旅游资源利用方式转变、利益相关者协作等方面对滨海旅游资源进行优化开发和有效管理:以绿色思维指导低碳旅游模式,发展生态旅游和替代性旅游等新型产品;提倡降碳减排、发展碳补偿和碳经济、制定碳排放标准、鼓励新型节油节能科技应用;鼓励社区参与,平衡利益相关者的收益和兴趣,尤其是探察当地社区居民、旅游者和政府工作人员对全球变化的看法、态度、责任感和共识。这些措施将在规划—管理—监督—评估动态模型中得到优化。由于相关研究的可用数据有限,本文所引用数据部分来自于对旅游整体的研究结果,是为不足之处。     

基于旅游与农业联系的游客餐饮感知研究：评价维度与联系机制

旅游者在目的地的餐饮消费占旅游者总花费的近三分之一,所以加强旅游者餐饮需求与目的地农业生产联系尤为重要,其中游客对旅游目的地餐饮业的感知影响着游客在目的地的餐饮消费行为和回到客源国后的后续餐饮消费行为。本文以在安徽六安天堂寨景区旅游者餐饮感知的结构性访谈为数据来源,用规范的质性研究程序即翻录数据,整理数据;数据分解与初次注解;完整注解数据;数据段分类与联接;理论建构,研究游客对旅游目的地的餐饮感知评价,初步得出旅游者对目的地餐饮感知的7个评价维度即餐饮价格、地方特色、餐饮产品、关联产业、餐饮开发、餐饮产品的原真性、餐饮卫生维度,在每个感知维度下构建二级评价因子并确定相应的权重。文章基于游客餐饮感知信息初步建构出餐饮业与地方农业的联系机制的研究构架图;最后基于游客视角得出了加强旅游地餐饮业与区域经济联系的管理建议。文章对于研究游客餐评价体系,制定加强旅游业与地方农业联系的政策有一定指导意义。     

基于网络分析法的跨界旅游区空间经济联系——以壶口瀑布风景名胜区为例

借助社会网络理论与方法,以跨界旅游区内主要旅游企业的人才就业、餐饮原料与用品、住宿用品、旅游商品等的供给为经济要素指标,以壶口瀑布风景名胜区为案例地,通过问卷调查,确定各经济要素的供给地,以此为社会网络节点,构建跨界旅游区经济联系发生矩阵、邻接矩阵及其网络结构图,探寻各跨界网络特征、成因分析及其模型构建,结果表明：（1...     

我国扶贫旅游产业链优化研究

从产业链的概念出发,结合扶贫旅游的本质要求,给出扶贫旅游产业链的定义,并对其发展和演化规律进行分析。基于我国扶贫旅游产业链存在的问题,结合扶贫旅游产业链优化的内涵及其意义分析,提出通过扶贫旅游产业链内外扩展和延伸来实现其优化,以提升其价值创造能力及价值分配功能,具体包括培育核心扶贫旅游企业、加强产业链整合、加快产业链本地化、加强产业和部门融合及区域合作等路径。     

Spatial and economic effects of the Bohai Strait Cross-Sea Channel on the transportation accessibility in China

The Bohai Strait Cross-Sea Channel (BSCC) is a mega-strategic project that connects the Shandong Peninsula and northeastern China. After half a century of research, this project has entered its preliminary planning phase. Based on the Chinese modern transportation system database, this paper applies Dijkstra's algorithm to study the impacts of the BSCC on the structure of Chinese transportation accessibility and discusses the spatial and temporal changes and the strength of economic linkages among the eight affected coastal urban agglomerations before and after the construction of the BSCC. This study concludes that: (1) the BSCC will open up a northeast–southwest traffic artery in coastal areas of China that will significantly improve the transportation accessibility of both these coastal areas and northeastern China as a whole, which cover an area of 2.18 million km², and on average will reduce the travel time of nationwide prefecture-level cities by 16 min; (2) the BSCC will significantly improve the total economic linkages (TELs) of urban agglomerations of the Central South Liaoning, the Shandong Peninsula and the Harbin–Changchun transport link and will decrease the spatial differences in the strength of cities' economic linkages, which will benefit the integration of the Bohai Economic Circle; (3) the BSCC will eliminate the segregation between the two coastal economic groups brought about by the Bohai Strait. This will promote the revitalization of the old industrial base in northeastern China by expanding the radiation scope of the Yangtze River Delta and the Shandong Peninsula across the Bohai Strait into northeastern China. Additionally, the BSCC will enhance the economic linkages between urban agglomerations in northeastern China and the western shore of the southeastern coast, Pearl River Delta, and North Gulf of Guangxi on the southeastern coast. Finally, it will create northeast–southwest economic integration in these coastal areas. This research will assist decision-making for the BSCC project and other cross-sea tunnels in China.     

集中连片特困区旅游经济空间网络结构演化 ——以武陵山片区为例

以2010年、2013年、2016年和2019年为时间截面,运用修正引力模型和社会网络分析法,结合ArcGIS空间分析工具,以武陵山片区42个国家级贫困县为标靶,研究其旅游经济网络密度、中心性、核心-边缘结构并运用E-I派系指数探讨行政隶属关系对区域旅游经济网络的影响。结果表明:武陵山片区旅游经济联系强度不断增强,但呈显著的空间差异,恩施市、黔江区、武隆区和新化县等县市间旅游经济联系强度居于高值区;武陵山片区各县市度数中心度、接近中心度、中间中心度区间差值敛缩态势显著,旅游经济联系日趋便利化,旅游经济联系网络趋于均衡;E-I派系结构表明受行政隶属关系影响,其核心区覆盖范围不断拓展,行政隶属关系对区域旅游经济联系的负向影响趋于弱化,湖北省、湖南省、贵州省、重庆市4个子群(派系)间的旅游经济开放程度稳步提升但仍有较大改进空间。     

供给侧改革背景下的黑龙江省旅游需求和旅游供给耦合协调发展

在供给侧结构性改革背景下,依据耦合协调原理与模型,构建旅游供需评价指标体系,对黑龙江省旅游供需发展水平和耦合协调关系进行分析。研究表明：① 旅游需求和供给系统综合发展指数波动上升,发展态势良好;② 旅游供需耦合协调度平稳增长,耦合协调等级经历轻度失调-濒临失调-勉强协调-初步协调;旅游供给滞后为历史特征,旅游需求滞后渐显扩大;③ 旅游需求和旅游供给各子系统耦合协调等级介于勉强协调与初级协调阶段;旅游供给子系统相对滞后,且交通供给滞后更为凸显。     

旅游供给与需求的空间关系研究

本文研究旅游供给与旅游需求的地域分布规律和空间联系特征，提出了旅游供给与需求的空间模式以及二者之间的动态平衡关系。并根据我国旅游供需分布特点，以大城市为中心，分析了不同地域旅游供需关系。     

Transport and Housing Security in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

This paper explores links between transport and housing security issues for the urban poor using the example of the Klang Valley in Malaysia. The interface between these issues is identified as a gap in the literature, including policy debates, on both housing and transport. A number of linkages are shown to be important and likely to be relevant in many cities of the South, especially those with rapid motorisation and large numbers of "squatters". A simple framework for understanding these linkages is presented. Key examples include displacement to make way for transport infrastructure and the impact on transport problems for the poor of policies affecting the location of urban poor housing, including relocation sites and transit accommodation. The case study of the Klang Valley is used to illustrate and test the relevance of a focus on this issue and the utility of the conceptual framework. Some policy implications of the investigation and case study are suggested.     

Crafting Regional Cultural Production: emergence,crisis and consolidation in the Gold Coast surfboard industry

Surfboard-making is concentrated in regions with vibrant surfing subcultures, suitable waves and sufficient expertise in crafting boards, by hand, to suit prevailing coastal conditions. This article charts the rise of the Gold Coast as Australia's most concentrated cluster of surfboard-making, from its origins as do-it-yourself craft in backyards and sheds, to professional, export-oriented industry. Out of highly informal, subcultural origins, a regional cluster emerged in the 1960s, fuelled by the growth of surfing, tourism and suburban development, and by the needs of surfers for customised boards that suit their body size, surfing style and local wave conditions. What transpired was a vernacular form of coastal creative industry combining craft skills, subcultural knowledge and design flair. Nevertheless, a mix of factors, including automation, increased competition from cheap imports, increasingly aggressive retail trade, and mistrust among board-makers, has threatened viability. Some workshops overextended into export production, marketing and automation, and consequently suffered from exposure to risk (as well as a commensurate decline in regional tourism). Others survived, and in some ways turned full circle: those small workshops continuing to service local markets, within their means, were most able to ride out the industry's turbulent times. Small-scale cultural production persists despite the volatility of the larger brands, geared instead around loyal customers who want hand-crafted boards made by shapers who they know and trust.     

中国农村居民旅游消费特征与影响因素分析

农村居民旅游消费水平的增强是扩大内需、统筹城乡发展的重要途径,有助于促进旅游业的可持续发展。分析中国农村居民旅游消费的发展阶段、消费特征及其变动趋势与影响因素,研究表明:① 农村居民旅游消费可以分为三个阶段:1999 年以前,旅游消费呈现快速发展的态势,人均消费水平较低;1999-2003 年,消费水平基本处于停滞状态;2003 年以后,旅游消费发展主要因出游人次增加而带来的规模扩张,人均消费增长迟缓。② 农村居民平均旅游消费倾向呈现波动性下降趋势,消费水平以滞后性消费为主,交通、住宿、餐饮和游览等消费比重持续下降,消费结构变动程度较强,消费层次较低,消费产品结构不合理。③ 农村居民收入、传统消费习惯和消费不确定性是影响旅游消费的主要因素,其中收入、消费习惯与旅游消费之间存在显著的正相关关系,居民收入的积极效应更强;消费不确定性与旅游消费之间存在显著的负相关关系,是影响旅游消费的消极因素;城镇居民旅游消费的示范效应不显著,但城乡旅游交流日益密切,其示范效应也不容忽视。     

Geographic Patterns of Craft Breweries at the Intraurban Scale

This article examines the intraurban geography of craft breweries in ten cities across the United States. First, through an exhaustive literature review, we outline both supply- and demand-side factors that might cause craft breweries to cluster. Second, we empirically test whether these establishments tend to cluster within cities using spatial statistical techniques. Many communities are attempting to support the establishment of more craft breweries as a way to boost tourism and economic development. The findings from this article aid in this discussion by providing insights into how craft brewers locate and the factors that could influence their location decision behavior. Our findings suggest that craft brewers do in fact cluster. There are both supply and demand factors responsible. On the supply side, the collaborative environment within the industry and the artisan nature of the industry's products allows for benefits of clustering to outweigh the costs associated with this behavior. On the demand side, the emergence of “brewery districts” allows individual brewers to enjoy the reputation benefits associated with the district in terms of increased foot traffic from locals and visitors looking to sample a variety of beers.     

珠海经济开发战略初探

珠海在坚持以工业为主的同时，不能忽视剖汇农业及其深度加工业的发展，旅游业在特区经济中仍占有十分重要的地位。加强与澳门的全面经济协作，建设共同使用的供水、供电、供气、机场、深水港、高速公路、铁路等基础设施，并进一步台作开发地处珠澳边境的湾仔，符台积方利益，有利于互相促进、共同繁荣。珠海特区可考虑易名为中山特区。     

土地资源约束下的北京食物供给潜力与优化(英文)

全球气候变化所带来的极端天气的频繁发生,水资源短缺情况下的农业用水的不断减少和伴随着人口增长与社会经济发展所引起的耕地面积下降,正在严重影响着世界范围内的食物安全。近年来由于食品价格的迅猛增长而导致的食品危机正在引起人们对增加地方食物供应的普遍关注。城市作为对食品安全更为敏感的地区,更是首当其冲受到食品危机的影响,城市一方面由于城市化快速发展,带来城市人口膨胀和消费多样性要求,从而形成需求的大幅增加,另一方面有由于城市周边耕地面积的不断减少,农业生产空间受到压缩,农业生产能力减弱,降低了城市的自我食品供给,引起自给率明显下降。如何保持供需之间的平衡,保障城市食品安全,成为亟需研究的问题。本文提出以食物足迹的概念,来衡量城市所间接消耗的土地资源,并以此为工具,以自给率为条件,来求得满足一定自给率条件下食物供给的空间对应格局。通过分析30年来北京食物足迹以及食物自给率的年际变化,得出结论:北京食物足迹从1981年的1.18万km2增加到2010年的2.94万km2,而自给率整体下降较多,蔬菜、水果、谷物及油脂类的自给率从1981年的59.3%、35.8%、37.3% 和 13.1% 下降到2010年的39.0%、27.0%、6.7% 和2.2%,可以看出蔬菜仍能保持相当的自给率,因此提高蔬菜自给率是增强城市自给能力的最佳选择。最后,以60%的蔬菜自给率为目标,提出了两种情景,包括完全以耕地为来源的空间应对格局,以及屋顶农业参与下的空间应对格局。     

Aquaculture and the Postproductive Transition on the Maine Coast

Aquaculture is the global food system's fastest growing sector. The postproductive transition—the shift away from commodity production toward more consumption‐oriented land uses—is common in many coastal areas as well. This paper examines the intersection of these trends in a U.S. state, Maine, with expanding aquaculture and extensive coastal, rural economic and demographic change. It examines interactions between coastal landowners and aquaculture farmers at aquaculture lease hearings in the state's three main aquaculture regions. Landowners are often uncertain about aquaculture because it is new and unfamiliar. Farmers use lease hearings to educate coastal landowners about farm operations, and farmers respond to concerns by altering their operations to fit landowners’ priorities. However, comparative analysis of the three regions reveals divergent histories and geographies leading to different levels of conflict. This study shows the value of applying rural postproductive transition theory to coastal regions and aquaculture development.