Analysis of hydrodynamic behaviors of gravity net cage in irregular waves

Based on the lumped-mass method and rigid-body kinematics theory, a mathematical model of a gravity cage system attacked by irregular waves is developed to simulate the hydrodynamic response of cage system, including the maximum tension of mooring lines and the motion of float collar. The normalized response amplitudes (response amplitude operators) are calculated for the cage motion response in heave and surge, and the mooring line tension response, in regular waves. In addition, a statistical approach is taken to determine the motion and tension transfer functions in irregular waves. In order to validate the numerical model of a gravity cage attacked by irregular waves, numerical predictions have been compared with the experimental observations in the time and frequency domain. The effect of wave incident angle on the float collar motion, mooring line tension and net volume reduction of the gravity cage system in irregular waves is also investigated. The results show that at high frequencies, the cage system has no significant heave motion. It tends to contour itself to longer waves. The variation amplitude of mooring line forces decreases as the wave frequency increases. With the increasing of wave incident angle, the horizontal displacement of the float collar increases.     

Dynamic analysis of hydrodynamic behavior of a flatfish cage system under wave conditions

This paper presents a simulation model based on the finite element method. The method is used to analyze the motion response and mooring line tension of the flatfish cage system in waves. The cage system consists of top frames, netting, mooring lines, bottom frames, and floats. A series of scaled physical model tests in regular waves are conducted to verify the numerical model. The comparison results show that the simulated and the experimental results agree well under the wave conditions, and the maximum pitch of the bottom frame with two orientations is about 12o. The motion process of the whole cage system in the wave can be described with the computer visualized technology. Then, the mooring line tensions and the motion of the bottom frame with three kinds of weight are calculated under different wave conditions. According to the numerical results, the differences in mooring line tensions of flatfish cages with three weight modes are indistinct. The maximum pitch of the bottom frame decreases with the increase of the bottom weight.     

A case study of a modified gravity type cage and mooring system using numerical and physical models

A modified gravity-type cage, developed by SADCO Shelf Ltd., was examined using numerical and physical models to determine if the cage and mooring system is suitable for an exposed site south of the Isles of Shoals, NH. The 3000-m/sup 3/ SADCO Shelf Submersible Fish Cage has angled stays between the upper framework and the ballasted bottom rim (in addition to net) to resist the horizontal shear deformation. The mooring system consists of three legs-each made up of a taut vertical chain and an angled rope, both leading to deadweight anchors. Normalized response amplitudes (response amplitude operators) were found for motion response in heave, surge and pitch, and load response in the anchor and bridle lines, in regular (single frequency) waves. In addition, a stochastic approach was taken to determine the motion and load transfer functions in random waves using a spectrum representative of seas at the selected site. In general, the system motion had a highly damped response, with no resonant peaks within the wave excitation range of 0.05 to 0.45 Hz. The anchor line force response was at all frequencies below 5 kN per meter of wave amplitude. The physical model tests showed consistently more conservative (larger) results compared to those for the numerical model.     

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Response of A Net Cage for Flatfish in Waves简

A numerical model of flatfish cage is built based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics. To validate the numerical model, a series of physical model tests are conducted in the wave flume. The numerical results correspond well with the data sets from physical model test. The effect of weight of bottom frame, height of fish net and net shape on motion responses of fish cage and tension force on mooring lines is then analyzed. The results indicate that the vertical displacements of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increase in the weight of bottom frame; the maximum tension force on mooring lines increases with the increasing weight of bottom frame. The inclination angles of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increasing net height; the maximum tension force increases obviously with the increase of net height.     

Numerical Analysis on the Effects of Submerged Depth of the Grid and Direction of Incident Wave on Gravity Cage

In this paper,the numerical model of the net cage with the grid mooring system in waves is set up by the lumped mass method and rigid kinematics theory,and then the motion equations of floating system,net system,mooring system,and floaters are solved by the Runge-Kutta fifth-order method.For the verification of the numerical model,a series of physical model tests have been carried out.According to the comparisons between the simulated and experimental results,it can be found that the simulated and experimental results agree well in each condition.Then,the effects of submerged depth of grid and direction of incident wave propagation on hydrodynamic behaviors of the net cage are analyzed.According to the simulated results,it can be found that with the increase of submerged depth of grid,the forces acting on mooring lines and bridle lines increase,while the forces on grid lines decrease;the horizontal motion amplitudes of floating collar decrease obviously,while the vertical motion amplitudes of floating collar change little.When the direction of incident wave propagation changes,forces on mooting lines and motion of net cage also change accordingly.When the propagation direction of incident wave changes from 0° to 45°,forces on the main ropes and bridle ropes increase,while the forces on the grid ropes decrease.With the increasing propagation direction of incident wave,the horizontal amplitude of the forces collar decreases,while the vertical amplitude of the floating collar has little variation.     

内孤立波下深水半潜式平台系统动力响应研究

我国南海海域海洋环境条件复杂且海水密度垂直层化现象显著,内孤立波活动频繁,因内孤立波而造成海洋开采平台破坏的案例屡见不鲜。依托水动力计算软件AQWA二次开发功能,采用Kdv方程,借助Fortran语言将深水半潜式平台立柱、浮箱、系泊系统3部分的内孤立波作用力叠加到外力项中,联合求解半潜式平台的6自由度动力响应特性。数值模拟结果表明,在内孤立波作用下,半潜式平台的运动及系泊线张力均受到了显著的影响。在不考虑系泊系统受内孤立波作用时,平台在纵荡和横荡方向上产生较大的漂移运动,最大偏移量较无内孤立波情况下增加了8倍;系泊线最大张力提高了17%,增加了系泊线断裂的风险。在考虑系泊系统受内孤立波作用时,平台的纵荡和横荡运动响应在原响应基础上继续提高15%,但是系泊线张力变化不大。内孤立波不同浪向下的平台纵荡和横荡响应相差也很明显;系泊系统合力在不同方向上的大小决定了平台不同方向上运动的大小。     

Numerical Modeling of a Single-Point Mooring Cage With a Frontal Rigid Frame

In recent years, the development of single-point mooring (SPM) cage systems has attracted much attention due to its eco-friendly features. A numerical model of this cage system is developed to estimate the maximum tension force of mooring system and net-volume deformation under a typical 50-year return period of local sea state. The results show that the cage system with a rigid frame can improve the net-volume deformation significantly in comparison to its counterpart without a frame, but its mooring line tension will slightly increase. The study also illustrates that the maximum tension will rise linearly as the number of cages increases, but the net-volume reduction coefficient remains almost the same.      

基于有限差分法的复合系泊链缆动力模型及其验证

具有链—缆—链结构的复合系泊链缆因其相对于全钢链质量和成本上的优势而在深水系泊中得以广泛应用。基于细长杆理论采用有限差分法建立了可以考虑链—缆—链结构的复合系泊缆数值模型,将其应用于不同工况下全钢链和复合链缆运动的数值模拟中,并开展了验证。首先,将单根钢链顶张力数值模拟结果与不同工况下的模型试验结果进行了对比,验证了数值预报程序应用于全钢链的准确性。然后,对于复合系泊链缆开展了静刚度和动刚度迭代数值模拟,并将模拟结果同已发表文章中的算例结果进行比较,验证了该数值模型在复合链缆模拟上的准确性。发现对于单根钢锚链的验证,激励半径越大,激励周期越小,一个周期内顶张力幅值及其极差越大,钢链运动就越剧烈。对于链—缆—链式复合系泊链缆的验证,发现静刚度迭代中数值模拟结果与算例结果差异较小;对于动刚度迭代,除个别大幅慢漂工况外,两者有较高的吻合;且激励周期越小,激励半径越大,复合系泊链缆顶张力越大,弹性模量越小,运动越剧烈。对于聚酯缆刚度的敏感性分析,发现改变动刚度经验公式参数的情况下,杨氏模量的静刚度迭代和动刚度迭代结果误差分别最大达到了60.81%和68.21%,因此合成纤维材料特性对复合系泊链...     

Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic behaviors of two net cages with grid mooring system under wave action

Based on rigid kinematics theory and lumped mass method,a mathematical model of the two net cages of grid mooring system under waves is developed.In order to verify the numerical model,a series of physical model tests have been carried out.According to the comparisons between the simulated and the experimental results,it can be found that the simulated and the experimental results agree well in each wave condition.Then,the forces on the mooring lines and the floating collar movement are calculated under different wave conditions.Numerical results show that under the same condition,the forces on the bridle ropes are the largest,followed by forces on the main ropes and the grid ropes.The horizontal and the vertical float collar motion amplitudes increase with the increase of wave height,while the relationship of the horizontal motion amplitude and the wave period is indistinct.The vertical motion amplitude of the two cages is almost the same,while on the respect of horizontal motion amplitude,cage B(behind cage A,as shown in Fig.4) moves much farther than cage A under the same wave condition.The inclination angle of the floating system both in clockwise along y axis and the counter one enlarges a little with the increase of wave height.     

Dynamic Analysis of Semi-Submersible Production Platform Under the Failure of Mooring Lines

This paper quantitatively studies the transient dynamic response of a semi-submersible production platform with the loss of one or several positioning mooring lines.A semi-submersible platform,production risers,and positioning mooring lines are all included in the numerical simulation.Increased motion of the semi-submersible platform,tension variation of the remaining mooring lines/risers and the risk of mooring line or riser clashing are all investigated through fully coupled time-domain analysis.Combined environmental loads are selected from irregular waves and the steady current varying from very rough to extreme sea conditions.Three dimension radiation/diffraction theories and Morison’s equation are applied to calculate first-order wave force and second-order mean drift force of floating semi-submersible platform.Nonlinear time-domain finite element methods are employed to analyze the behavior of mooring lines and risers.Results show that the failure of mooring lines seriously reduce the platform’s stability performance.The tension of the rest lines is also increased accordingly.Remaining lines which are closer to the failed lines will have larger tension increase to compensate.Line-Line distance provides practical information for the risk of clashing investigation.     

新型网箱浮架系统水动力分析及系泊方式研究

设计了一种新型网箱浮架系统,利用SESAM对其进行了频域水动力分析以及考虑不规则波浪、风、流载荷和系泊共同作用的时域耦合分析,并与传统双浮管网箱浮架系统进行了分析对比,得到方形网箱与圆形网箱的水动力特性的差异以及各自的优缺点,对实际中网箱的开发设计有一定的借鉴意义;通过计算,证明新型网箱浮架系统在工作海况能正常工作,在极端海况下也能满足安全性的要求;最后对4种常见系泊方式进行了时域耦合分析,得到了四种系泊方式的系泊特性,对实际工程中系泊方式的选择有一定的参考意义。     

Mooring tension and motion characteristics of a submerged fish reef with net in waves and currents using numerical analysis

A numerical model was used to analyze the motion response and mooring tension of a submerged fish reef system. The system included a net attached to a rigid structure suspended up from the bottom with a single, high tension mooring by fixed flotation. The analysis was performed by using a Morison equation type finite element model configured with truss elements. Input forcing parameters into the model consisted of both regular and irregular waves, with and without a steady current. Heave, surge and pitch dynamic calculations of the reef structure were made. Tension response results of the attached mooring line were also computed. Results were analyzed in both the time and frequency domain in which appropriate, linear transfer functions were calculated. The influence of the current was more evident in the tension and heave motion response data. This is most likely the result of the large buoyancy characteristics of the reef structure and the length of the mooring cable. Maximum mooring component tension was found to be 13.9 kN and occurred when the reef was subjected to irregular waves with a co-linear current of 1.0 m/s velocity. The results also showed that the system had little damping (in heave) with damped natural periods of 2.8 s. This combination of system characteristics promotes a possible resonating situation in typical open sea conditions with similar wave periods.     

半潜平台浮子式系泊系统参数优化研究

通过在系泊缆中设置浮子可以改善系泊系统性能,降低平台运动响应。建立浮子式系泊系统的数值计算模型,验证浮子式系泊系统数值计算方法,详细分析浮子设计参数(设置位置和净浮力大小)变化对系泊缆张力特性与平台运动的影响规律,并根据得到的规律选择了优化的浮子系泊系统方案。最后对优化方案进行评估,表明优化方案可以显著降低系泊中的平台水平运动,尤其是低频运动,同时系泊缆张力变化不大,仍满足安全要求。研究结果可为今后浮子式系泊系统设计提供参考。     

Fatigue reliability analysis of mooring system for fish cage

Fish cages in the open sea are exposed to cycle loads due to irregular wave climate during their service life, and thus the fatigue reliability assessment of mooring system should be conducted to ensure the safe operation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the fatigue failure probability of mooring system for fish cage. Numerical simulation of net cage in random waves is performed and the time dependent approach is applied to conduct the fatigue reliability analysis of shackle chains based on S-N curve method. The sensitivity analysis of fatigue reliability of mooring line to the uncertainty of random variables in the fatigue limit state is conducted. In addition, the system reliability for mooring system is analyzed and the effect of the initial pretension and safety factor on system reliability is investigated. The results indicate that a case without the initial pretension on anchor lines is helpful to decrease the failure probability of mooring system and the safety factor of mooring lines in the current regulation is conservative for the system reliability against fatigue damage.     

FSRU码头系泊模型实验与数值模拟研究

FSRU在恶劣环境条件下的作业和安全停靠性能与系泊缆张力、靠垫挤压应力、船体6自由度运动等参数有关。针对FSRU码头处海洋环境条件,进行FSRU不同装载状况的模型实验,获得FSRU的6自由度运动及其系泊载荷的动力特性。基于三维辐射和绕射理论,使用Sesam软件进行频域计算,以此为基础在相应海洋环境条件下进行时域耦合分析,获得FSRU 6自由度运动、系泊载荷、靠垫应力等参数的响应时历。结果表明:30%装载、横浪条件下FSRU的运动响应最大,系泊缆张力未达到破断值,靠垫压力超过其压缩60%时的载荷;模型实验对FSRU运动响应和系泊缆张力的预测结果可信,靠垫受力情况需要数值仿真进行辅助研究。     

基于CFD模拟的单点系泊船型网箱浮架结构分析与设计

针对单点系泊(SPM)网箱系泊力大于传统网箱,离岸环境承受风浪时风险更高的问题,研究设计了一种相较传统圆形网箱拥有更小系泊力的船型网箱,运用正交原理制定了三因素三水平的试验方案,对网箱浮架进行了计算机数值模拟,分析网箱在波流共同作用下的水动力特性变化。研究表明,在兼顾经济成本与网箱安全性的条件下,长24 m,宽9 m,头部角度为60°的网箱浮架具有较优良的水动力性能和相对较低的养殖成本。该网箱系统能随着潮流改变方向而在锚点周围移动,从而极大减小网箱底部的养殖残渣堆积并降低锚固安装成本,可为我国深水网箱的发展提供一定的理论参考依据。     

Dynamic Analysis for the Global Performance of An SPM-Feeder-Cage System Under Waves and Currents

In the present study, the dynamic response of a coupled SPM-feeder-cage system under irregular waves and shear currents is analyzed. A numerical model is developed by using the commercial software Orca Flex. Hydrodynamics coefficients of the vessel are calculated by using a 3D diffraction/radiation panel program. First- and second-order wave forces are included in the calculations. Morison equation is used to compute the drag force on line elements representing the net. Drag coefficients are determined at every time step in the simulation considering the relative normal velocity between the structural elements and the fluid flow. The dynamic response of the coupled system is analyzed for various environments and net materials. The results of the study show the effects of solidity ratio of the net and vertical positions of the cage on the overall dynamic response of the system, confirming the viability of this type of configuration for future development of offshore aquaculture in deep waters.     

Nonlinear coupled dynamics analysis of a truss spar platform

Accurate prediction of the offshore structure motion response and associate mooring line tension is important in both technical applications and scientific research. In our study, a truss spar platform, operated in Gulf of Mexico, is numerically simulated and analyzed by an in-house numerical code ‘COUPLE'. Both the platform motion responses and associated mooring line tension are calculated and investigated through a time domain nonlinear coupled dynamic analysis. Satisfactory agreement between the simulation and corresponding field measurements is in general reached, indicating that the numerical code can be used to conduct the time-domain analysis of a truss spar interacting with its mooring and riser system. Based on the comparison between linear and nonlinear results, the relative importance of nonlinearity in predicting the platform motion response and mooring line tensions is assessed and presented. Through the coupled and quasi-static analysis, the importance of the dynamic coupling effect between the platform hull and the mooring/riser system in predicting the mooring line tension and platform motions is quantified. These results may provide essential information pertaining to facilitate the numerical simulation and design of the large scale offshore structures.     

Numerical simulations and model tests of the mooring characteristic of a tension leg platform under random waves

Analyzing the dynamic response and calculating the tendon tension of the mooring system are necessary for the structural design of a tension leg platform （TLP）. The six-degree-of-freedom dynamic coupling responses and the mooring characteristics of TLP under random waves are studied by using a self-developed program. Results are verified by the 1：40 scaling factor model test conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai JiaoTong University. The mean, range, and standard deviation of the numerical simulation and model test are compared. The influences of different sea states and wave approach angles on the dynamic response and tendon tension of the mooring system are investigated. The acceleration in the center and corner of the deck is forecasted.     

畸形波作用下锚泊方柱系泊张力特性研究

基于物理模型试验,探究畸形波和不规则波作用下浮体系泊张力差异问题。讨论相对波高、相对周期和畸形波参数α₁对系泊张力的影响。结果显示:畸形波参数α₁和浮体系泊张力显著相关。在α₁=2.0～2.83范围内,畸形波作用下迎浪侧系泊张力最大值可达不规则波作用的1.9倍。在相对波高H_s/d=0.032～0.097范围内,畸形波作用下迎浪侧系泊张力最大值显著大于不规则波的作用结果,但畸形波和不规则波对应的1/3值及平均值几乎一致。就相对周期影响而言,迎浪侧系泊张力最大差别出现在谱峰周期T_p0p范围内。频域方面采用小波分析方法讨论畸形波和不规则波作用下浮体系泊张力时频谱特征,两种波浪作用下系泊张力时频特征有显著差别。