Spatial and environmental patterns of off-road vehicle recreation in a semi-arid woodland

Outdoor recreation is a widely recognized cultural ecosystem service. Ensuring that appropriate, high quality recreation opportunities are available requires, among other factors, knowledge of the environmental preferences of recreation users and spatial indicators of where those environmental features exist on the landscape and offer the potential to meet recreation goals. Diverse types of outdoor recreation exist, and different forms of recreation may be associated with different environmental features. The focus of this study is off-road vehicle (ORV) recreation. We demonstrate how readily available spatial environmental datasets, including high resolution image data provided within GoogleEarth, can be used to develop a cost-effective, objective indicator of ORV recreation across a landscape, which can inform management to provide desired recreation opportunities while protecting ecologically sensitive areas.ORV recreational tracks were delineated from GoogleEarth imagery throughout our study area in the Great Western Woodlands of Western Australia. In this region, ORV use is a popular recreation activity and a growing concern of conservation organizations, but is not yet actively managed. Most recreational ORV tracks in the study area are informal and user-created. Mapped ORV recreation tracks were used to model and map the environmental associations of ORV recreation. The pattern of existing tracks indicated associations between recreation and noteworthy environmental amenities in the study area such as the shores of salt lakes and rock outcrops with high ecological and cultural value. However, one of the most important determinants of ORV track presence was accessibility, especially proximity to a road. Access infrastructure, such as proximity to roads, is often used to proxy demand and use in expert-based spatial assessments of ecosystem services. The results of our empirical model underscore the importance of incorporating patterns of both supply (i.e., desired natural amenities) and demand (i.e., access) into ecosystem service assessments. In addition, when integrated with maps of environmental sensitivity and more detailed information about human use, the predictive map of areas providing potential recreation experiences can be used for comprehensive spatial planning of sustainable ORV recreation. One possibility suggested by our results is that careful planning and management of access routes may be an effective means to achieve sustainable ORV recreation.     

A multi-level perspective on small-area health and mortality: a case study of England and Wales

"This paper considers morbidity and mortality variations at the small-area level in England and Wales and their relation to socio-economic factors. Separate affluence and deprivation effects on illness and mortality are identified from a single-level analysis, both exceeding the influence of social class, urbanity or ethnicity. A multi-level perspective is then adopted to explore ecological associations operating both at micro-area and higher level spatial scales. Contextual effects (higher level variability in the impacts of ward level variables) are identified in the effects of small area deprivation on mortality and illness, as well as cross-level interactions; thus the impact of small area social structure on health is partly defined by the wider regional and district setting."     

森林生态系统健康评价指标及其在中国的应用

根据1995～1998年的遥感资料、1980～1997年全国气象资料以及1949～2001年的森林统计资料以及全国300多个森林样地调查资料，在生态系统健康理论基础上，以活力(V)、组织结构(D)和恢复力（R)为评价指标，对中国森林生态系统的健康状况进行了评价，并对中国森林生态系统健康的空间格局进行了分析。我国森林生态系统健康指数高的区域主要分布在热带雨林季雨林以及天然林分布的区域，而蒙新林区和暖温带林区的健康指数较低，且由南到北逐渐降低。温度和降水对森林生态系统健康的空间格局有较大的影响。通过生态系统健康指数与活力、组织结构和抵抗力的相关分析可知，抵抗力对生态系统健康影响最大，其次是组织结构，影响力最小的是活力。     

基于不同主体的城镇人居环境要素需求特征——以广州市新塘镇为例

从城镇人居环境特点及不同主体的需求出发,构建了一套包括5个综合指标项和32个要素的城镇人居环境指标体系。以广州市新塘镇为例,通过问卷调查和非参数检验分析,揭示了不同主体人居环境要素需求特征;运用相关分析、聚类分析探讨了城镇人居环境要素需求差异性影响因素及不同群体要素需求的空间差异。结果表明:受访者对闲暇活动等10个要素的需求表现出差异性,对生活能源等22个要素的需求表现出共性;居住时间和经济状况对不同主体人居环境要素需求的差异性影响最大。同时结合4个类群主体的差异性环境要素需求和空间分布特征,提出了新塘镇未来人居环境优化应该重点建设的内容。     

基于人口特征的城市生态游憩空间配置——以常熟市为例

生态游憩空间配置是休闲城市建设的重要内容,对城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境营造具有重要意义。本文以国家休闲城市综合标准试点市——常熟市为研究对象,以人口特征为切入点,对该市不同功能区内各年龄段人口数量、可进行生态游憩的时间、生态游憩意愿、对不同生态游憩空间的偏好,以及全市不同功能区人口对生态游憩空间的配置需求进行了调查研究。人口特征影响城市生态游憩空间的配置需求,全市不同功能区的人口特征有显著差异,因此对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求不同。在人口量、人口平均生态游憩可能性、人口生态游憩空间类型偏好等因素的影响下,商业活动区内人口对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为生活居住区、商务办公区、工业生产区;全市不同功能区内人口对草地游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为水域和林地。可根据城市不同功能区人口数量、类型、分布特征,以及对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求来指导城市规划建设中生态游憩空间的配置实践。     

洞庭湖生态系统最终服务价值评估

生态系统最终服务指生态系统直接提供给人类的,由人类直接享用、消费、使用的生态系统服务,目前生态系统服务评估多将最终服务与中间服务混淆,造成重复计算。以洞庭湖为例,建立洞庭湖生态系统最终产品与服务评估指标体系,并综合运用市场价值法、替代工程法和旅行费用法评估洞庭湖提供给人类的生态经济价值。结果表明:洞庭湖生态系统服务总价值为2 154.22×108元/a,其中洪水调蓄和气候调节占总价值的88.69%,是洞庭湖的主导生态系统服务。评价的10项生态系统最终服务按价值量排序,依次为调蓄洪水气候调节淡水产品水资源供给原材料生产释氧休闲旅游固碳水质净化内陆航运。评估结果比较全面地反映了洞庭湖对人类福祉的直接贡献,不仅能提高公众和管理部门对洞庭湖生态系统服务的认知,也为管理部门管理洞庭湖提供了重要方向。     

北京环城游憩地类型结构与自然要素的关系

根据北京市城市游憩地发展特点,在已有分类体系基础上,构建了由人文观光、自然观光、人工娱乐、运动休闲和民俗体验5个游憩地一级类型、18个二级类型、部分三级类型的分类体系,1 172个游憩地样本统计显示,人文观光类型数量最多。通过分析游憩地与地形地貌、河流等自然要素的空间关系,发现自然风景区受高程约束较小,历史文化遗迹、主题公园、度假村等则明显受高程约束;随着海拔高度变化,游憩地主导类型也发生变化;100 m、500 m9、00 m高程是北京市环城游憩地数量分布的明显分界线。游憩地与河流分布关系密切,其中历史文化遗迹、主题公园、自然风景区和度假村近水特征更加明显。游憩地类型和数量特征的发展变化及其与典型自然要素关系的定量研究为游憩地理论发展及城市规划提供支持。     

青海湖地区生态系统服务价值变化分析

采用生态系统服务估值、Matlab7.0 多元线性回归分析和敏感性分析等研究方法, 定量分析了生态系统服务价值的变化及其与气候、GDP、个人储蓄、城市化水平等驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性, 以识别影响青海湖生态环境的主要影响因素, 以期为该区域生态保护调控和管理提供依据。研究结果表明:①2000-2008 年青海湖地区生态系统服务价值平均为119.226 亿元, 2008 年比2000 年下降3.98%;②2000-2008 年生态系统服务价值变化与气温和社会经济发展因素存在显著的负相关, 对气温、GDP和城镇化率的弹性系数分别为0.896、0.249 和0.2988;③2000-2008 年, 生态系统服务价值变化对城市化率和气温具有很大的敏感性, 敏感性系数分别为4.979 和1.712。研究表明, 青海湖地区的生态系统服务下降是气候暖干化和经济发展的综合作用结果。青海湖地区应该关注农牧民生计, 实施生态补偿机制以实现可持续的生态保护战略。     

Advances in research of function and valuation of ecosystem services

It is widely accepted that there is an economic progress beyond the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while global GDP has increased more than three-fold since 1950, whereas ecosystems have been largely oc...     

城市河道公共休闲的适宜性指标体系构建与评价——兼论北京河道公共空间休闲价值

城市河道是集城市生态保育、娱乐游憩、居住生活、景观等多重功能于一体的开放空间。对城市河道公共休闲空间的利用目前存在价值利用与控制难以协调的矛盾,构建城市河道公共休闲价值评价指标对城市河道休闲空间的规划与开发具有重要的现实意义。基于目前公众对城市河道休闲的识别要素,综合国内外学者对休闲空间评价、城市河道生态健康评价等研究,将城市河道公共休闲空间适宜性指标归纳为资源特性、形态特性、功能特性、文化特质、公共特性等5个维度共42项指标;综合考虑指标的代表性和易操作性等特征,在指标权重确定上,使用最常用的关联矩阵法,反映各指标的重要性差异;利用确定的指标体系和权重测度了北京城区已治理的14条河道的公共休闲适宜度。结果表明,北京市城市河道普遍存在生态景观特征较好,但实用性有待加强的现实问题。     

城市河道公共休闲的适宜性指标体系构建与评价简

城市河道是集城市生态保育、娱乐游憩、居住生活、景观等多重功能于一体的开放空间。对城市河道公共休闲空间的利用目前存在价值利用与控制难以协调的矛盾,构建城市河道公共休闲价值评价指标对城市河道休闲空间的规划与开发具有重要的现实意义。基于目前公众对城市河道休闲的识别要素,综合国内外学者对休闲空间评价、城市河道生态健康评价等研究,将城市河道公共休闲空间适宜性指标归纳为资源特性、形态特性、功能特性、文化特质、公共特性等5个维度共42项指标;综合考虑指标的代表性和易操作性等特征,在指标权重确定上,使用最常用的关联矩阵法,反映各指标的重要性差异;利用确定的指标体系和权重测度了北京城区已治理的14条河道的公共休闲适宜度。结果表明,北京市城市河道普遍存在生态景观特征较好,但实用性有待加强的现实问题。     

社会感知视角下基于“头尾划分”的游憩热点识别新方法

作为游憩空间的核心研究对象,游憩热点在研判居民游憩偏好、落实城市游憩规划等方面具有重要作用。该文从“社会感知”视角,结合“头尾划分”理论,提出基于时空轨迹数据识别城市游憩热点的新方法。首先基于个人轨迹数据识别停留点,然后基于“头尾划分”理论划定游憩停留点簇群,最后整合停留点簇群并赋值于邻近道路形成游憩热点;以广州市老城区为例进行实证分析,并与两种既有点数据聚类方法进行对比。结果显示:1)广州市老城区的游憩热点整体集中于中、西部,热点类型可分为蓝绿空间、历史风貌、商业街区、批发市场和新兴网红场所5类;2)相比DBSCAN和CFSFDP算法,该文方法在识别游憩热点数量、捕捉游憩热点核心、明确游憩热点边界和运行简洁程度等方面表现更好,有利于后续游憩热点的深度分析与整合。研究成果可为城市游憩热点的识别提供新思路,也可为国土空间规划语境下游憩系统的重塑与提升提供重要分析基础。     

论都市郊区游憩景观规划与景观生态保护——以北京市郊区游憩景观规划为例

城市化是我国21世纪经济社会全面发展的重要推动力量,城乡一体化整合发展是城市化发展的战略主题。面向都市圈的游憩产业和游憩景观成为郊区发展中最活跃的经济成分和景观要素。科学合理地利用郊区开放空间和进行游憩景观规划对保护都市圈景观生态环境具有重要意义。本文以北京市郊区为例,在典型研究郊区景观利用与景观生态破坏和定量评价景观行为相容度的基础上,论述了都市郊区景观开发与游憩景观规划的规律、游憩景观区域规划和乡村游憩景观规划,并提出了建设北京市郊区完善的游憩景观体系和景观生态保护的具体措施。     

Factors of spatial distribution of recreation areas in peri-urban Beijing

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations (2007). In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human- oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

Factors of spatial distribution of recreation areas in peri-urban Beijing

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations (2007). In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human-oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

基于小波变换的生态系统服务权衡尺度效应与影响因素研究——以珠江三角洲为例

识别生态系统服务间的多尺度权衡关系及其影响因素对于指导管理决策和推进可持续发展至关重要,然而尺度响应特征及差异变化成因尚不明确,其中一个重要原因是缺乏科学合理的尺度划分方法。本文评估了珠三角地区的土壤保持、水源涵养、生境质量、自然游憩共4种关键生态系统服务量,基于小波变换的特征尺度估算方法,确定了研究权衡关系的最佳聚合规模序列。应用相关性分析和地理探测器方法,定量化识别权衡强度在各个尺度的影响因素,并比较了不同尺度间主导影响因素的差异特征。结果表明：① 权衡强度在6条样线上的特征尺度突出,2000~11500 m是研究权衡关系的最佳尺度序列范围。② 自然游憩与水源涵养、生境质量之间存在协同关系,自然游憩与土壤保持互为权衡关系。三对服务组合之间的相互作用大多随着尺度的增大而增强,特别是在县级行政管理规模上,所有配对服务表现出最强的协同或最弱的权衡关系。③ 植被覆盖度对权衡强度的驱动作用突出且相对稳定。地形因素是小尺度范围内权衡关系变化的主导影响因素,而气候因素和景观格局指数在较大尺度的影响作用显著。本研究通过优化传统的多尺度研究序列构建方法,为调控各类驱动因素以制定多级管理决策提供参考。     

RECREATION ECOLOGY: WHAT WE KNOW,WHAT GEOGRAPHERS CAN CONTRIBUTE*

Geographers have made substantial contributions to the field of recreation ecology, the study of recreational impacts on the environment, despite the absence of a uniquely geographic perspective. Knowledge about recreation impact is still rudimentary and open to further contributions by geographers. Three areas where geographic methods seem particularly useful are (1) understanding the spatial variability of site susceptibility, (2) analyzing spatial distributions of impact, and (3) integrating social and ecological concerns in the development of management programs.     

工业遗产资源游憩化利用研究及其启示

以工业遗产资源游憩化利用为导向的产业空间更新,是工业衰退区域经济社会发展体系重塑的重要模式选择。当前研究多以德国工业遗产旅游为代表的利用方式和经验总结为主,缺少针对工业遗产资源利用带来的区域经济社会发展效应的深层规律研究。从旅游地理学角度研究工业遗产游憩化利用的适宜性和开发模式,揭示工业遗产资源利用产生的人地关系重构效应以及区域人地关系优化手段,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文采用Citespace分析、文献分析、数理统计等方法,系统总结工业遗产游憩化利用的国际前沿经验,发现该研究主题至今经历了初始阶段（1995年以前）、发展阶段（1995-2005年）、提升创新阶段（2006年以来）三个阶段,研究内容从单纯的工业遗产旅游开始转向工业遗产资源游憩化利用所带来的区域人地关系演变的研究;较受关注的研究主题包括工业遗产游憩化利用的国际化比较、资源分类体系与评价、游憩利用模式、发展措施与效应等方面,总体上偏向于工业遗产资源这一特定对象的分析,仍然缺乏关于工业遗产资源游憩化利用与区域转型和协同发展之间耦合关系、过程与效应的一体化研究。基于上述分析,提出未来研究应借鉴和基于国内外已有研究成果,建立面向游憩化利用导向下的工业遗产资源分类体系,科学评价工业遗产资源价值与开发适宜性,因此制宜地开展工业遗产资源的游憩化开发利用的多类型模式研究,并总结其基本特征、区域分异规律与形成机理,分类提出优化策略和调控措施,形成该领域的理论范式框架和方法体系。     

不同森林生态系统对全球气候变化和经济活动响应的比较分析（英文）

本文对俄罗斯、蒙古和中国范围气候变化对不同生态系统(寒带、热带)空气记录分布的影响进行研究,并将这些生态系统对全球气候变化的响应进行比较分析,其中空气记录来自研究范围的关键区域。研究发现,森林生态系统对气候变化具有一定的响应。伴随着气候变化,社会经济活动对生态系统的影响显著。研究结果表明,气候驱动力和人类直接影响对森林和草原生态系统如何施加影响有待进一步研究。     

北京郊区游憩空间分布要素研究(英文)

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing,this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas,by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires,online survey,documentation and field investigations(2007).In order to achieve sound information,relevant data from different management departments,owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected.A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established,and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied.The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors,e.g.tourism attractions and environmental conditions,policy and spatial governance,consumption demand and preference,land price and availability.Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas.Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility.Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas.Meanwhile,recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth.Controlled by the land price,commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity.Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human-oriented.A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis,which can guide urban planning and designing,land-use planning and recreation resource development.