Resiliency of the Coastal Recreational For-Hire Fishing Industry to Natural Disasters

The financial condition of US Gulf of Mexico recreational-for-hire (RFH) fishing firms post-hurricane damage was examined within the context of the industry’s contribution to the resiliency of coastal socio-ecological systems (SES). Three key financial ratios—return-on-assets, assets turnover ratio, and debt-to-assets ratio—were calculated for 2009 from balance sheets and cash flow statements constructed from surveys of 247 RFH firms operating in the five Gulf states. The ratios were then recalculated using reported damage and operational losses from at least one named storm in the 2004–2008 period and combined with the results of a logistic regression model of profitability loss to assess the resiliency of the RFH industry. Results suggest that RFH firm resiliency was a function of operating class (head, charter, and guide boats), homeport, and the way in which the business was structured. Firms appeared to be the most resilient when they employed smaller vessels in intensively managed operations, perhaps due to their ability to move a vessel out of the path of storms and because their profitability and efficiency advantages allowed for self-insurance against losses. As a result, community contributions to, and benefits from, resiliency in the RFH industry may hinge on the development of more modern port facilities and well-functioning insurance markets.     

2005年以来新疆的冰凌灾害

2005年12月13日开始,伊犁河支流特克斯河自恰甫其海水库上游喀拉托海和喀拉达拉河段发生严重冰凌.受两次强降温天气的影响,冰塞封冻长约15 km.封冻面积达 13 km2,河水漫溢,造成两个牧业村受灾.     

The Second International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment Medcoast 95

The Second International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment Medcoast 95     

减轻地质灾害,促进首都北京可持续发展

在总结分析北京所遭受的地质灾害类型、发育特征、分布规律及其所造成的危害基础上,论述了地质灾害与可持续发展的关系,建立了地质灾害对区域可持续发展影响指标体系与评价方法。最后,针对首都北京减灾现状,提出了预防和治理地质灾害、实现可持续发展的措施。     

Disasters in Bangladesh

This paper deals with various types of natural disasters which occur very frequently in Bangladesh. Disaster can occur at any time, in any place, in any dimension, and may owe as much to the circumstances as to the scale of the event. With the exception of the man-made disaster of war, famine, fire, pollution, accident and civil strife, the worst disasters follow natural events.Bangladesh is widely known as a land of natural disasters and is highly vulnerable to flood, cyclone and river erosion. By the effects of these disasters the country is now permanently in distress. These disasters have become a regular phenomenon and cause suffering to millions of people of the country since many decades. Besides, it also focuses on policy options concerning disaster management.     

将滨海植被列入气候变化清单

现存的约80%的亚马逊热带雨林位于巴西境内,因此巴西的研究者们正在致力于森林的可持续管理,利用森林固定更多的碳。然而,如大部分拥有较长海岸线的国家一样,巴西目前已经错失机会保护好另一种重要的碳储存库,即红树林、海草和海涂。9 000 km的巴西海岸线生长着由各类植物组成的各种生态系统,     

Research Progress of Coastal Dunes Response to Storm

The major areas of world coastal dunes have been frequently attacked by storms. The storm, as a high energy influential factor for the formation and evolution of coastal dunes, is also one of the important research contents on the surf zone-beach-dune interaction. The research progress are reviewed from the following aspects: Coastal dune morphological response to storms, coastal dune sediments response to storms, mechanisms of coastal dunes in response to storms, and the research methods and techniques used in the research on coastal dunes to storms. Finally, open questions and future developments were suggested.     

Coastal marsh response to historical and future sea-level acceleration

We consider the response of marshland to accelerations in the rate of sea-level rise by utilizing two previously described numerical models of marsh elevation. In a model designed for the Scheldt Estuary (Belgium–SW Netherlands), a feedback between inundation depth and suspended sediment concentrations allows marshes to quickly adjust their elevation to a change in sea-level rise rate. In a model designed for the North Inlet Estuary (South Carolina), a feedback between inundation and vegetation growth allows similar adjustment. Although the models differ in their approach, we find that they predict surprisingly similar responses to sea-level change. Marsh elevations adjust to a step change in the rate of sea-level rise in about 100 years. In the case of a continuous acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise, modeled accretion rates lag behind sea-level rise rates by about 20 years, and never obtain equilibrium. Regardless of the style of acceleration, the models predict approximately 6–14 cm of marsh submergence in response to historical sea-level acceleration, and 3–4 cm of marsh submergence in response to a projected scenario of sea-level rise over the next century. While marshes already low in the tidal frame would be susceptible to these depth changes, our modeling results suggest that factors other than historical sea-level acceleration are more important for observations of degradation in most marshes today.     

Coastal pollution due to increasing nutrient flux in aquaculture sites

The supply of nitrogen and phosphorus in coastal zones through time is reflected in the nutrients’ concentration in the sediment record. Five aquaculture sites in the Philippines were investigated in an effort to establish how long-term changes in land and coastal water use could have led to biogeochemical modifications affecting the coastal ecosystem. Samples from study sites show a narrow concentration range for nitrogen and did not reveal any significant trend through time. In contrast, phosphorus concentrations in most sites start at less than 20 ppm in sediments 30 years and older. The phosphorus value continuously increase in younger sediments, with each site having a different magnitude change as well as timing of when the major increase happened. The uppermost 10 cm, representing the last 15 years in sites with age control, typically show a 2- to 3-fold increase in P load values. Historical increase in nutrient load also coincides with harmful algal bloom events in each area; when effective P input exceeded 130 kg/km² per year. Lastly, the observed increase may be attributed to several factors including physical attributes of the area, urbanization of coastal zones, but most importantly in the proliferation of aquaculture activities.     

基于生态工程的海岸带全球变化适应性防护策略

在全球变化导致的海平面上升和灾害性气候等压力下,我国海岸带风暴潮、海岸侵蚀、地面沉降等灾害发生频率和强度正在增加,对海岸防护体系的需求日益提高。传统海岸防护工程维护成本高,更新困难,而且可能造成地面沉降、水质恶化、生态退化、渔业资源衰退等后果。基于生态工程的海岸防护提供了抵御海岸带灾害的新理念。修复和重建沙滩、红树林、沼泽湿地、珊瑚礁等海岸带生态系统,可以起到消浪、蓄积泥沙、抬升地面的作用,有效应对全球变化引发的灾害风险,形成更可持续的海岸防护体系。通过分析不同海岸防护技术的优势和限制,认为以生态工程为核心理念构建和管理我国海岸防护体系,才能起到保障社会经济发展和维持生态健康的最佳效果。     

Multi-objective Emergency Scheduling for Geological Disasters

Natural Hazards - Because of the specific time and distance constraints, emergency management departments usually build multiple depots (resource centers) to serve the widely dispersed customers...     

基于不同时间尺度的地质灾害对 气候变化响应研究

地质灾害对气候变化响应关系是近年来研究的热点和焦点,文章以不同时间尺度的地质灾害为研究对象,开展了不同时间尺度下地质灾害诱发因素与气候变化响应关系研究,认为气候变化及气候变化过程中的温暖湿润期与强降水期往往是地质灾害的高群发期。主要取得了如下认识：万年与千年尺度上,黄河上游地区的5个滑坡集中发育期分别对应于黄土高原马兰黄土中的两层弱发育古土壤层L1 4和L1 2、末次冰期晚期/全新世过渡期、全新世适宜期和现代;百年尺度上,全国地质灾害的高发期响应于中世纪暖期和19世纪晚期的季风强盛期;十年尺度上,全国地质灾害的群发期响应于年均降水量;年际尺度上,地质灾害发生数量与年累计极端降水量有很好的响应关系,反映了气候变化对地质灾害发生的制约关系。月份尺度上,我国崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等突发性地质灾害的发生时间主要集中在每年的雨季,地质灾害的高发时段与各地的雨季具有较好的一致性。     

Albian to Coniacian zonation of the Western Coastal Plain of Israel

A planktonic biozonation of the Albian to Coniacian stages for the Western Coastal Plain of Israel, is proposed. Ten zones are described, based on the succession of the following genera: Ticinella, Thamanninella, Rotalipora and Marginotruncana. Chronostratigraphic position of the zones and comparison with both, regional and worldwide biozonation, are discussed.     

Coastal flooding due to synoptic scale,meso-scale and remote forcings

Coastal flooding occurs due to storm surges generated by tropical and extra-tropical cyclones on the globe. The meteorological forcing fields for the generation of storm surges are the tangential surface wind stress on the ocean surface and the normal atmospheric pressure gradients associated with the weather systems. The large scale forcing from the cyclones is referred to as the synoptic scale and storm surge prediction from synoptic scale forcing is well developed and is reasonably satisfactory around the world. However, coastal flooding also occurs from weather systems, with forcing on a meso-scale and also from remote forcing. It is proposed here that the term “Storm surge” be used to only refer to coastal flooding from synoptic scale forcing and the terminology “Rissaga” be used for coastal flooding from meso-scale forcing. For flooding due to remote forcing, a new term “Kallakkadal” is proposed.