斜距归算成水平距离误差定量分析

基于两点间斜距及投影到椭球上的原理,选取研究数据,设计程序,进一步绘制了误差等值线,研究了随着A、B两点间距离和竖直角的变化,并通过A、B两点间斜距计算水平距离误差W的变化规律。     

用全站仪对建筑物倾斜度进行监测的误差分析

本文在全站仪自由设站基础上，推导了空间任意两点连线方向角γ的测试误差计算公式，并编制了相应的计算程序，通过计算分析认为：（１）方向角γ的测试误差不仅与测点的斜距、天顶距及水平方向量的测试误差有关，而且与测点的布置有关；（２）如果测点布置合理，可以用全站仪对建筑物的华斜进行监测。     

矢量GIS平面随机线元等概率密度误差模型的概率算法

研究了基于误差模型包络点的概率算法，并与基于随机线元法平面的概率算法进行了比较。实例计算与可视化分析发现，两种概率算法对应的概率计算值近似，Tepdem及其边界包络线一致，且前者适用于随机线元，而后者更具有通用性。     

用方差——协方差阵解算误差椭圆元素

平差计算工作中，总要计算平差值或平差值函数的中误差，以便对所取得的成果进行精度方面的评定。在布设平面控制网时，可归结为计算待定点的点位中误差。常用的方法是先算出其纵向误差和横向误差，尔后求得点位中误差。但对一些精密的工程测量，如指导贯通掘进的近井点或其他施工放样等工程的控制点设置，人们不满足于仅仅得到坐标中误差或点位中误差，而是要了解待定点在什么方向上具有最大误差或者最小误差以及在任意方向上的误差数值。于是，就需要解算点位误差椭圆元素φ，E，F。并据以绘出误差椭圆。     

矢量GIS平面一般曲线等概率密度误差模型的几何特征

基于等概率密度误差模型建模原理和数值算法,运用函数极值理论和迭代方法来求解平面一般曲线上两相邻特征点间位置精度最高的点,以精确确定误差模型的最小带宽,从理论上给出等概率密度误差模型的几何特征,从而进一步完善矢量GIS的位置不确定性理论。通过实例计算与可视化分析,验证了理论推导的正确性。     

三维后方交会

传统的二维后方交会有3个已知点,在未知点上观测两个水平角以求得未知点坐标,或有两个已知点,在未知点上观测一个水平角和一个方位角也可求得未知坐标。本文所要叙述的是在未知点上向两个已知点观测一个水平角和两个垂直角,就可计算出它的三维坐标。下面将给出它的几何原理和计算过程,并对误差进行简要分析。     

典型加密图形的误差椭圆

在三角测量中,通常是用点位中误差来表征由于观测误差而引起的待定点的点位精度,它是根据任意坐标系的两个互相垂直的坐标中误差求得,其几何意义是待定点位置误差的几何平均值。由于观测误差的影响,待定点的位置在该点各个方向上都包含有误差。为了全面地确定这些误差的大小,就需要计算待定点的误差椭圆。而点位中误差却不能反映这些具体方向上位置中误差的大小。     

PC-1500机计算协方差阵及用协方差阵计算误差椭圆元素的程序

在矩阵平差中，未知量精度常用协方差阵表示，待定点误差椭圆元素(?)、E、F需用协方差阵计算。用手工进行矩阵运算比较烦锁，易出错，特别当矩阵的阶数越大时，手工计算越困难。为了保证计算正确和提高工效，本人编写了PC-1500机计算协方差阵及用协方差阵计算误差椭圆元素的程序。应用本程序，只需     

地籍测量界址点中误差与间距中误差关系的分析

城镇地籍测量的精度是用界址点中误差来反映，在检测界址点精度时，一般是抽样在控制点上用极坐标法重复测定界址点坐标值，来计算界址点中误差，另一种方法是丈量界址点间距，     

农村宅基地地籍测量界址点点位中误差的计算及VB编程实现

当前农村宅基地确权发证地籍测量进行中,界址点的点位中误差是评估地籍测量成果质量的重要依据,如何在自检互检中实现界址点点位中误差计算的程序化具有一定的现实意义,本文提出了界址点复测和点位中误差计算方法并设计编写了相应的VB程序,实现了点位中误差计算与检核的程序化,极大地提高了检核复测的效率。     

Development of a Coordinate Transformation method for direct georeferencing in map projection frames

This paper develops a novel Coordinate Transformation method (CT-method), with which the orientation angles (roll, pitch, heading) of the local tangent frame of the GPS/INS system are transformed into those (omega, phi, kappa) of the map projection frame for direct georeferencing (DG). Especially, the orientation angles in the map projection frame were derived from a sequence of coordinate transformations. The effectiveness of orientation angles transformation was verified through comparing with DG results obtained from conventional methods (Legat method¹ and POSPac method²) using empirical data. Moreover, the CT-method was also validated with simulated data. One advantage of the proposed method is that the orientation angles can be acquired simultaneously while calculating position elements of exterior orientation (EO) parameters and auxiliary points coordinates by coordinate transformation.These three methods were demonstrated and compared using empirical data. Empirical results show that the CT-method is both as sound and effective as Legat method. Compared with POSPac method, the CT-method is more suitable for calculating EO parameters for DG in map projection frames. DG accuracy of the CT-method and Legat method are at the same level. DG results of all these three methods have systematic errors in height due to inconsistent length projection distortion in the vertical and horizontal components, and these errors can be significantly reduced using the EO height correction technique in Legat’s approach. Similar to the results obtained with empirical data, the effectiveness of the CT-method was also proved with simulated data.     

A total error-based multiquadric method for surface modeling of digital elevation models

Digital elevation model (DEM) source data are subject to both horizontal and vertical errors owing to improper instrument operation, physical limitations of sensors, and bad weather conditions. These factors may bring a negative effect on some DEM-based applications requiring low levels of positional errors. Although classical smoothing interpolation methods have the ability to handle vertical errors, they are prone to omit horizontal errors. Based on the statistical concept of the total least squares method, a total error-based multiquadric (MQ-T) method is proposed in this paper to reduce the effects of both horizontal and vertical errors in the context of DEM construction. In nature, the classical multiquadric (MQ) method is a vertical error regression procedure, whereas MQ-T is an orthogonal error regression model. Two examples, including a numerical test and a real-world example, are employed in a comparative performance analysis of MQ-T for surface modeling of DEMs. The numerical test indicates that MQ-T performs better than the classical MQ in terms of root mean square error. The real-world example of DEM construction with sample points derived from a total station instrument demonstrates that regardless of the sample interval and DEM resolution, MQ-T is more accurate than classical interpolation methods including inverse distance weighting, ordinary kriging, and Australian National University DEM. Therefore, MQ-T can be considered as an alternative interpolator for surface modeling with sample points subject to both horizontal and vertical errors.     

Spatial triangulation in a local, astronomical oriented cartesian coordinate system

For the determination of spatial coordinates of the points of a net-work a local Cartesian coordinate system is introduced, whoze z-axis coincides with the true vertical of an arbitrarily selected central point in the net-work, and whose x-axis is oriented to astronomical north. The observed horizontal directions and vertical angles, which refer to the local verticals of the observation stations, are reduced to parallels to the z-axis and the x-axis. For this purpose the direction of the local vertical in the observation stations and at least the astronomical azimuth of one side of the net-work need to be measured. This method has the advantage, that the number of unknowns for one observation station is reduced from six for the conventional method to four, and that, if the vertical angle and the astronomical azimuth of a line are measured from both sides, a simple control of the measured values is possible before the adjustment. The formulae for the reduction of the measured quantities and the observation equations for the adjustment of reduced azimuths, reduced vertical angles and of distances are derived. The method is checked in a quadrilateral in the Swiss Alps and compared with the conventional ellipsoidal adjustment.     

测量机器人系统构成与精度研究

对测量机器人的特点进行了详细分析 ,对其自动化的工作原理进行了研究 ,其核心技术是用CCD摄像机获取目标图像 ,用计算机软件对数字图像进行分析和匹配 ,提取所需要的特征点 ,再配以精密马达伺服机构控制经纬仪系统的水平和垂直旋转 ,从而实现观测自动化。同时还简要介绍了与测量机器人配套使用的软件 ,并给出了试验结果。     

图根支导线测角中误差计算公式之讨论

本文结合实例讨论了小地区平面控制测量中多条图根支导线测角中误差m角平的三种计算方法,其中方法二全面考虑多条图根支导线的测量误差,其计算测角中误差m角平的公式也是最值得推广的。按照方法二可计算出各条图根支导线的测站点圆周角闭合差是否超过±40″,各条支导线的角度闭合差fβj是否超过40 n1″,测角中误差m角平是否超过21.2″,由此可以判断测角精度是否合格,在测量工作中具有一定的实用性。     

测角后方交会法标定屏幕研究

介绍三维测角后方交会法标定屏幕的原理,推导相应的计算公式.实现利用经纬仪测量屏幕上5个点的水平角和垂直角,解算出仪器中心的位置坐标和屏幕的水平倾斜角,并用算例验证方法的正确性.     

全站仪似水准法和对向法高程测量的比较研究

通过对似水准法和对向法高程测量原理、误差来源及精度的比较分析,我们发现随着距离和竖直角度的增大,对向法高程测量中误差的变化大于似水准法高程测量中误差的变化;当两观测点间的水平距离小于等于1km时,对向法高程测量精度一般高于似水准法高程测量精度,但是当两观测点间的水平距离大于1km时,似水准法高程测量精度一般高于对向法高程测量精度。     

GPS单频精密单点定位的研究实现

本文研究建立了电离层参数估计的单频精密单点定位的数学模型,并综合考虑各项误差模型改正,运用卡尔曼滤波算法,开发了单频精密单点定位程序,最后利用实测数据进行实验。实验结果表明:静态平面、高程方向精度均优于0.15m,动态精度优于0.3m。     

铅垂线辅助城区航空影像的绝对定向

依据灭点理论，推导了空间铅垂线与航空影像的空间姿态角之间的关系及其相应的误差方程式，并分析了铅垂线辅助的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向中所需的控制点数。最后，通过实际数据的试验研究了铅垂线辅助的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向的精度与可靠性。试验结果表明，在传统的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向中引入铅垂线约束条件，不仅定向精度与传统的基于控制点的绝对定向精度相当，而且可以减少所需的控制点数以及定向精度对控制点分布的依赖性。