基于日降水量的江西省极端降水变化研究

利用STARDEX研究计划提出的PQ90、PX5D、PINT、PFL90、PNL90等5项主要极端降水指数,对江西省83个气象台站1961—2005年逐日降水量资料进行计算,并据此分析了45 a来江西省逐日极端降水强度和发生频率的变化情况。分析结果表明,江西省大多数台站逐日极端降水指数的年变化均呈上升趋势,且部分通过了信度为0.05的显著性检验;从指数的年代际变化看,所有指数在20世纪60—80年代变化不是很明显,但在90年代变化明显增大。总的来说,江西省逐日极端降水强度、极端降水临界值、极端降水的发生频率均呈增大趋势。     

广义线性统计降尺度方法模拟日降水量的应用研究

利用1960—2010年青藏高原23个台站和长江下游25个台站的日降水量观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,采用广义线性模型的统计降尺度方法模拟台站日降水量,并评估了广义线性模型对日降水量的模拟能力。在建模期(1960—2005年)广义线性模型对日降水量表现出良好的模拟能力,两区域模拟结果与观测值1月平均相关系数0.75左右,7月也均超过0.5。模拟结果大部分台站日降水偏大,但偏大的量值较小;模拟的无降水准确率较高,最高值在高原区域,1月平均达85.2%。检验期(2006—2010年)广义线性模型模拟的日降水与建模期具有较好的一致性。此外,对两区域代表站的分析显示,广义线性模型模拟降水极值和降水0值的效果较好,且较好地还原了主要降水过程。总之,广义线性模型对日降水量的降尺度效果良好,适合应用于气候领域的相关研究。     

日最大降水量服从极值分布的一个例证

采用经验及统计理论方法推算出新疆喀什日最大降水量服从极值分布,其分布函数ｐ（Ｒ）＝１－ｅｘｐ｛－ｅｘｐ［－１６．７８（Ｒ－１３．５８）］｝。这为“原始分布为指数分布,其最大项服从极值分布”的理论提供了又一个例证。     

呼和浩特近59年降水极端事件分析

利用呼和浩特气象站1951—2009年逐日降水量资料,以年序列的第90个百分位,建立了日降水量极端气候事件的阈值,检测了近59年来呼和浩特逐日降水量极端事件的出现频率,分析了极端事件阈值和日数及降水量的年际、年代际和季节变化,结果显示:①呼和浩特日降水极端事件的阈值小,为10.6mm;全年极端事件出现的频次11d。②降水极端事件主要出现在4-10月,且8月最多。③近59年来呼和浩特全年降水极端事件及其降水量没有显著的增减变化趋势,但而进入21世纪后,极端降水事件及其降水量的变率加大,降水强度明显减小。     

用极值分布计算黔南最大一日降水量的重现期

该文应用极值分布计算黔南各县市最大日降水量的重现期，结果表明：都匀市最大降水量５０年一遇为１８８．１ｍｍ，１００年一遇为２０７．６ｍｍ，２００年一遇为２２７．０ｍｍ，罗甸２００年一遇为３０８．２ｍｍ，为全州最大，龙里２００年一遇为１３８．９ｍｍ为全州最小，此外，还计算了罗甸１９７６年５月２４日出现的全省最大一日降水量３３６．７ｍｍ的重现期约为４００年一遇。     

中国年和季各等级日降水量的变化趋势分析

通过对中国554个测站1961—2003年的日降水量数据进行线性回归,对我国全年和各个季节的总降水量和各级降水的线性趋势进行分析,并对两种不同的极端降水定义方法所得的变化趋势进行了比较。结果显示,全年总降水量在西北、长江中下游和华南地区具有明显的增加趋势,而在华北和四川盆地地区具有明显的减少趋势。分析各类降水的季节变化趋势可以发现,西北地区各个季节的日降水都是增加的,长江中下游地区的各类降水的增加趋势主要集中在夏季和冬季,而华北地区的各类降水在各个季节基本都呈减少趋势。极端降水趋势方面,西北、长江中下游、西南部分地区和华南沿海地区具有明显的增加趋势,而华北、四川盆地和东北部分地区则有明显的减少趋势。     

新疆天山山区夏季极端降水的日变化特征

基于天山山区11个国家气象站2012—2018年夏季（6—8月）逐小时降水资料,使用百分位法计算极端降水阈值,分析极端降水特征量（包括极端降水量、极端降水频次、极端降水强度、极端降水贡献和极端降水量最大值）的日变化特征,揭示极端降水与海拔高度的关系。结果表明：87°E以东地区,极端降水量最大值出现的时间大致都存在自西向东顺时针变化的特点。极端降水主要以短持续性为主,极端降水贡献和极端降水量最大值的谷值都出现在白天。极端降水与海拔密切相关,总极端降水频次更多发生在高海拔地区,在海拔2 000 m左右存在一个极端降水最大值带。     

中国大陆地区小时极端降水阈值的计算与分析

利用广义极值分布和百分位两种阈值确定方法,对我国465个气象站点不同极端程度的小时降水强度阈值进行了分析。广义极值分布结果表明,重现期为2、5、10、50a的降水强度阈值具有一致的空间分布特征：华南沿海阈值最高,长江中下游地区北部、四川盆地西部、华北地区东部次之,云南中西部、华北西部和东北西部阈值相对更低,最小值出现在我国西部地区。百分位法得到的阈值空间分布呈现出与广义极值分布结果较为一致的东南大、西北小的整体特征。考察465站中位数发现,第99．9百分位的强度阈值与二年一遇降水的阈值接近。具体分析各站第99．9百分位降水阈值对应的重现期发现,长江流域及其以南地区重现期大多低于2a;35°N一带重现期长于4a;我国北方和西北部分地区重现期长于8a。     

长江中下游地区汛期极端降水量的异常特征分析

利用长江中下游地区（湖北、湖南、江苏、安徽、江西、浙江和上海）1960—2004年87个台站汛期（5--9月）逐日降水资料，统计不同台站近45年逐年汛期极端降水量，运用E（）F、鼢、趋势分析及Morlet小波分析等方法进行了时空分布特征分析。结果表明：长江中下游地区汛期极端降水量的平均空间差异较大；一致性异常特征是长江中下游地区汛期极端降水量的最主要的空间模态，而南、北反向变化模态也是比较重要的；长江中下游地区汛期极端降水量可分为两湖平原型、北方型、沿海型及南方型4个主要的空间分型；各主要空间分区极端降水量的年际变化特征差异较大，但从长期变化趋势来看，除了东北部极少部分区域外，其余区域汛期极端降水量均表现为增加趋势；另外近45年来长江中下游地区汛期极端降水量各分区的周期振荡不完全一致。     

聊城市日最大降水量分布特征及其重现期的推算

利用聊城市8个观测站1961—2007年的观测资料,采用Pearson-Ⅲ分布理论和适线法进行重现期降水极值分析,并计算给定重现期的最大日雨量。经检验,采用该方法计算出的最大降水量极值在全市8个站中有7个站点拟合效果较好。     

Simulated changes in daily rainfall intensity due to the enhanced greenhouse effect: implications for extreme rainfall events

In this study we present rainfall results from equilibrium 1 ×– and 2 × CO₂ experiments with the CSIRO 4-level general circulation model. The 1 × CO₂ results are discussed in relation to observed climate. Discussion of the 2 × CO₂ results focuses upon changes in convective and non-convective rainfall as simulated in the model, and the consequences these changes have for simulated daily rainfall intensity and the frequency of heavy rainfall events. In doing this analysis, we recognize the significant shortcomings of GCM simulations of precipitation processes. However, because of the potential significance of any changes in heavy rainfall events as a result of the enhanced greenhouse effect, we believe a first examination of relevant GCM rainfall results is warranted. Generally, the model results show a marked increase in rainfall originating from penetrative convection and, in the mid-latitudes, a decline in largescale (non-convective) rainfall. It is argued that these changes in rainfall type are a consequence of the increased moisture holding capacity of the warmer atmosphere simulated for 2 × CO₂ conditions. Related to changes in rainfall type, rainfall intensity (rain per rain day) increases in the model for most regions of the globe. Increases extend even to regions where total rainfall decreases. Indeed, the greater intensity of daily rainfall is a much clearer response of the model to increased greenhouse gases than the changes in total rainfall. We also find a decrease in the number of rainy days in the middle latitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. To further elucidate these results daily rainfall frequency distributions are examined globally and for four selected regions of interest. In all regions the frequency of high rainfall events increases, and the return period of such events decreases markedly. If realistic, the findings have potentially serious practical implications in terms of an increased frequency and severity of floods in most regions. However, we discuss various important sources of uncertainty in the results presented, and indicate the need for rainfall intensity results to be examined in enhanced greenhouse experiments with other GCMs.     

近11 a南京市酸雨变化及其成因分析

本文结合2003—2013年以来南京国家基准气候站的逐日酸雨资料以及地面气象资料和高空探测资料,分析了近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化特征以及相应的气象和气溶胶影响因子变化。所得结果表明:近11 a来南京地区的酸雨变化总体呈明显恶化态势,表现为酸雨的发生率明显提高,相应的酸度(pH值)显著下降;从影响酸雨变化的气象条件看,酸雨的pH值随着降水量增大而降低;垂直不稳定条件是影响酸雨的另一重要方面,酸雨事件出现时通常伴随出现高空逆温,在冬季有99%的事件出现逆温;分析850 hPa的风速和风向情况发现,冬、夏季分别有47%和52%的酸雨事件出现东风或东北风,这可能说明外部的输入性污染物对酸雨的形成也起着重要的作用。     

近50年贵州降水时空分布分析

通过对贵州15个气象观测站50年(1951-03～200l-02)的月季降水量场的时空分布变化规律的分析得出贵州降水空间分布的主要类型是东-西走向或东南-西北走向,也即贵州年降水量的地区分布趋势是南部多于北部,东部多于西部;统计降水量的时间尺度越大,则降水量的空间分布尺度也越大;夏季降水空间分布的年际变化比其它季节大;春、夏降水空间分布变化具有较为显著的负相关,春、秋季降水空间分布的年际变化具有一定的正相关,夏、秋季和夏、冬季降水空间分布的年际变化具有一定的负相关;春、夏季和冬季降水空间分布的年际变化具有一定的显著周期存在,分别约为22年、2.6和11年.     

陕西近５００年极端干旱变化初步分析

根据历史文献记载和1951—2008年陕西5—9月月降水资料选取极端干旱个例,分析其变化特征和规律。结果表明,1470年以来陕西共发生极端干旱事件54次,16世纪上半叶以前和19世纪末以后属极端干旱高发期,17—18世纪其发生概率相对较低,整体呈两端多,中间少的U型特征。极端干旱事件发生季节集中在夏秋季,多发区在关中和陕北。     

赣江流域近50a来极端降水时空变化特征

基于赣江流域1964—2013年13个水文站的日降水资料,采用AM抽样和POT抽样相结合的方法,对极端降水序列,选定日最大降水量(RX1)、极端降水量(R95)、极端降水天数(RD95)和极端降水强度(RI95)四个指标,利用Mann-Kendall趋势分析方法、Pettitt变点检验法分别对赣江流域极端降水进行时间变化趋势和突变的分析,并利用普通克里金插值,对各指标进行空间分布的分析。研究结果表明,时间变化上,赣江流域RX1、R95和RD95均表现出一定的增加趋势,但RI95变化不大,各指标在过去50 a没有发生显著突变;空间分布上,RX1、R95和RI95沿着赣江流向从西南向东北增加,而RD95的空间分布没有明显的变化规律,存在多个极大极小值中心。     

A further note on extreme monsoonal rainfall deficits in India

Summary In a previous paper, maps were provided of the extreme monsoonal rainfall deficits likely to occur somewhere within individual Standard Meteorological Sub-Divisions in India. The present paper extends this study to similar evaluations for areas of radius 150 km around each of the 306 stations used in the previous study. Maps are presented of percentage rainfall deficits (or percentage of average values) with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 50 years, and of the spatial pattern of return periods for deficits of 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% below the average. In addition, there are graphs for 25 stations displaying the relationships between deficit intensity and return period.

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Zusammenfassung In einer vorhergehenden Arbeit wurden Karten über extreme Monsonregendefizite vorgelegt, wie sie wahrscheinlich innerhalb der einzelnen meteorologischen Untereinheiten Indiens vorkommen. Diese Arbeit präzisiert diese Studien auf Gebiete im Umkreis von 150 km jeder der 306 schon früher verwendeten Meßstationen. Hierbei werden Karten vorgelegt, die sowohl Prozentsätze der Regendefizite (bzw. der Durchschnittswerte) für Wiederholungszeiten von 2, 5, 10 und 50 Jahren als auch räumliche Muster der Wiederholungszeiten für Defizite von 40, 50, 60 und 70% unter dem Durchschnittswert angeben. Dem sind Grafiken von 25 Stationen beigefügt, die die Zusammenhänge von Defizitintensität und Wiederholungszeit zeigen.

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With 4 Figures     

Trends in extreme rainfall events of Bangladesh

Previous studies have shown that urbanization in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in southern China can have significant effect on the land-sea breeze circulation in the region. In this study, some characteristics of this urban heat island (UHI) effect are further investigated by some idealized numerical experiments. This study focuses on three aspects of the UHI effects. Firstly, the interaction of UHI effects associated with different city clusters in the PRD region. Secondly, the UHI effect and the strength of the background wind field. Thirdly, seasonal variation of the UHI effect. Experiment results suggest that the interaction of the UHI effects due to the closely distributed city clusters in the PRD region is not significant, while the UHI effect in the region may depend on the strength of the background wind. The seasonal-mean UHI effect in the region shows a significant variation associated with the change of seasons.     

A methodology to classify extreme rainfall events in the western mediterranean area

Summary From a large data set (1927–1992) of rainfall rate in Barcelona, the relationship between maximum rainfall rates for time intervals between 5 minutes and 24 hours has been investigated. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and their master equation for every return period in Barcelona have been obtained. A cluster analysis has yielded four main classes of extreme rainfall events in this area, corresponding to durations shorter than 35 minutes, 1 hour, 2–6 hours and those longer than 6 hours respectively. An index to classify extreme rainfall events has been proposed. This index gives some information about the severity of storms taking into account the contribution of different scales implied in rainfall processes.     

Spatial and temporal variability of the frequency of extreme daily rainfall regime in the La Plata Basin during the 20th century

We analyzed trends, interdecadal variability, and the quantification of the changes in the frequency of daily rainfall for two thresholds: 0.1 mm and percentile 75th, using high quality daily series from 52 stations in the La Plata Basin (LPB). We observed increases in the annual frequencies in spatially coherent areas. This coherence was more marked in austral summer, autumn, and spring, during which the greatest increases occurred in southern Brazil, especially during extreme events. In winter, the low and middle basins of the Río Uruguay and Río Paraná showed negative trends, some of which were significant. Interdecadal variability is well defined in the region with more pronounced positive jumps west of the basin between 1950 and 2000. This variability was particularly more marked during periods of extreme rainfall in summer, autumn, and spring, unlike in winter when extreme daily rainfall in the lower Rio Paraná basin decreased by up to 60%. The changes in the past century during extreme rainfall produced modifications in the annual rainfall cycle. The annual cycle of both indices was broader during the last period which is mainly explained by the strong decreases in winter.