铜在海洋食物链中的积累与传递规律的研究

在实验室条件下，研究铜在海水及以扁藻、轮虫、对虾等生物组成的食物链中的积累与传递规律。结果表明，各种海洋生物都能直接从海水中吸收铜，铜可沿着海水→扁藻→轮虫→仔虾传递。文章还探讨了本食物链各环节积累铜的主要途径以及影响生物个体铜的累积量的诸因素。     

铜在海洋食物链中的积累与传递规律的研究

在实验室条件下,研究铜在海水及以扁藻、轮虫、对虾等生物组成的食物链中的积累与传递规律。结果表明,各种海洋生物都能直接从海水中吸收铜,铜可沿着海水→扁藻→轮虫→仔虾传递。文章还探讨了本食物链各环节积累铜的主要途径以及影响生物个体铜的累积量的诸因素。     

海洋细菌在生态恢复中的作用

针对海洋生态环境日益恶化、需要积极治理、恢复的现象，本文论述了海洋细菌在海洋生态系统中占据的重要地位，并由此论述了海洋细菌在生态恢复过程中的重要作用。海洋细菌作为海洋生态系统的分解者和生产者，对海洋生态系统的稳定起到非常重要的作用；对于已经遭到破坏的海洋生态系统，充分认识和利用海洋细菌是获得稳定、可持续生态系统的根本途径。     

水母类在海洋食物网中的作用

近几年来,随着各方面研究的进展,人们认识到水母类在生态系统体制转换(Regimeshift)中扮演着重要的角色。水母类在海洋生态系统中的作用正成为新兴的研究热点,但目前,这方面的研究才刚起步,对水母类在生态系统中的作用及机制仍然众说纷纭,在很多观点上难以达成一致看法。本文根据近年来的研究资料,对与水母类相关的食物网结构进行了综述,并初步探讨了水母类在海洋食物网中的作用。1　与水母类相关的营养关系1.1　捕食关系1.1.1　水母类的食物范围　水母类的食性很广,几乎无选择地摄食一切可获得的浮游动物,还包括许多海洋动物的卵和幼虫(包…     

小型桡足类在海洋生态系统中的功能作用

依据渤海周年的中型浮游动物网样品 ,研究了小型桡足类的优势种小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanusparvus)、强额拟哲水蚤 (Paracalanuscrassirostris)和双刺纺锤水蚤 (Acartiabifilosa)生物量的季节变动、分布和年产量 ,并与渤海大型桡足类的优势种中华哲水蚤 (Calanussinicus)进行了比较。结果表明 ,三种小型桡足类成体的年产量分别为 2 4 .89、1 0 .83和 1 9.5 4mgC/(m3·a) ,中华哲水蚤的年产量为 1 8.30mgC/(m3·a)。小型桡足类主要分布在近岸 ,特别是渤海湾和莱州湾 ,这里正好是许多经济鱼类的产卵场和育幼场 ;而中华哲水蚤主要分布在中央水域。小型桡足类的高峰季节持续时间长 ,从 4月到 1 0月 ,覆盖了几乎所有仔稚鱼大量出现的月份 ;而中华哲水蚤高峰季节持续时间短 ,仅 6月和 7月。另外 ,在粒度上 ,小型桡足类的卵、无节幼体、桡足幼体和成体都比中华哲水蚤等大型桡足类小了一个数量级 (按体积计 ) ,特别适合作为仔稚鱼的饵料。因此认为 ,在近海生态系统中 ,小型桡足类较之大型桡足类起更为重要的作用     

浅论海洋文化在建设海洋强国战略中的作用

党的十八大报告提出了建设海洋强国的战略部署。文章针对我国海洋文化现状,以及我国长期形成农耕文化传统和几百年来闭关锁国造成的海洋意识淡漠,提出应该确立海洋文化的应有地位,发挥海洋文化在建设海洋强国中的作用。中国的和平崛起已经成为不可逆转的历史潮流,建设海洋强国是实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要历史任务和必由之路,建设和弘扬海洋文化将对中华民族的伟大复兴具有明确的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

海洋科技发展在现代海洋经济发展中的作用

随着科学技术的发展,科技在海洋经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用,促使海洋高科技产业兴起,促进海洋经济由传统产业向现代产业过渡。世界各国在利用科技促进海洋经济发展方面采取了一系列措施,我国应借鉴国际经验,普及全民海洋意识,积极发展海洋科技,带动海洋经济发展。     

植物硅酸体研究在我国海洋地质学中的应用

对海岸带、浅海、半深海现代及第四纪沉积物进行的植物硅酸体研究表明,植物硅酸体可以在恢复海洋古气候、古环境的研究工作中发挥重要作用,不但可用于解决一些哑地层中的相关问题,在时间尺度上其分辨率也是较高的.     

海洋浮游生态系统中D MS P的来源及在食物链中的传递和转化研究进展

β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)是一种在海洋中普遍存在的重要生源有机硫化物,其降解产物二甲基硫(DMS)挥发到大气中会形成云凝结核,进而对大气温度产生负反馈效应.DMSP主要由浮游植物和部分细菌生物合成,在浮游食物链和微食物环中进行传递和转化,并进一步通过食物网进入更高营养级.浮游生物是驱动全球碳、硫循环的关键环节,...     

重视无人机系统在海洋工作中的作用

海上航空技术是海洋开发与管理的重要技术支撑,文章在跟踪国内外海上无人机技术发展水平、发展现状和发展趋势的基础上,对国内外无人机在海洋工作中的作用进行了深入的分析研究,为我国利用海上无人机技术开发与管理海洋提供技术支撑和情报支持。     

海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸和磷脂的营养需求

仔稚鱼营养研究是鱼类营养研究领域中居国际前沿的研究,在中国尚未引起足够重视。目前,中国的重要养殖海鱼如牙鲆、真鲷、黑鲷、石斑鱼和大菱鲆等,生产性育苗,因在仔稚鱼阶段容易发生大量死亡,成活率一般低于20％。仔稚鱼从吸收卵黄内源营养转变为摄取人工培养的浮游动物或人工配合微粒饲料等外源营养后,某些营养物质的缺乏是导致仔稚鱼大量死亡的一个重要原因。近年来,国外在n．3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 HUFA）、n-6系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n-6 HUFA）和极性脂——磷脂等方面的脂类营养需求研究已取得重要进展,作者现作一综述,旨在为深入开展海水仔稚鱼的脂类营养需求研究提供参考。     

The dynamics of energy transfer in marine food chains

It is argued that, in the more productive areas of the world, fish production appears to be based on relatively short food chains. The dynamics of energy transfer are therefore largely concerned with the dynamics of relatively short food chains and in particular with the dynamics of short chains when these are seasonally perturbed. To investigate the process, extensive simulations have been made with models of the marine ecosystem in which simple food webs have been constrained within a closed nitrogen model consisting of animals, plants, inorganic nitrogen and dead organic nitrogen. Within such a closed system, when seasonally perturbed, food limitation at some time or other seems unavoidable, and consideration is given to differences in the ways this might affect larval, juvenile and adult stages. The principal conclusion from this study is that the efficiency of transfer of energy from primary production to fish can be improved in the model by modifications to the inputs that take advantage of seasonal variation in biomasses. The corollary of this finding is that, in nature, efficiency is likely to be gained by adaptations that benefit from, instead of being disadvantaged by, the effects of seasonal variations in biomass at different trophic levels. Factors that may be important in this context are: Migratory habits that can ensure that individuals are located in geographical areas of predictable high food concentrations, at different times of the year; omnivory, which permits an individual to change from feeding at one trophic level to feeding at another trophic level at different times of the year; horizontal displacement of trophic levels, as occurs, for example, in upwelling areas, which could be advantageous because this should avoid many of the difficulties that are expected theoretically when all trophic levels are present in the same vertical column. This study is consistent with classical thinking about species replacement. Thus, if the stock of one species is reduced, by fishing for example, other species cannot be expected to benefit from food that would otherwise have been consumed to the same extent, i.e. it is unlikely that any one species would be able to take over fully the ecological niche of any other species. Differences in behaviour and geographical location are likely to lead to a less efficient use of a resource by species other than those which had evolved to utilize that resource in the first place.     

巴夫藻脂肪酸和奋醇的同步测定研究

建立了一种脂肪酸甾醇分步衍生气相色谱／质谱(GC／MS)同步分析新方法，使用一份干质量约20mg的巴夫藻(Pavlova virdis)样品，采用SPB-5色谱柱，在岛津QP2010气相色谱／质谱联用分析仪上，实现可靠的定量定性分析。方法回收率为93％～107％；方法的重现性较好，各组分3次测定结果的标准相对偏差都小于10％；方法的检测限为3．5ng。选取巴夫藻(Pavlova sp．)进行分析，可初步确定出26种脂肪酸和10种甾类化合物以及它们的含量。     

Effect of feeding selectivity on the transfer of methylmercury through experimental marine food chains

The present study established an experimental marine food chain of three levels (microalgae → zooplankton → fish) to investigate the effect of feeding selectivity on the transfer of methylmercury (MeHg) through the food chain. Total Hg concentrations in Chlorella sp., Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis galbana exposed to 1 μg L⁻¹ MeHg for three days were 27.91, 32.74 and 40.03 μg g⁻¹ respectively and were significantly different (p < 0.05) between species. Moina mongolica and Artemia sp. primarily selected Chlorella sp. as the sole diet, though the Artemia sp. partly grazed on I. galbana as well. Harpacticus uniremis, however, preferred to graze N. closterium and I. galbana and avoided Chlorella sp. The varying concentration of Hg in the microalgae species as well as the selectivity of zooplankton to the algal diet resulted in varying Hg accumulation in three zooplankton species (M. mongolica < Artemia sp. < H. uniremis with total Hg concentrations of 0.14, 0.66 and 0.82 μg g⁻¹, respectively). Scophthalmus maximus and Paralichthys olivaceus mainly preyed on H. uniremis and partly on M. mongolica, while Fugu rubripes primarily preyed on M. mongolica and secondarily on Artemia sp. Thus, similar reasoning as above could explain the significant difference in Hg accumulation in the fish (S. maximus > P. olivaceus > F. rubripes with total Hg concentrations of 0.0042, 0.0031 and 0.0020 μg g⁻¹, respectively). These investigations suggested feeding selectivity plays a key role in the transfer of MeHg along marine food chains.     

Role of eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids in fresh water and marine lipids

The isomeric compositions of the eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids of four freshwater fish oils (from sheepshead Aplodinotus grunniens, tullibee Coregonus artedii, maria Lota lota and alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, respectively) were examined by open-tubular gas—liquid chromatography. The 22:1ω11 isomer, usually the dominant isomer in marine-fish oils, was unimportant relative to 22:1ω9. The unsaponifiables lacked fatty alcohols and pristane and were mostly cholesterol. The probability that the 22:1ω1 in marine fish oils is strictly of an exogenous origin (primarily originating as the fatty alcohol in copepod wax esters) is reviewed and it is proposed that docosenoic acids have no obligatory role in the lipid biochemistry of either marine or freshwater fish.     

Measurement of volatile fatty acids in pore water from marine sediments by HPLC

Lower molecular weight volatile fatty acids are important intermediates in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter in marine sediments. The analysis of these compounds at the low in situ concentrations, however, still presents difficulties. A new derivatization procedure for the analysis of these compounds, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, has been modified for the analysis of volatile fatty acids in marine pore water to cover a linear calibration range from 0·5 μm to 10 mm. The modifications resulted in the detection of concentrations 40 times lower than in the original method and in good recoveries of fatty acid standards added to pore water (mean 101%). This modified procedure was then used to analyse fatty acids in pore water from sediments along a gradient of organic enrichment. The relative ratios of the individual acids were 1:0·1:0·02:0·01:0·02:0·01 for acetate, propionate, n-butyrate 2-methylbutyrate, iso-valerate and n-valerate. There was a tendency for the concentration of the more reduced acids to increase (propionate and n-butyrate) as organic enrichment increased. Several fatty acids were found that have not commonly been reported in marine pore water. These include 2-methylbutyrate, which is a specific anaerobic degradation product of iso-leucine, which, to the authors' knowledge, has not been previously found in marine pore water.     

efa②对Con-A诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤模型的保护作用研究

目的：探讨efa^{②对刀豆蛋白（con-A）诱导的自身免疫性肝炎小鼠模型的保护作用及其可能的作用机制。方法：将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照组、con-A自身免疫性肝炎模型组及样品efa②高（0.04mL/20g）、中（0.02mL/20g）、低（0.01mL/20g）剂量组,分别给予0.9%氯化钠注射液或相应浓度的efa②样品灌胃,每天1次,连续7d。本次灌胃结束禁食1晚后,尾静脉注射Con-A,断头取血测生化指标,并取肝右叶组织作病理切片,对肝脏组织中的CYP5A1、CYP2E1和CYP3A进行蛋白分析。结果：efa②能使自身免疫性肝炎模型小鼠血清中IL-10升高以及IFN-γ、TNF-α、PGE1活性降低。结论：efa②具有调节肝炎模型小鼠血清各细胞因子及ALT的水平,并显著改善肝脏组织病理变化的作用,其保护机制可能与CYP2E1相关。}     

Water column distribution of phospholipid-derived fatty acids of marine microorganisms in the Humboldt Current system off northern Chile

Suspended particulate matter samples from the oxygenated surface zone, the oxygen minimum zone, and the oxygenated deeper zone were collected from the upwelling area off Antofagasta in northern Chile during austral autumn (April 2001) to study the composition of microbial phospholipid-derived fatty acid methyl esters, using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Whereas phytoplanktonic carbon dominated living organic matter near the coast, bacterial carbon was most abundant offshore. The biomarker distribution showed some differences between the depth levels sampled, such as the highest microbial abundance in the epipelagic zone represented by phytoplankton, especially diatoms, and a homogeneous distribution of bacterial biomarkers, with no indication of vertical segregation of functional groups as previously thought.     

一种饵料微藻的脂肪酸甾醇分析及化学分类的探讨

对一种重要的未知生物饵料微藻在充气和瓶中静态两种生态条件下进行培养,设计了一种分步衍生化脂肪酸与甾醇的GC/MS连续分析法,对微藻脂肪酸甾醇进行了定性和定量分析,结果表明,这种微藻主要含有丰富的二十碳五烯酸(EPA),C14:0,C16:0,C16:1以及一定量的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),C22:5(n-6)和C18不饱和脂肪酸;共鉴定出11种甾醇组分,主要是24-甲基(乙基)胆甾醇,碳数分布从27到30,特别含有甲基巴夫甾醇和乙基巴夫甾醇;可以把这种微藻归到Prymnesiophyceae纲Pavlovales目Pavlovaceae科.通过实例分析证明,脂类分析结果可以作为海洋微藻化学分类学的一个重要依据.     

Factors controlling the temporal variation of fatty acids in piculate matter during a phytoplankton bloom in a marine mesocosm

Fatty acids present in suspended particles were examined following the onset of a phytoplankton bloom in an experimental marine mesocosm set up in Patricia Bay, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. The predominantly diatom bloom, triggered by the addition of nutrients at the commencement of the experiment, was succeeded by several other phytoplankton forms, which in turn led to changes in particulate chl a, and organic carbon, and nitrogen within the experimental enclosure. An examination of individual fatty acids indicated that the variation of individual fatty acids can be classified into three groups, although the variation pattern of individual fatty acids differed from one another. An attempt was made to establish the factors controlling particulate fatty acid concentrations by principal component analysis. After Varimax rotation, six factors were extracted, of which four factors contributed to 83% of the data matrix. These were mainly dependent on the source of the particles i.e., diatoms, dinoflagellates, and bacteria.Fatty acid concentrations obtained by analysis of different lipid class fractions indicated that the production of fatty acids was distinctly related to the growth stage of the phytoplankton bloom. Fatty acids in triglycerides peaked during stationary phase, whereas fatty acids in polar lipids were high during the stage of an increase of phytoplankton biomass. However, fatty acid composition in both lipid classes changed under the influence of species succession of the phytoplankton population. This strongly suggested that species succession of the phytoplankton exerted the most significant control on fatty acid composition of particulate matter.