郑州市地震等重大自然灾害应急避难场所规划研究

通过收集、整理郑州市地震地质、城建、市政、园林绿化、交通等基础资料,按照国家标准《地震应急避难场所场址及配套设施》(GB 21734—2008)的相关要求进行分类统计研究,给出了城市规划区范围内应急避难场所的建设和分布现状,进行了人均可用面积的分析计算;依照《郑州市城市总体规划(2008—2020年)》的要求进行了城市应急避难场所近期和远期规划研究。     

地震应急避难场所管理系统建设

采用开源的java编程语言,基于Internet技术的B/S架构(Browser/Server结构),根据避难场所经纬度信息设计并实现了地震信息应急避难场所系统建设。该系统提供吉林省应急避难场所规模、位置、容纳人数等信息,实现快速定位,结合百度地图直观呈现,最终实现了对吉林省全省境内所有应急避难场所信息汇总展示,可以让公众最大限度地了解吉林省内应急避难场所的分布、作用和基本功能。实现信息综合查询服务功能和科学化管理,从而为震后高效安置和救助灾民提供有力保障,同时可以提高地震应急公众服务能力,完善科学管理方式。     

广州市应急避难场所的分析与建议

在中国城市快速发展的背景下,特别是人口增长与土地资源成反比的情况下,应对重大灾害,保护人民生命财产安全,建设应急避难场所刻不容缓。以广州市为例,通过对市内各个应急避难场所的分析,提出了建设应急避难场所的几点建议。     

居安思危积极推进应急避难场所建设——潍坊应急避难场所建设的几点启示

应急避难场所是为了人们能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,并能保障基本生活而事先划分的带有一定功能设施的场地。良好的地震应急避难场所规划和建设,是在地震发生时群众得以有序、有效避难和疏散的重要保障。本文简述了应急避难场所建设需注意的几点问题。     

天津市地震应急避难场所试点建设

天津市地震应急避难场所试点建设是“天津市地震安全基础工程”分项之一,由天滓市政府投资146万元。应急避难场所的建成给人民群众提供一个应对突发重大灾害性事件的临时安置场所。并且能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,使人民群众的基本生活得到保障。本文从建设内容、建设原则、主要功能与服务、主要成果与效益、问题与建议五个方面对试点建设情况进行了介绍与分析。     

基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究

地震是具有毁坏性的自然灾害,对于震后严重受损的地区,设计合理的应急避难场所是非常必要的,为此提出基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究。将退火算法的微粒群理论与城乡地区应急避难场所规划相结合,在约束条件较多的情况下,将应急避难场所视为一个粒子,对应急避难场所规划创建目标函数,从而实现对城乡住区应急避难场所的规模规划设计;其次设计应急场所的内容与位置模型,集合城乡需求点布局的影响因素,修建不同的应急场所设施点,并以覆盖全部需求点为目标,实现应急避难场所的整体规划。通过仿真实验证明,所提微粒群算法具有较好的规划效率,可保证规划后的城乡住区在受到地震侵害后,受灾人群有即时的可避难场所,为人们的震后生活提供帮助。     

石家庄市应急避难场所适宜性评价

应急避难场所建设适宜与否,能否在灾时和灾后及时发挥应急避难功能,将直接决定居民的生命安全和财产损失情况。基于抗震防灾规划标准,本文以石家庄为例,从有效性、可达性、安全性三个层面构建了石家庄市应急避难场所适宜性评价指标体系。以GIS软件为数据处理平台,运用熵值权重法结合灰色关联分析的评价模型,对石家庄市应急避难场所进行适宜性评价。结果表明:石家庄市应急避难场所中有3处达到适宜等级,2处达到一般适宜等级,4处是不适宜等级。最后依据评价结果提出建设性建议。结果可检验石家庄已建成应急避难场所的布局合理性,为石家庄市新增避难场所的规划建设提供建议。     

基于改进引力模型的城市应急避难场所空间布局合理性评价

应急避难场所是人员疏散、救助和安置的重要载体,其空间布局合理与否直接影响到城市抵御灾害的能力。可达性和拥挤度作为居民点与应急避难场所相互作用的关键指标,建立其合理的评价方法,对城市应急避难场所均衡布局具有重要参考价值。该文引入人口规模影响因子、应急避难场所服务能力和极限距离三个参数改进引力模型,以兰州市城关区部分区域为例,在不同出行极限距离条件下,分析应急避难场所对居民点的吸引力,从应急避难场所的可达性和拥挤度两个方面评价城市应急避难场所空间分布合理性。研究结果表明：研究区应急避难场所空间分布不均衡,不能完全满足当前疏散人口的需求;出行极限距离较短时（500 m和1 000 m）,大部分区域可达性低,西南部、东北部的应急避难场所拥挤度差异显著;出行极限距离为2 000 m时,可达性表现为由东北向西南衰减的趋势,拥挤度反之,各应急避难场所拥挤度均低于0.4人/m²。改进的引力模型综合考虑距离的衰减、应急避难场所服务能力和居民点人口,能有效地测定应急避难场所可达性和拥挤度,可以更全面可靠地评价应急避难场所空间布局合理性。     

基于GIS的社区地震应急避难场所配置模型构建——以银川市育林巷社区为例

在快速城市化下,城镇人口密集,地震应急避难场所配置成为社区防灾减灾规划研究的重要研究内容。本文基于当前社区空间结构,立足于社区地震应急避难需求,应用LA模型理论和GIS空间分析方法,构建社区地震应急避难场所配置模型。选择银川市育林巷社区为对象开展实证研究,结果表明：当避难路径长度为700 m时,避难场所服务区域可覆盖所有避难需求点;通过配置模型优化,目前的避难场所可满足社区90%居民的有效避难需求,但仍存在避难需求缺口;社区的总体避难空间有待改、扩建,按照居民区布局增加有效避难空间。该研究可为城市社区防震减灾规划的避难设施优化配置提供理论基础。     

基于避难场所容量限制的地震应急疏散路径分析

针对地震灾害应急疏散策略,构建了一种基于避难场所容量限制的灾民应急疏散分配与路径选择算法模型。该模型综合考虑了避难场所的容量受限性和人口分布的不均匀性,在兼顾避难场所容量限制的同时,使灾民的总疏散距离成本最小化。以北京市东西城为例,对给定情景下的灾民应急疏散路径进行了实证研究。研究发现,在考虑避难容量限制的情形下,无论是地震初期,还是地震中后期,研究区域内现有应急避难场所的容量都不足以满足区域居民的避难需求。基于实际道路疏散成本和避难容量限制的灾区应急疏散路径评估模型,不仅能够给出各疏散需求点最佳的疏散目的地和具体路径,还能给出避难容量限制下各需求点疏散到不同目的地的人数,以及无法满足避难需求的居民数量。     

基于地震动参数的城市建筑物震害模拟——以兰州市城关区为例

首先利用最短断层法烈度衰减模型分别模拟两次地震的地震动参数空间分布,并通过与实际地震的极震区对比,验证该模型模拟地震烈度的可靠性.然后,基于模拟的地震烈度空间分布和建筑物的结构类型、层高等信息,采用结构弹塑性时程分析方法对兰州市城关区建筑物进行三维震害模拟.研究结果表明:最短断层法是一个模拟历史地震烈度空间分布较好的模...     

基于GIS的城市地质环境敏感性评价--以兰州市为例

城市地质环境敏感性评价是城市可持续发展所要求的科学规划的基础．本文以兰州市为例，利用地理信息系统建立城市地质环境基础数据库．系统选取评价指标体系，采用专家赋值和层次分析法构建评价模型．结果表明基于GIS的评价模型可高效准确地进行城市地质环境敏感性评价．     

地震灾害下的老旧社区避难场地规划方法研究

建于上世纪50、60年代的老旧社区广泛分布于我国各个城市的建成区中,当地震灾害来临时,能否快速的进入避难场地进行避难是衡量老旧社区安全程度的重要指标之一。韧性防灾作为近年来重要的防灾理念之一,强调社区可以通过自身的体系抵抗地震灾害的冲击。该研究以地震灾害为基础,依托韧性防灾的理念,运用多智能体仿真模拟,建立老旧社区的避难场地规划方法。同时以大连工人村老旧社区为例,构建出新增集中型与分散型避难场地影响实验,得出相应的新增避难场地规划选择方法与布局策略。     

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols analyzed using a multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer: A case study in Lanzhou City

Characteristics of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in Lanzhou City from December 2014 to November 2015 are analyzed using a multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer. Results reveal that average concentrations of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon in atmospheric aerosols at Lanzhou are 6.7 and 25.4 μg m~(-3), respectively, showing obvious seasonality (higher in winter and lower in summer). This is consistent with findings in cities of northern China. Primary organic aerosols and secondary organic aerosols respectively account for approximately 60% and 17% of carbonaceous aerosols. No significant seasonality is found for secondary organic carbon, indicating that its potential sources do not vary significantly throughout the study period. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC_(632nm)) of BC is 7.1 m~2g~(-1), slightly higher than that of immediately emitted BC. MAC values of BC at different wavelengths vary drastically; they are higher for ultraviolet and visible light (8.5–10.2 m~2g~(-1)) than for near-infrared light (4.9–5.7 m~2g~(-1)). The aerosol absorption optical depth generally declines from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet region. The values are higher in winter than in summer, thus showing there are different contributions of BC deposition in different seasons. Brown carbon (BrC) has an ?ngstr?m absorption exponent (AAE) value of approximately 2.75, which is similar to the AAE value of BrC generated by diesel combustion (2.3). The contribution of BrC to light absorption is as much as 34% at a wavelength of 635 nm. This study demonstrates that the multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer can quantify absorption properties of BrC in atmospheric aerosols. This can enhance understanding of carbonaceous aerosols and provide key parameters for simulations of climate models.     

A system dynamics approach for urban water reuse planning: a case study from the Great Lakes region

Water reclamation and reuse practices are recently receiving growing attention due to increasing water scarcity, concerns about the effect of wastewater discharges on receiving water, and availability of high-performing and cost-effective water reuse technologies. However, incorporation of water reuse schemes into water/wastewater infrastructure systems is a complex decision making process, involving various economical, technological, and environmental criteria. System dynamics (SD) allows modeling of complex systems and provides information about the temporal and feedback behavior of the system. In this sense, a SD model of the existing water/wastewater system in Kalamazoo-Michigan, an urban area in the Great Lakes region, was created with the hypothetical incorporation of water reuse. The model simulates and optimizes the overall water system cost (including water, wastewater and water reuse components), accounting for future scenarios of population, economic growth and climate change. Results indicate significant levels of water reuse after an infrastructure build delay. The model also indicates that a decision to implement water reuse yields remarkably lower water withdrawals and lower water treatment costs even in a location with a relatively abundant water supply like Kalamazoo. This study emphasizes the fact that a true understanding of the practice of water reuse cannot be achieved without taking regional and climatic parameters into account.     

The strategic ecological impact assessment of urban development policies: a case study of Rizhao City, China

In China urban development policies (UDP) are legislated aiming to promote the cities’ socio-economic development. Urbanization, however, leads to urban expansion and land-use changes, which in turn affects the structure, function and processes of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Rizhao City, a seaport city of China, was chosen as a case study in order to study the ecological impacts of UDP at a strategic level. Ecosystems and their components were identified and assessed. The changes of biodiversity, habitats and ecosystem services caused by the UDP of Rizhao City were examined and analyzed. We found that UDP contributes in an essential way to protect and maintain the ecosystems and their components when it comes to land-use change. Based on our analysis, ecosystems as well as ecosystem services of Rizhao City are expected to be maintained in the near future with the current UDP.     

城市抗震防灾规划中建筑物易损性评价方法的研究

基于功能和后果的抗震设防理念,提出了城市建筑物的分类方法并根据不同类别采取不同抗震易损性评价方法,其中包括应用能力谱的理论易损性分析方法和快速群体震害预测方法等。根据这些方法和泉州市规划区内的房屋调查资料,对泉州市的房屋进行了震害预测,并通过泉州市建筑物地震易损性分析的结果,提出了针对性的抗震减灾策略。所发展的易损性评价方法和对策措施对其他城市编制抗震防灾规划也具有一定参考价值。     

Application of Gibbs’ model to urban drainage networks: a case study in southwestern Chicago,USA

Hydrologic analysis of urban drainage networks often encounters a number of issues, including data acquisition and preparation for modelling, which can be costly and time‐consuming processes. Moreover, it can get more challenging with missing data and complex loops inside networks. In this article, Gibbs’ model is applied to urban drainage networks to investigate the possibility of replacing an actual existing urban drainage network in terms of the shape and peak flow of the hydrographs at the outlet. The characteristic network configuration is given as a value of a parameter β of Gibbs’ model. Instead of the actual network, stochastic networks from Monte‐Carlo simulation are utilized to obtain a synthetic width function from the generated networks, and runoff hydrographs are estimated based on it. The results show that the synthetic width function and the resulting hydrographs obtained from the networks simulated by Gibbs’ model are close to those from the actual network. The result also shows that even the behaviour of a looped network can be approximated by equivalent dendritic networks generated by Gibbs’ model. The applicability of a stochastic network model in urban catchment implies a complement to modelling approaches in case of data unavailability. Moreover, the network property (β) is utilized not only to estimate the discharge hydrograph of a catchment but also as a key link to evaluate the effect from rainstorm movement in urban catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on the impact assessment of urbanization on air environment with urban environmental entropy model: a case study

A new concept of urban environmental entropy was introduced to investigate the effect of urbanization on air environment considering the fact that rapid development of urbanization may have negative influence on the whole air environment system. The urban environmental entropies which were built based on the generalized thermodynamic entropy and the generalized statistic entropy, respectively. These two entropy models have been used to analyze the relationship between the development of urbanization and air environment. The negative entropy flow mechanism was proposed to reveal the advantages and approaches of regional cities in improving air environment system. A case study on 17 cities in Shandong Province of China showed that the values of urban environmental entropy were negative in most cities from 2001 to 2008, which implies that there is a positive correlation between the development of urbanization and air environment and that is a negative entropy development level in Shandong Province of China. In 2008, the urbanization of Qingdao city and Jinan city improved their air environments. Moreover, restraints for both cities in air environment improvement were recognized according to the analysis of negative entropy flow mechanism.     

城市地震压埋人员分布评估研究——以天津市区为例

地震压埋人员分布是震后科学、有效地开展应急处置和救援的重要依据.针对地震中建筑物破坏造成的人员压埋,从人口分布和在室率着手,在社区级空间尺度上分时段建立人口数量、在室率和建筑物的对应关系;结合建筑物震害评估方法,构建地震压埋人员快速评估模型,并预评估天津市区各烈度下地震压埋人口的数量和分布情况.结果显示,夜间是发生地震...