Forward Scattering From a Rippled Sand/Water Interface: Modeling, Measurements, and Determination of the Plane Wave, Flat Surface Reflection Coefficient

In this paper, modeling results are presented demonstrating that, using an ensemble of forward-scattering measurements from a rippled sand/water interface, it is possible to accurately estimate the plane wave, flat surface reflection coefficient. The modeling effort was carried out in preparation for a sediment acoustics experiment in 2004 (SAX04). Guided by the modeling results, forward-scattering measurements were made during SAX04. The measurement instrumentation and procedure are presented. The plane wave reflection coefficients derived from these measurements are given and compared to reflection coefficients calculated using a fluid model and an approximation to the Biot porous medium model for the sand known as the effective density fluid model (EDFM). The model reflection coefficients were calculated using acoustic parameters determined from environmental measurements carried out by other researchers involved in SAX04. The reflection coefficient data/model comparison indicates that the sand at the SAX04 site is most accurately viewed as a porous medium for acoustic modeling purposes.      

Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin

Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present.Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required.     

Wave kinematics of partial reflection from a vertical wall

A third-order perturbation approximation for the partial reflection from a vertical wall is presented in this paper. The wave parameters are expressed in terms of the amplitude of incident waves. The reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the height of reflected waves to incident waves. The numerical results demonstrate the significant influences of reflected coefficient on the wave profile and wave frequency bifurcation. For example, the critical angle of wave frequency bifurcation with partial reflection is about 7.5 degrees, not 21 degrees as reported previously for fully reflection.     

彬长地区去除煤层对储层预测影响的方法

延安组煤层对延长组储层研究主要形成2种干扰：一是由于煤层对地震波的强反射形成了反射屏蔽作用,造成下覆延长组反射波振幅变弱;另一种是多套煤层之间形成层间多次波,给地震资料带来灾难性后果,严重影响了解释的准确性。通过已钻井资料拟合煤层厚度与振幅属性的关系,并且预测全区煤层厚度的基础上,采用子波分解和波形分解方法,通过合理的控制时窗,对比第1、2、3、4分量的平面特征及与已钻井的吻合率情况,寻找到一种在彬长地区消除煤层对地震资料影响的研究方法。     

有限长正弦地形上的波浪传播问题研究

应用基于势流理论的频域边界元方法,研究了波浪在有限长正弦周期地形上的传播问题.开展了网格收敛性分析,并与物理模型试验结果做了对比,验证了数值方法的准确性.研究了正弦地形长度和幅度对水波反射率的影响,以及波浪在周期性地形上传播时的沿程波幅变化.研究发现,波浪反射系数随波数的变化及波浪幅值沿程的变化均呈包络状;当频率处于布拉格共振区域边缘且反射率为零时,周期地形上会出现极大的波幅;随海床波幅增大,第一布拉格共振带变宽且向低频移动.     

On Experience in using the remote acoustic method of partial reflections in studies of the lower troposphere

Using the phenomenon of the partial reflection of acoustic waves from anisotropic wind-velocity and temperature inhomogeneities in the lower troposphere is justified in determining the structure of these inhomogeneities. The data (obtained with the method of bistatic acoustic sounding) on signals reflected from stratified inhomogeneities in the lower 600-m layer of the troposphere are given. A detonation-type pulsed acoustic source was used. The methods of isolating a small (in amplitude) reflected signal against the background of noise and determining the reflecting-layer height and the partial-reflection coefficient from the measured parameters (time delay and amplitude) of a reflected signal are presented. The method of estimating the vertical gradients of the effective sound speed and the squared acoustic refractive index from the partial-reflection coefficient previously calculated is described on the basis of an Epstein transition-layer model. The indicated parameters are experimentally estimated for concrete cases of recording reflected signals. A comparison of our estimates with independent analogous data simultaneously obtained for the same parameters with monitoring instruments (a sodar and a temperature profiler) has yielded satisfactory results.     

Beneath the surface: Characteristics of oceanic ecosystems under weak mixing conditions – A theoretical investigation

This study considers an important biome in aquatic environments, the subsurface ecosystem that evolves under low mixing conditions, from a theoretical point of view. Employing a conceptual model that involves phytoplankton, a limiting nutrient and sinking detritus, we use a set of key characteristics (thickness, depth, biomass amplitude/productivity) to qualitatively and quantitatively describe subsurface biomass maximum layers (SBMLs) of phytoplankton. These SBMLs are defined by the existence of two community compensation depths in the water column, which confine the layer of net community production; their depth coincides with the upper nutricline. Analysing the results of a large ensemble of simulations with a one-dimensional numerical model, we explore the parameter dependencies to obtain fundamental steady-state relationships that connect primary production, mortality and grazing, remineralization, vertical diffusion and detrital sinking. As a main result, we find that we can distinguish between factors that determine the vertically integrated primary production and others that affect only depth and shape (thickness and biomass amplitude) of this subsurface production layer. A simple relationship is derived analytically, which can be used to estimate the steady-state primary productivity in the subsurface oligotrophic ocean. The fundamental nature of the results provides further insight into the dynamics of these “hidden” ecosystems and their role in marine nutrient cycling.     

THE BOTTOM REFLECTION OF CONTINENTAL SHELF

This paper analyses the seabed reflection coefficient of the "geoacoustic model" of continental terrace in shallow water, which includes two kinds of parametres: the "type parameters" and the "structure parameters".For small grazing angle, the "structure parameters" become nonsensitive in a certain band of sound frequency and the reflection coefficient is determined by the "type parameters". However, the former are sensitive for "low sound speed" sea floors.For large grazing angle, the "structure parameters" affect sound reflection character greatly.     

Probable gas hydrate/free gas model over western continental margin of India

Multi-channel seismic reflection data from the western continental margin of India (WCMI) have been analyzed to construct a plausible model for gas hydrate formation. A reflector at 2950 ms two way travel time (TWT) on one of the sections is interpreted to represent the base of the layer of the methane hydrate, identified by a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) that lies almost 500 ms beneath the sea floor. BSRs of similar origin are common world wide, where they are usually interpreted to mark the base of gas hydrate bearing clastic sediment, with or without underlying free gas. In this study we present a model with the contrasting physical properties that produce synthetic wavelets that match with the observed BSR amplitude and waveforms for varying source-receiver offsets of multi-channel seismic reflection data. The preliminary results presented here put important constraints on models that predict the distribution and formation of hydrate. Offset-dependent amplitude recovery also gives an appropriate response for hydrate characterization.     

Numerical study of tidal front with varying sharpness in spring and neap tidal cycle

The temporal variation of tidal-front sharpness (i.e., the maximal gradient of sea surface temperature (SST)) in Iyo-Nada, Japan has been investigated using SST obtained by a commercial ferryboat. Tidal-front sharpness varies in time with a period of 15 days. A numerical model approach was also adopted to investigate the temporal variation of frontal sharpness. The numerical model, which contains a restoring term to express the tidal front reconstructed fortnightly by tides, reproduces the tidal front accompanied by growing and/or decaying frontal waves. The amplitude of modeled frontal sharpness agrees well with the observation. The amplitude of sharpness is much smaller than the observed value, unless frontal waves develop along the modeled front. This therefore implies that tidal fronts are destroyed mainly due to growing frontal waves, and are restored fortnightly at spring tides. We quantitatively evaluated the subsurface intrusion of seawater into the stratified region from the mixed region by conducting passive-tracer experiments. We find that the cross-frontal transport with frontal waves is 4.9 times larger than that without frontal waves. In addition, the cross-frontal transport reaches a long distance (about 25 km) because of heton (mushroom)-type eddies developing along the front with frontal waves.     

少井区基于地震属性聚类的沉积相分析方法——以白云凹陷始新统文昌组为例

始新统文昌组是白云凹陷的潜在烃源层系,为了解决沉积研究中基础资料少和多地震数据体联合研究的难题,提出了基于K-means方法的地震属性聚类分析方法。在可靠的层位解释基础上,针对不同地层接触关系,合理的进行地震属性的提取、优选和聚类分析,结合单井相分析、地震相识别和邻区资料的类比研究,综合进行文昌组沉积相分析工作。研究选取了均方根振幅、校偏带宽比和能量半衰时等3种地震属性进行聚类分析,划分了蓝色、亮绿色和红色3类区域,分别对应于亚平行—平行中高频中强振幅中好连续相、亚平行中弱振幅差连续相、楔状强振幅差连续—杂乱相等3类地震相。白云凹陷文昌组主要发育滨湖、浅湖、中深湖和(扇)三角洲等沉积相类型;文昌SQ1层序时,周缘隆起在凹陷内发育多个扇三角洲,凹陷内水体相对较浅,以滨湖和浅湖亚相发育为主;文昌SQ2层序时水体加深,在主洼东、西2个深洼区中深湖亚相已连片展布,总面积近600 km2。该方法合理可靠,有力支持了白云凹陷资源潜力评价工作。     

天然气水合物赋存地层的地震波场模拟及对比

通过分析天然气水合物在海洋中的6种主要赋存状态类型,总结了每种赋存状态之间的相互转化关系及其物性参数计算方法,并应用到地震波场的正演模拟中.对比研究了声波模型、弹性波模型和双相介质模型对各种水合物赋存地层的响应特征,结果表明:1)当地层中存在孔隙充填型水合物且下伏地层不含游离气时,双相介质模拟的含水合物层底界表现负极性...     

海洋地震勘探中地震波、鬼波综合效应分析与应用

鬼波是影响海洋地震资料采集质量的重要因素之一,经过海水表面反射的鬼波与海底反射波相互叠加。“地震波、鬼波的综合效应”受很多因素的影响,文中从传播路径、传播时间等方面讨论了地震波与鬼波的综合效应。通过计算机模拟了二者的综合效应,与实测资料进行了对比,其幅频特性中陷波点、幅度等特性非常接近。结合水合物勘探的目的,文章探讨了基于识别BSR的勘探频率要求震源和电缆的最佳沉放深度,并通过实际应用验证了理论推算的正确性。     

浅水环境下多次反射折射波条带范围的研究

浅水地震资料中,直达波上方会出现一个明显的“扫帚状”的条带,确定其地震波成份有利于对地震传播规律的认识,可为海上实际作业建立合适的观测系统提供参考依据,同时也可为后期资料处理提供理论依据。本文在陆地多次反射折射波传播路径分析的基础上,通过对简单模型的数值模拟结果分析,确定了浅水环境中位于直达波上方的“扫帚状”条带为海底表层介质产生的多次反射折射波的整体反映。定量分析了多次反射折射波的“扫帚状”条带的范围及其影响因素,并结合实际地震资料进行了验证。     

An improved processing sequence for uncorrelated Chirp sonar data

Chirp sonar systems can be used to obtain high resolution seismic reflection images of the sub-seafloor during marine surveys. The exact knowledge of the Chirp signature allows the use of deterministic algorithms to process the data, similarly to that applied to Vibroseis data on land. Here, it is described an innovative processing sequence to be applied to uncorrelated Chirp data, which can improve vertical and lateral resolution compared to conventional methods. It includes application of a Wiener filter to transform a frequency-modulated sweep into a minimum-phase pulse sequence. In this way, the data become causal and can undergo predictive deconvolution to reduce ringing and enhance vertical resolution. Afterwards, FX-deconvolution and Stolt migration can be applied to obtain an improved imaging of the subsurface. The result of this procedure is a seismic reflection image with higher resolution than traditional ones, which are normally represented using the envelope function of the signal. This technique can be particularly useful for engineering-geotechnical surveys and archaeological investigations that require a fine detail imaging of the uppermost meters of the sub-seafloor.     

多波束测深海底混响仿真研究

海底混响是海洋混响的重要组成部分,采用模拟仿真进行验证分析,是仿真技术的一项重要应用。采用单元散射模型,研究在单发射阵元下,分布在同一直线上多个接收阵元接收的海底回波,忽略声波传播的相位起伏,只考虑振幅起伏,将传播损失、声吸收系数、海底反射损失、海底沉积层密度等参数带入海底混响仿真数学模型,仿真海底混响,使其更加接近海底的实际情况。     

基于支持向量机预测安达曼海南部内孤立波传播特性

内孤立波是发生在密度稳定层化海水中的一种特殊的海洋内波.预测内孤立波传播难度较大.本文提出了一种方法,利用美国麻省理工学院大气环流模型(MITgcm)的内孤立波模型计算了大量模拟数据,建立数据库.采用机器学习的方法,建立一个基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的安达曼海南部内孤立波传播...     

完全非线性孤立波的直墙反射

报道了应用边界积分方法模拟完全非线性孤立波的传播与直墙反射,给出了波形演变过程。结果表明,本模型对计算孤立波的传播与直墙反射是有效的。三阶Boussinesq方程的孤立波解比低阶方程的孤立波解更接近完全非线性的数值解.当来波波高增大时,孤立波直墙反射的相位滞后变小。若考虑大波高孤立波的直墙反射或波——波相互作用,一阶理论预报的相位滞后往往低估实际情况。     

A model for obliquely incident wave interacting with a multi-layered object

This paper presents an analytical solution for scattering of oblique incident, small amplitude, monochromatic wave trains by a stationary rigid multi-layered objects with rectangular cross-section. The object is infinite long and consists of multilayers, which can be either solid or permeable. This paper extends the previous work by Hu and Liu [1] from normal incident wave condition with a special object configuration to oblique incident waves with multi-layered object. The present model is validated with several existing solutions for normal/oblique waves interacting with a single object; excellent agreement is observed. New numerical results are presented to investigate the effects of incidence angle on reflection, transmission and energy loss coefficients for a combined floating and bottom-mounted permeable breakwater. A new floating board-cage breakwater is developed from the present model and its solutions are discussed in detail. A computer program, AWAS-P, has been updated so that it is applicable for both oblique and normal incident waves, while the object is multi-layered.     

Validation of interannual simulations from the 1/8° global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM)

A 1/8° global version of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) is used for simulation of upper-ocean quantities on interannual time scales. The model spans the global ocean from 80°S to a complete Arctic cap, and includes 19 terrain-following σ- and 21 fixed z-levels. The global NCOM assimilates three-dimensional (3D) temperature and salinity fields produced by the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) which generates synthetic temperature and salinity profiles based on ocean surface observations. Model-data intercomparisons are performed to measure the effectiveness of NCOM in predicting upper-ocean quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and mixed layer depth (MLD). Subsurface temperature and salinity are evaluated as well. An extensive set of buoy observations is used for this validation. Where possible, the model validation is performed between year-long time series obtained from the model and time series from the buoys. The statistical analyses include the calculation of dimensionless skill scores (SS), which are positive if statistical skill is shown and equal to one for perfect SST simulations. Model SST comparisons with year-long SST time series from all 83 buoys give a median SS value of 0.82. Model subsurface temperature comparisons with the year-long subsurface temperature time series from 24 buoys showed that the model is able to predict temperatures down to 500 m reasonably well, with positive SS values ranging from 0.18 to 0.97. Intercomparisons of MLD reveal that the model MLD is usually shallower than the buoy MLD by an average of about 15 m. Annual mean SSS and subsurface salinity biases between the model and buoy values are small. A comparison of SST between NCOM and a satellite-based Pathfinder data set demonstrates that the model has a root-mean-square (RMS) SST difference of 0.61 °C over the global ocean. Spatial variations of kinetic energy fields from NCOM show agree with historical observations. Based on these results, it is concluded that the global NCOM presented in this paper is able to predict upper-ocean quantities with reasonable accuracy for both coastal and open ocean locations.