热带西太平洋海水氧同位素组成特征的初步研究

根据１９９１年ＷＯＣＥ首航中从热带西太平洋采集的水样的δ＾１８Ｏ数据，论述了该海区的氧同位素组成及其分布特点。结果表明，氧同位素的平面分布在一定程度上反映了热带西太平洋表层环流的基本特征，提供了北赤道流和黑潮源地的同位素示踪物证据。此外，还对δ＾１８Ｏ值的垂直分布，断面分布，及δ＾１８Ｏ值与盐度，温度，溶解氧相互关系等进行初步探讨。     

厦门沿岸地区大气降水中氢、氧稳定同位素组成及其影响因素

利用2004年4月至2006年4月采集于厦门沿岸地区的44个雨水样品,对降水中的氢、氧同位素组成及其影响因素进行了分析和研究,结果表明:(1)厦门沿岸地区大气降水中δ18O值为-10.30‰～-0.13‰,平均值为-3.67‰;δD值为-74.7‰～7.3‰,平均值为-20.5‰,均处于全球及国内降水中δ18O和δD值的变化范围内。(2)厦门沿岸地区大气降水中的δ18O和δD值受纬度效应影响。(3)厦门沿岸地区大气降水中δ18O和δD值的季节差异较大,季风气候及其导致的降雨量效应是影响该地区δ降水值季节变化的主要因素。(4)降水中的氘过剩值(d值)为1.21‰～17.10‰,平均值为8.87‰,小于世界大部分区域雨水中的d值,说明厦门沿岸地区的降水源区蒸发速率比较缓慢,降水云团主要来自海洋汽团。(5)厦门沿岸地区大气降水线为:δD=7.67δ18O+7.68(p0.0001,R2=0.9876),与全球及国内的降水线接近,说明雨滴在降落过程中存在一定的再蒸发过程,该特征在夏季较显著。     

赤道西太平洋末次盛冰期以来的浮游有孔虫氧碳稳定同位素记录

对西太平洋暖池核心区MD01—2386柱状样最上部5m进行了高分辨率的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的氧、碳稳定同位素分析,结合AMS^14C测年,研究表明其属于末次盛冰期-全新世的沉积。赤道西太平洋海区末次盛冰期以来δ^18O值显著降低,但有几次回返事件。表层浮游有孔虫G．ruber比次表层温跃层属种P．obliquiloculata对于环境变化的响应要快,但后者变化的幅度较大。这两个种的氧、碳同位素差值反映出温跃层深度自末次盛冰期以来逐渐加深,并存在周期性的回返事件,说明西太平洋暖池晚第四纪冰期旋回存在气候不稳定性。     

80 Ma以来海水Os同位素组成曲线的精细特征:中、西太平洋多金属结壳的记录

80 Ma以来的海水Os同位素标准曲线具有K/T（白垩纪/第三纪）界线低值、E/O（始新世/渐新世）界线低值和中新世“挠曲”3个特征形态，这可以解释为陨击事件或超基性岩风化事件造成的陆、幔源物质供给关系的变化。将海水Os同位素标准曲线与多金属结壳Os同位素组成曲线进行对比，根据形态和取值的贴合程度可以为结壳进行年代厘定。由于取样精度的限制和生长间断的广泛存在，仅以此3个特征比对曲线存在不确定性。本研究综合对比中、西太平洋6块结壳的Os同位素组成曲线，总结出了4种记录在结壳中的海水Os同位素曲线的特征规律：K/T界线之前的“早期异常（波动）”；E/O界线之后曲线上升过程中的“小停顿”；E/O界线之后曲线上升过程末尾的“异常偏高点”；“中新世‘挠曲’错后”至10 Ma左右。这些新的特征形态可作为年代控制点，使得结壳年代框架的厘定可以更准确可靠。这4种特征形态可以初步解释为地质历史时期海洋中、幔源物质的供应关系变化或是看作随着数据的积累而对标准曲线的细化和校正。     

西太平洋双热带气旋和南海—西太平洋双热带气旋的互旋作用

本文利用1960～1987年间23例双热带气旋实测资料,计算了西太平洋双热带气旋和南海—西太平洋双热带气旋之间的互旋角,得出了两热带气旋之间距离小于18经纬度时便会产生相互牵引作用,且随着它们中心间距(d)的减小,双热带气旋的互旋角增大,尤其当d≤9个经纬距时,互旋作用迅速增大。计算结果表明:在西太平洋按γ~(0.8)V_θ=C涡旋模式,利用实测最大风速资料所计算的双热带气旋互旋角与实际转动率较一致。而南海—西太平洋双热带气旋采用γ~(0.9)V_θ=C的涡旋模式,计算的结果与实际较相符。而γ~(1/2)V_θ=C涡旋模式是夸大了双热带气旋的直接互旋作用,而Rankine涡旋模式则缩小了双热带气旋的直接互旋作用。     

中更新世气候转型期西太平洋暖池的表层海水温度和氧同位素变化

通过对大洋钻探(ODP)第130航次807站A孔井深12.54～16.38m沉积物中浮游和底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素δ18 O以及浮游有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca测试,揭示了中更新世气候转型期(800～1 000kaBP)西太平洋暖池表层海水温度和氧同位素的变化。研究发现,中更新世时期ODP 807站的表层海水温度在25.1～30.9℃之间浮动,平均为28.4℃,接近现代暖池区实测温度值,冰期/间冰期之间的温度差值在1.5～5℃左右,与晚第四纪时的温差相近;同时,表层海水温度和底栖有孔虫氧同位素呈现同步变化的趋势,没有明显的超前或滞后的相位关系,区别于前人在暖池区的研究结果。间冰期时,表层海水温度上升伴随着温跃层变深、盐度降低,与现代西太平洋暖池La Ni珘na状态类似;冰期时则类似于El Ni珘no状态。中更新世气候转型期,西太平洋暖池的表层海水温度、温跃层深度变化受低纬热带驱动影响,都显示出强烈的岁差周期(16.8ka),而底层水氧同位素更多受到高纬的影响。     

南海热带气旋与西太平洋热带气旋成双时的复杂路径探讨

本文统计２９年（１９６０－１９８９）的历史资料，给出了南海热带气旋与西太平洋热带气旋成双的气候情况，并用天气学方法进行分类、研究、诊断给出西太平洋热带气旋对南海热带气旋移行路径影响的天气学模式及一些判据，为预报提供参考。     

热带西太平洋定点海域(4°S156°E)营养盐变化规律及降水对海水营养物质影响的研究

海水中的N,P,Si是海洋中最基本的营养物质,对海洋浮游生物的生存、繁殖、海洋生物食物链结构和新陈代谢,以及海洋中物质的循环都具有重要的意义,一直是海洋学研究的重要内容之一,几乎世界上海洋的各个区域都有其研究报道。中国陆架海中营养物质的研究已进行了40多年,获得了大量的资料和重要的研究成果。随着我国海洋科学的发展,近年来陆续开展了世界大洋、极地海的营养盐研究,并有一些报道(顾宏堪,1992;宋金明,1995,1996; Hecky等,1993),但对世界大洋定点长周期的营养盐变化观测研究和降水对表层海水的输入影响长周期定点系列观测还未见报道。热带西太平洋海域有一个世界海洋中最大的高温、高盐“暖池(WPWP)”,这里进行着地球上强烈的海气相互作用,所以,研究该海域海水中营养盐的变化规律,对系统研究海洋对气候的调节作用,乃至全球气候变化都具有重要意义。本文通过对4°S,156°E长达4个月的定点观测,研究了上层海水、深水中营养盐的变化、营养盐的周日变化及降水对表层海水营养盐输人的影响,本文为TOGA-COARE研究的一部分。     

热带西太平洋暖池的某些海洋学特征分析

热带西太平洋暧池幅员广阔,是全球大洋表层温度(SST)最高的海域(Philander,1990),也是全球大气运动最主要的热源地,它的维持和变化对全球天气和气候的变化起着关键性的作用。 近年来,热带西太平洋暖池已成为科学家关注的热点研究课题。随着多项国际性实验研究在暖池域的开展,许多学者对热带西太平洋暖池的形成机制、与ENSO的关系,以及暖池的变化对东亚气候的影响等方面进行了研究,取得了一些有意义的成果。然而迄今有关热带西太平洋暖池本身主要特征的研究却较少,除Wyrtki(1989)和Luksa等(1987)对暖池的某些特征作过初步研究外,尚未见有专文报道。本文利用1950-1990年间的1，7月SST资料,冬、夏季137°E(1967-1992)断面和夏季155°E(1972-1979,1987-1991)断面的观测结果以及其它有关资料,对热带西太平洋暖池的主要海洋学特征进行分析,以期对暖池的特征进行更深入的探讨。 目前在现有的实测资料分析中对暖池并没有一个统一的定义。本文关于暖池的定义采用Wyrtki(1989)提出的标准,即热带西太平洋暖池是指热带太平洋西部水温高于28℃的暖水域,它的边界除西部以菲律宾至新几内亚的岛群连线为界外,均以28℃等温线确定。     

热带西太平洋砂壳纤毛虫的多样性

为了探明热带西太平洋海区砂壳纤毛虫的多样性、垂直分布及纬向变化,我们于2012年11-12月在该海区四个断面采集了0-200 m的水样。共检出砂壳纤毛虫39属124种,多数种类喜好生活在表层和次表层。砂壳纤毛虫种丰富度、丰度以及多样性指数的高值主要出现在比叶绿素浓度最大值稍浅的位置,与温度和叶绿素浓度显著正相关,与盐度和采样深度显著负相关。多数优势种与环境因子间的相关性不显著。热带西太平洋海区砂壳纤毛虫多样性极高,各站种丰富度在25-52之间。在从表层至75 m处的多数采样点香农指数均大于3。该海区砂壳纤毛虫冗余种的比例很高,占砂壳纤毛虫总种类数的87.90%,贡献了砂壳纤毛虫60.38%的丰度,表明热带西太平洋海区砂壳纤毛虫群落对饵料组成和摄食压力改变的应对能力很强,稳定性很高。     

A preliminary study on the intermediate water masses in the tropical West Pacific

INTRODUCTIONIntermediatewaterexistsinalloceansandhasreceivedattentionasanimportantpartoftheoceancirculation.ThefirstsystematicresearchontheintermediatewaterinthePacificwasdonebyReid(1965)andthenbyNitani(1972).ItisgenerallyconsideredthatthereexisttwokindsofintermediatewaterinthePacific.OneofthemisthelowsalinitywaterformedbysubsurfacemixinganddescendinginthenorthpartoftheSubantarcticConvergenceZone,whichisgenerallyknownastheSouthPacificintermediateWater(SPIW).TheSPIWmovesnorthwardata…     

Zonal discrepancy of iodine in the West Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas

The species of iodine in the water samples collected from the west Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas were analysed. Results show that the concentration of total inorganic iodine appears higher in the south than that in the north of the Equator. The iodide concentration is distributed symmetrically on both sides of the Equator in tropic and subtropic zones and it decreases away from the Equator. Around the Antarctic Divergence iodide concentration approaches its minimum in the surface waters .which only accounts for 10% of the total iodine. The dissolved organic iodine concentration keeps constant generally either in horizontal or in vertical. Discussions on the relationships of iodine with chemical, biological and hydrological factors reveal that iodine has a transitional behavior between conservative and biodepleting elements; I/S ratio is of a certain stability on a vast scale, however, it may be largely affected by organism activity in some zones. Besides, evidence shows that iodine is adsorbed by     

Difference of planktonic ciliate communities of the tropical West Pacific, the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean

Ciliates are important components in planktonic food webs,but our understanding of their community structures in different oceanic water masses is limited.We report pelagic ciliate community characteristics in three seas:the tropical West Pacific,the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.Planktonic ciliate abundance had"bimodal-peak","surface-peak"and"DCM(deep chlorophyll a maximum layer)-peak"vertical distribution patterns in the tropical West Pacific,the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean,respectively.The abundance proportion of tintinnid to total ciliate in the Bering Sea(42.6%)was higher than both the tropical West Pacific(7.8%)and the Arctic Ocean(2.0%).The abundance proportion of small aloricate ciliates(10–20μm size-fraction)in the tropical West Pacific was highest in these three seas.The Arctic Ocean had higher abundance proportion of tintinnids in larger LOD(lorica oral diameter)size-class.Proportion of redundant species increased from the Arctic Ocean to the tropical West Pacific.Our result provided useful data to further understand ecology roles of planktonic ciliates in different marine habitats.     

Decadal modes of sea surface salinity and the water cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The anomalous late 1990s

Limitations in sea surface salinity (SSS) observations and timescale separation methods have led to an incomplete picture of the mechanisms of SSS decadal variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean, where the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates. Little is known regarding the roles of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the large-scale SSS variability over the tropical basin. A self-organizing map (SOM) clustering analysis is performed on the intrinsic mode function (IMF) maps, which are decomposed from SSS and other hydrological fields by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), to extract their asymmetric features on decadal timescales over the tropical Pacific. For SSS, an anomalous pattern appeared during 1997 to 2004, a period referred to as the anomalous late 1990s, when strong freshening prevailed in large areas over the southwestern basin and moderate salinization occurred in the western equatorial Pacific. During this period, the precipitation and surface currents were simultaneously subjected to anomalous fluctuations: the precipitation dipole and zonal current divergence along the equator coincided with the SSS increase in the far western equatorial Pacific, while the weak zonal current convergence in the southwestern basin and large-scale southward meridional currents tended to induce SSS decreases there. The dominant decadal modes of SSS and sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific both resemble the NPGO but occur predominantly during the negative and positive NPGO phases, respectively. The similarities between the NPGO and Central Pacific ENSO (CP-ENSO) in their power spectra and associated spatial patterns in the tropics imply their dynamical links; the correspondence between the NPGO-like patterns during negative (positive) phases and the CP La Niña (CP El Niño) patterns for SSS is also discussed.     

Assessment of storage lipid accumulation patterns in eucalanoid copepods from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Members of the copepod family Eucalanidae are widely distributed throughout the world׳s oceans and have been noted for their accumulation of storage lipids in high- and low-latitude environments. However, little is known about the lipid composition of eucalanoid copepods in low-latitude environments. The purpose of this study was to examine fatty acid and alcohol profiles in the storage lipids (wax esters and triacylglycerols) of Eucalanus inermis, Rhincalanus rostrifrons, R. nasutus, Pareucalanus attenuatus, and Subeucalanus subtenuis, collected primarily in the eastern tropical north Pacific near the Tehuantepec Bowl and Costa Rica Dome regions, noted for its oxygen minimum zone, during fall 2007 and winter 2008/2009. Adult copepods and particulate material were collected in the upper 50 m and from 200 to 300 m in the upper oxycline. Lipid profiles of particulate matter were generated to help ascertain information on ecological strategies of these species and on differential accumulation of dietary and modified fatty acids in the wax ester and triacylglycerol storage lipid components of these copepods in relation to their vertical distributions around the oxygen minimum zone. Additional data on phospholipid fatty acid and sterol/fatty alcohol fractions were also generated to obtain a comprehensive lipid data set for each sample. Rhincalanus spp. accumulated relatively large amounts of storage lipids (31–80% of dry mass (DM)), while E. inermis had moderate amounts (2–9% DM), and P. attenuatus and S. subtenuis had low quantities of storage lipid (0–1% DM). E. inermis and S. subtenuis primarily accumulated triacylglycerols (>90% of storage lipids), while P. attenuatus and Rhincalanus spp. primarily accumulated wax esters (>84% of storage lipids). Based on previously generated molecular phylogenies of the Eucalanidae family, these results appear to support genetic predisposition as a major factor explaining why a given species accumulates primarily triacylglycerols or wax esters, and also potentially dictating major fatty acid and alcohol accumulation patterns within the more highly modified wax ester fraction. Comparisons of fatty acid profiles between triacylglycerol and wax ester components in copepods with that in available prey suggested that copepod triacylglycerols were more reflective of dietary fatty acids, while wax esters contained a higher proportion of modified or de novo synthesized forms. Sterols and phospholipid fatty acids were similar between species, confirming high levels of regulation within these components. Similarities between triacylglycerol fatty acid profiles of E. inermis collected in surface waters and at >200 m depth indicate little to no feeding during their ontogenetic migration to deeper, low-oxygen waters.     

Power Europe: EU and the illegal,unreported and unregulated tuna fisheries regulation in the West and Central Pacific Ocean

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities are widely considered a main cause of unsustainable fisheries across the globe. The EU has taken a leading role in the fight against IUU fishing, using both its market and normative power to advance its EU IUU Regulation (no. 1005/2008) and wider fisheries sustainability agenda outside its territory. This paper examines how successful the EU has been in using its market and normative power to influence regulatory strategies and frameworks governing tuna fisheries in the Pacific Islands region of the Western Pacific Ocean. The results indicate that while the market power of the EU remains an influential factor, the diminishing normative power of the EU in WCPO is weakening any attempts to implement its IUU fishing regulation and Pacific Island nations have promoted their own regulatory agenda. We conclude that the changing asymmetries between market and normative power has led to a differentiated geography of regulatory uptake, and while market power will remain a dominant strategy for the EU, normative power, when exercised should focus on cooperation rather than ‘teaching’ the benefits of an EU regulatory approach.     

热带太平洋深海微生物的若干生理生态特征

从2001年春、秋季于热带太平洋区采集到的深海样品中共分离到110株微生物,从中挑取31株进行形态特征和对环境理化因子适应特征的研究,同时利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定和碳源代谢分析.结果表明:31株微生物中2株为酵母,21株为革兰氏阳性细菌,8株为革兰氏阴性细菌,来自底质的细菌菌株阳性菌占优势,而海水、蓝藻中阴性菌居多;温度、盐度、pH适应性试验表明,严格意义上的狭适性微生物不到总数的1/3,而具有较宽生态幅的广适性微生物占有相当大的比例.另一方面,耐冷菌、中度嗜盐菌和抗碱菌在这些微生物中的比例很高,同时,来自蓝藻的菌株大多数在4℃下不生长,而来自上覆水和底质的菌株可在4℃生长,这些都体现了微生物对生存环境的响应.31株微生物经Biolog鉴定12株得出鉴定结果.15株革兰氏阳性细菌对95种碳源的利用能力分析表明,不同菌株可利用碳源的数目从3种到46种不等,差异很大,体现了深海微生物营养类型的极大多样性;同时,发现有8种碳源可被一半以上的受试菌株所利用,这些碳源均是微生物各类代谢途径中的重要中间代谢物.     

Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract-Heat content of the upper layer above the 20℃ isotherm in the tropical Pacific Ocean isestimated by using the sea temperature data set with a resolution 2°latitude×5°longitude (1980～1993)for the water depths (every 10 m) from 0 m to 400 m, and its temporal and spatial variabilities are an-alyzed. (1) The temporal variability indicates that the total heat in the upper layer of the equatorial Pa-cific Ocean is charcterized by the interannual variability. The time series of the equatorial heat anomaly5 months lead that of the El Nino index at the best positive lag correlation between the two, and theformer 13 months lag behind the latter at their best negative lag correlation. Therefore the equatorialheat content can be used as a better predictor than the El Nino index for a warm or cold event. In addi-tion, it is also found that less heat anomaly in the equator corresponds to the stronger warm events inthe period (1980～1993) and much more heat was accumulated in the 4 years including 1992/1     

Spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean

The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of chlorophyll a(Chl a) were investigated in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean during four survey cruises from 2005 to 2009.The surface Chl a(S-Chl a) concentration ranged from 0.002 to 0.497 mg/m 3 and was obviously higher in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.The vertical distribution of Chl a displayed a single peak pattern,and the maximum Chl a layer(MCL) was observed at a shallower depth in the eastern Pacific than in the western Pacific.All three size fractions of Chl a measurements in the surface water showed a similar distribution to total Chl a and were found in higher concentrations in the eastern Pacific than in the western and central Pacific.Picoplankton dominated the phytoplankton in the surveyed tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean.Furthermore,pico-Chl a(0.2-2 μm) accounted for a larger percentage of the total Chl a in the central Pacific than it did in the western Pacific and eastern Pacific.In the western Pacific,there seemed to be a latitudinal variability in the phytoplankton community composition where small-sized phytoplankton(<2 μm) were more dominant in the tropical than in the subtropical western Pacific.The spatial and temporal variability and size fractionation of Chl a were controlled by hydrological and chemical characteristics and climate events,such as El Nin o and La Nin a.