中国国家自然保护区土地覆被变化(英文)

For preventing ecosystem degradation,protecting natural habitats and conserving biodiversity within the habitats,2588 nature reserves have been established in China at the end of 2010.The total area is up to 149.44 million ha and covers over 15% of Chinese terrestrial surface.Land-cover change,as the primary driver of biodiversity change,directly impacts ecosystem structures and functions.In this paper,180 National Nature Reserves(NNRs) are selected and their total area is 44.71 million ha,accounting for 29.9% of all NNRs in China.In terms of the ecosystem characteristics and their major protected object,all selected NNRs are classified into 7 types.A Positive and Negative Change Index of Land-cover(PNCIL) was developed to analyze the land-cover change of each NNRs type from the late 1980s to 2005.The results show that the land-cover of all selected NNRs types have degradated to a certain degree except the forest ecosystem reserves with a decreasing rate,but the rate of degradation alleviated gradually.The mean positive and negative change rates of land-cover in all core zones decreased by 0.69% and 0.16% respectively.The landscape pattern of land-cover in the core zones was more stable than that in the buffer zones and the experimental zones.Furthermore,the ecological diversity and patch connectivity of land-cover in selected NNRs increased generally.In short,the land-cover of 180 selected NNRs in China had a beneficial change trend after NNRs established,especially between 1995 and 2005.     

地理知识四个维度与有效教学策略探究

地理知识主要包括事实性知识、概念性知识、程序性知识以及元认知知识等,可以对应称作"是什么"、"怎么样"、"为什么"、"我会学"。作为教师,要使学生成为乐于学习和善于学习的学习者,有必要进行有效教学探究。实践证明,复述策略、直观教学策略、探究合作策略以及思维建模策略能较为圆满地解答上述四个维度的问题。     

Rainfall interception by sand-stabilizing shrubs related to crown structure

On the edge of the Tengger Desert in northern China,revegetation has changed the landscape from moving dunes to stabilized dunes covered by shrubs,which further modifies the pattern of rainfall redistribution.To study rainfall interception loss by shrubs and its relationship to rainfall properties and crown structure,throughfalls passing through crowns of Artemisia ordosica Krash.and Caragana korshinskii Kom.were measured using nine PVC cups under the canopy of each of the two shrubs during 73 rain events over a three-year period,with total rainfall of 260.9 mm.Interception losses of gross rainfall by A.ordosica and C.korshinskii account for 15% and 27% of the total on a crown area basis,and 6% and 11% on a ground area basis,respectively.Individual throughfall(T) and interception(I) were significantly related to rainfall amount(Pg),duration(D),and intensity(R).Ratios of throughfall to rainfall(T/Pg) and interception to rainfall(I/Pg) were not only significantly related to Pg,D,and R,but also to shrub species,and interactions of species with crown volume(CV) and leaf area index(LAI).Under most rain events,interceptions by C.korshinskii with greater CV and LAI were significantly higher than those by A.ordosica,and more rainfall interception occurred at locations closer to the stems of the two shrubs.For C.korshinskii,I/Pg had a significant positive linear relation with CV and LAI,while T/Pg had a significant negative linear relation with them.CV has a greater influence on T/Pg and I/Pg than does LAI.Using a regression method,canopy water storage capacities are estimated to be 0.52 and 0.68 mm,and free throughfall coefficient to be 0.62 and 0.47 for A.ordosica and C.korshinskii,respectively.     

初中地理“类似概念”教学中的困惑与设想

在初中地理教材中,"类似概念"太多,教师不可回避;"类似概念"是初中地理课堂和地理学习的重要组成部分,必须认真对待;"类似概念"容易给课堂教学带来很多困惑,降低学生学习地理的兴趣。对于怎样直面与解决"类似概念"的困惑,提出在教学实践中的对策与设想。     

“自然地理环境的差异性”教学过程设计

导入新课:同学们,大家有没有学习过"二十四节气歌"?师:展示"春雨惊春清谷天,夏满芒夏暑相连,秋处露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒。"师:昨天(11月8日)是什么节气?生:立冬!创设学习情境,布置学习任务。师:下面请同学们观看关于立冬节气介绍的录像片段,请仔细观察录像内容,并找出几句关键的话,本节课上课有用。     

高中地理问答式“学本”的设计和运用

提出地理"学本"的概念,对地理问答式学本的版式、设计理念、技术指导、实施原则和成效等进行了阐述。通过学本实施的预习、教学、整理三个步骤,"我问我答"、"我问他答"、"他问我答"和"再问再答"四个环节,体现学习的差异性和个性发展,形成更准确的学习目标;体现学习的自主性和能力发展,获取更有策略的学习过程;体现学习的协作性和持续发展,达到更有效的学习效果。     

Natural capital accounting in Xi’an City of western China during 1995–2011

As one of the most important metropolitan areas in China, Xi＇an City plays a leading role in the development of the western regions. To impede the decision and policy prefer- ences for environmental and ecological factors, this paper took account of the natural capital depletion of Xi＇an City during 1995-2011, considered in terms of constant 1990 price levels. The results are as follows. （1） Natural capital depletion in Xi＇an City consistently increased from1995 to 2011, increasing from 14.31x108 yuan to 42.28x108 yuan, with an average an- nual growth rate of 12.22%. The primary component of natural capital depletion in Xi＇an City was the cost associated with fossil fuel resource depletion, while the cost associated with ecological services contributed the least to the total cost. （2） During 1995-2011, the proportion of natural capital depletion to Xi＇an City in Yanta and Lianhu districts dropped, whereas in counties such as Gaoling County, Chang＇an District and Lintong District, it increased. In 2011, the proportion of natural capital depletion varied between the different counties： Yanta District （15.75%）, Weiyang District and Lianhu District （10%-15%）, Huxian County, Xincheng District, Beiling District, Chang＇an District, Baqiao District, and Gaoling County （5%-10%）, and in Lintong District, Lantian County, Zhouzhi County and Yanliang District, it was 〈5%. （3） The spatial pattern of natural capital depletion varied with different perspectives, for example, from a total value perspective, a nuclear pattern around the administrative center of Xi＇an City was evident, whereas from a density per capita of natural capital depletion perspective, a bi-nuclear spatial distribution visible in 1995 had become a poly-nuclear distribution by 2011. Conversely, from a density per hectare perspective, a ＂core-edge＂ pattern characterized by three circles was observed. （4） The natural capital depletion relative to GDP curve was in accordance with the environmental Kuznets curve, while the proportion of natural capital de- pletion to GDP was the highest in circle III and the lowest in circle I.     

深度学习下初中地理问题链的教学设计与实施 ——以人教版教材七年级地理下册"巴西"为例

本文以"巴西"为例,阐明了在"研学后教"升级版课堂中开展深度学习、有效设计"研学问题链"是中学地理有效教学的核心,也是落实学生地理核心素养的有效途径.因此,本文构建了以"研学问题链"为核心的深度学习路径,并探讨了深度学习视角下地理问题链的优化设计路径,提出了深度学习下初中地理问题链的实施策略.     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

中国城市新区的空间生产及其演化逻辑（英文）

New Urban Districts(NUDs) are the important spatial carriers to promote urban expansion or transformation. Since the 1990 s, they have been playing a more and more crucial role in China's urbanization. For NUDs in the strict sense we found that: 96% to the east of Hu Line; 56% within the municipal districts; 64% within 36 km from their every city center and below the area of 423 km~2. The regional distribution follows significant spatial difference as "Eastern Region(50%) – Central Region(42%) – Western Region(8%)", and the provinces with the largest number of NUDs are Guangdong, Henan, Zhejiang, Liaoning, and Jiangsu. Furthermore, their interesting constructed process highlights the typical characteristics of spatial production and spatial dialectic. This paper uses the theory of the production of space, and discovers that the growth of NUDs is a rapid ternary dialectical process of spatial production: "representations of space" is guided by the top-down governmental power; "spatial practice" is reflected in the hierarchical and regional difference of spatial elements, such as the type, pattern, distance and area of NUD; "spaces of representation" embodies the tension between governmental power and urban development rights, as well as the countermeasure mechanism. The extensibility of spatiotemporal sequences ensures the unity and continuity of spatial(re)production of NUDs. However, this is also facing a series of challenges like the management coordination of administrative division and the increasing unbalanced or inadequate development. Thus, critically rethinking the evolution of NUD is the key basis for achieving sustainable urban renewal and regional orderly development in the new era.     

新疆自然地名特征

从语种(言)、自然地名通名的自然属性、时段、自然地名专名渊源等四个方面对选取的新疆1120个重要自然地名进行分类,在分类统计的基础上,运用地名语言分析学和地理学相关原理方法分析得出新疆自然地名特征。研究发现:以山体类和水体类自然地名为主,分别占总数的40.5%、35.3%,尤其以山脉(272条)和河流(214条)类自然地名最多,分别占总数的24.3%、19.1%。通名名称的数量及其出现的早晚与人们关注程度以及自然学科研究发展是密切相关的。各民族的聚居及迁徙使新疆自然地名具有浓厚的民族性。自然地名存在10种以上民族语地名以及其他古语和合璧语地名分布的独特现象,各民族对自然地名专名和通名称谓不尽相同。在新疆的自然地名中存在着大量地名通名的叠加,如"塔格山"、"郭勒河"、"库木沙漠"、"布拉克泉"等。民族语地名的空间分布和当地居民的民族成分存在很大的相关性。维吾尔语自然地名的53.6%都分布在和田和喀什地区;哈萨克语自然地名的73.2%分布在伊犁哈萨克自治州直辖市县、阿勒泰地区和哈密地区;蒙古语自然地名的64.3%分布在阿勒泰、博尔塔拉、巴音郭楞和伊犁等地、州。博尔塔拉蒙古自治州有96%的自然地名是蒙古语地名,克孜勒苏自治州的柯尔克孜语地名占到柯尔克孜语总地名的81.6%。自然地名形成和发展具有历史演替性(历史阶段性),保存至今的古语地名仅占2.9%,语源较为复杂并且一些古老的地名在使用过程中已被取代或消失;近现代地名数量最大,并且语种明显易于区别。自然地名专名类型复杂多样,共计13类,从多个方面反映出新疆的资源概况、环境以及人们的心理状态、意识形态以及人们的生活或生产方式等,其中以地物、形态、地名以及颜色类居多;在颜色类中又以黑色、白色最多。文章对新疆现存自然地名存在的问题进行了讨论,发现民族语言的差别造成了新疆自然地名存在多地同名、一地多名和地名的转音现象;此外,自然地名实体之间也存在着等级从属关系。     

水电开发对河流水沙变化的综合影响评价新方法(英文)

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of cascade dams building in international rivers has been widely discussed in China and ASEAN countries since the 1990s. In Southwest China, all the great mountainous rivers have been the major state base for large-scale hydropower development. Among these rivers, the environmental change and response of the watercourse under the cascade dams building in the upper Mekong (called Lancang River in China) has been the focus in recent 20 years. In this paper, the Lancang River, which has over 25 years of large-scale hydropower development, was chosen as a case study for establishing the affected evaluation indicators system and its regression model of runoff and sediment, determining the indicators weight by the hierarchy analysis method and factor analysis method, and setting up the quantitative evaluation models of indicators affected level based on the "marginal efficiency" principle. Using these methods and model established, the influence degree of runoff and sediment in the Lancang River from 1986 to 2007 were assessed. The major results are: (1) the impact of sediment transport change by the cascade development is much higher than that of the runoff change; (2) the years’ number with different impact levels respectively are 72.7% as the "smallest" level, 18.2% as "smaller", and 9.1% as "general"; (3) the change process of runoff and sediment shows a "U-shaped" pattern, which indicates the balance of sediment change because of the interaction of sediment reduction by Manwan reservoir storage and the increase by the Dachaoshan dam construction.     

南方水稻复种指数变化对国家粮食产能的影响及其政策启示（英文）

Changes in rice production in Southern China are crucial to national food security. This study employed Landsat images to map the distributions of paddy rice-cropping systems in Southern China in 1990 and 2015. The impact of rice multiple cropping index changes on grain production capacity was then evaluated. Three important results were obtained for the 1990 to 2015 study period. First, the multiple cropping index for rice decreased from 148.3% to 129.3%, and 253.16×10~4 ha of land area was converted from double-cropping to single-cropping rice, termed "double to single". The area with the most dramatic changes is in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain. The rice-cropping system distribution in Southern China showed a change from north to south with double-cropping rice shrinking and single-cropping rice expanding. Second, the "double to single" conversion led to a reduction of 6.1% and 2.6% in rice and grain production, respectively. Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, located in the main rice producing areas, and Zhejiang, which has shown better economic development, exhibited large reductions in rice production due to the "double to single" conversion, all exceeding 13%. Third, the grain production capacity of converted "double to single" paddy fields is equivalent to that of 223.3 × 10~4 ha of newly reclaimed cultivated land, which is 54% of the total newly cultivated land reclaimed through the 2001–2015 land consolidation project. It is also 1.7 times the target goal for newly cultivated land in the national land consolidation plan for 2016–2020. Making full use of the converted "double to single" paddy fields can save 167.44 billion yuan in newly reclaimed cultivated land costs. Therefore, instead of pursuing low-quality new arable land, it is better to make full use of the existing high-quality arable land. Based on these results, the government should change the assessment method for cultivated land balance, and incorporate the sown area increased by improving the multiple cropping index into the cultivated land compensation indicator.     

主体参与型教学模式在地理课堂教学中的实践与思考——以“交通运输方式和布局变化的影响”为例

美国哈佛大学所做的一项关于学生课堂学习效率的科学调查显示为：①“我听过了,我忘记了”;②“我看过了,我记住了”;③“我做过了,我理解了”。地理课堂就该让学生获得第三种效果,这是课堂教学效率的最高境界。学生是学习的主体,参与是学生心理和知识发展的需要,学生学习效果如何、教学成功与否在很大程度上取决于学生参与的过程。参与是个体投身认识与实践活动的过程和基本形式。学生主体参与教学是其在教学中主体地位最基本的表现形式。在地理课堂教学中,应确保学生的主体地位,使每个学生在主动参与学习、探索、创新的全过程中得到发展。     

基于支架式教学策略的地理教学实践研究——以“自然地理环境的差异性”为例

支架式教学是教师提供学习所需要的支持和补充即支架,使学生能够完成原先凭借自身力量无法独立完成的学习任务。本文以"自然地理环境的差异性"为例,从创设生活情境-搭建问题支架-借助图片支架-实践反思等四个方面,运用支架式教学理论达成教学目标,培养学生能力。     

2003-2013年中国居民健康水平的区域差异（英文）

Health inequality is an increasing concern worldwide.Using the coefficient of variation,Theil index,exploratory spatial data analysis,and spatial panel econometric model,we examined the regional inequality,spatio-temporal dynamic patterns,and key factors in the health status of Chinese residents from 2003 to 2013.We found that China's residential health index(RHI) decreased from 0.404 to 0.295 in 2003–2013 at an annual rate of 2.698%.Spatially,resident health status,based on the RHI,has improved faster in the western region than in the eastern and central regions.Inequality in resident health status continued to increase between 2003 and 2013;inequality between regions decreased,but health status inequality expanded within regions.Furthermore,disparities in health status grew faster in western regions than in the eastern and central regions.The spatial distribution of resident health status formed a "T-shaped" pattern across China,decreasing from east to center then to the west with a symmetric decrease north and south.Using the change in Moran's I from 2003 to 2008 and 2013,we found that the distribution of resident health status across China has narrowed.All the hot spots and cold spots have decreased,but they are also stable.Resident health status formed a stable cold spot in the western regions,while the east coastal area formed a stable hot spot.Selected explanatory variables have significant direct impacts on resident health status in China:increasing per capita GDP,per capita spending on health,and urbanization,and improving environmental quality all lead to better resident health status.Finally,we highlight the need for additional research on regional inequality of resident health status across multiple time,spatial,and factor domains.     

指向地理实践力培养的项目化学习 ——以人教版初中地理"农业"一节为例

地理实践力是地理学科四大核心素养之一,学生地理实践力的形成和发展不是一蹴而就的,需要一个长期、系统、深入的培养过程.项目化学习是一种以学生为主体、以素养培养为导向的新型学习方式,是落实地理实践力培养工作的有效举措之一.本文以人教版初中地理"农业"一节为例,探讨了指向地理实践力培养的项目化学习的实施方法以及注意事项.