塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理.在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上,通过编制塔里木盆地不同时期断裂系统图,提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为:加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期.加里东早期断裂活动受伸展环境制约,沿先存基底断裂带形成张性正断层.加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期断裂活动以逆冲作用为主,在塔东、塔中、塘古巴斯、巴楚和麦盖提地区最为发育.海西晚期断裂活动也是以逆冲作用为特征,并从早期断裂强烈活动的塔中、塘古巴斯、玛东等地区,迁移到塔北隆起和东部地区.印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期,前陆地区断裂构造发育,形成叠瓦冲断带、褶皱-冲断带、双重构造、盐相关构造等;但在盆内稳定区,断裂构造不发育,活动性弱.古生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,主要与区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换、先存基底断裂带、大型区域性不整合、滑脱带等要素密切相关.区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换主要受控于塔里木周缘洋盆的伸展裂解、俯冲消减和洋盆闭合的时限和强度.先存基底断裂带或基底构造软弱带往往控制着后期断裂的发育位置和展布方向.大型区域性不整合和滑脱带控制着断裂构造的发育和分布层位.中、新生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,与区域大地构造环境及其构造转换、区域构造位置有关.中、新生代塔里木断裂构造主要分为三种环境,即前陆构造环境、盆内稳定区构造环境和隆升剥蚀区构造环境.盆内稳定区断裂构造不发育,活动性较弱.中、新生代断裂构造主体发育在前陆构造环境中,主要受控于周缘造山带强烈隆升、挤压冲断、走滑-逆冲或逆冲-走滑作用,同时与喜马拉雅晚期盆-山耦合作用及滑脱层的发育有关.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起东段北东向走滑断裂特征

通过对塔里木盆地巴楚隆起东段地震资料的精细解释,发现研究区发育一系列NE、NEE走向的走滑断裂及逆冲滑脱断裂。主要构造样式有花状构造、平行高陡断裂带、滑脱逆冲叠加走滑断裂等。主要有4期构造活动:加里东中期压扭走滑、海西早期张扭走滑、海西晚期继承压扭走滑、喜山期继承活动。其中,加里东中期Ⅰ幕,开始形成NE走向的撕裂断层-调节断层。加里东中期Ⅲ幕,NE向走滑断裂大规模的沿先存NE向基底薄弱带和NE走向的撕裂断层-调节断层基础上开始发育,同时形成了几组NEE向压扭断裂带。加里东晚期海西早期,沿先存走滑断裂继承发育了一系列负花状走滑断裂。海西晚期、喜山期,部分NE向断裂再次开启继承发育。走滑断裂对碳酸盐岩储集层具强烈的改造作用,具备发育多种圈闭类型的潜力,是油气藏保存和再调整的关键因素。     

柴达木盆地欧龙布鲁克地区构造演化研究

柴北缘东段古生界构造变形特征、构造演化过程研究较为薄弱,尤其是古构造应力场性质及其转变机制尚不明确。文中对欧龙布鲁克地区野外剖面及应力感构造要素(褶皱、节理、擦痕)进行了系统观测和分析,结果表明：加里东晚期应力场为NE向;晚海西-印支期早期为SN向,晚期NW向两期挤压应力场;燕山早期近EW向拉张,燕山晚期及喜山晚期处于NE向挤压应力场。根据欧南凹陷平衡剖面反演结果,对比不同时代地层收缩速率可知,柴北缘东段寒武纪-新近纪构造演化可以分为4个阶段：(1)加里东早期(C -O1)弧后伸展、晚期(O2-S)弧后挤压,导致柴北缘东段初步形成NW向的背斜凸起;(2)晚海西-印支期(P-T)隆升阶段,欧龙布鲁克地区整体处于水体之上,并没有造成盆内二叠系-三叠系的沉积;(3)燕山早期(J1-J2)陆内伸展断陷、晚期(J3-K)挤压反转,欧龙布鲁克地区为继承性隆起,未完全接受沉积;(4)喜山晚期(N-Q)强烈挤压构造变形,逆断层强烈活动使山体快速隆升,基底卷入型构造样式广泛分布。     

晋中南中新生代构造应力场演化及其动力学分析

中生代以来,晋中南经历了多期构造应力场的作用：印支期,在华北板块南北边缘造山带的强烈挤压作用下,形成了近南北方向的水平挤压应力场;燕山期,在西太平洋古陆与亚洲大陆的碰撞、拼贴作用下,形成了北西西—南东东方向的水平挤压应力场;喜山早期,受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞作用的影响,形成了北东—南西方向的水平挤压应力场。新第三纪以来,随着裂陷沉降作用和断陷盆地深部塑性物质上涌底辟作用的增强,晋中南构造应力场演化为以北西—南东方向近水平伸展应力场为主,并且伴随着太行山和霍山的不断隆起,在晋中南东部的沁水含煤向斜中形成了局部挤压应力场。     

广东区域构造及与银矿的关系

广东大地构造位于华南加里东地槽褶皱系.其地质构造划分出雪峰—加里东、海西—印支、燕山和喜山4大构造层.主要深—大断裂带分为NE向深—大断裂带、EW向断裂—岩浆岩带和NW向大断裂带.广东银矿床产布主要受海西—印支构造层和NE向深—大断裂带的控制,大多数银矿床分布于粤中—粤西雪峰—加里东褶皱区内,尤其是不同级别构造单元的接触过渡地带.独立、共生银矿床与区域构造关系更为密切.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘煤田构造演化及其控制因素

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘位于华北陆块和秦祁昆山造山带两个一级大地构造单元之间的过渡带内,特定的大地构造背景使其具有复杂的构造演化历程及特殊的煤田构造格局。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘由贺兰山逆冲推覆构造系统和六盘山东麓逆冲推覆构造系统组成,具有"南北分段、东西分带"的特点。为了进一步探讨鄂尔多斯盆地西缘煤田构造格局的形成演化及区域构造控制因素,本文基于野外地质调查和煤田勘查资料,恢复了本区自晚古生代以来的沉降抬升史和古构造应力场特征。印支期:研究区北部最大主压应力方向为北西-南东向,南部最大主压应力方向为北东-南西向;燕山期:北部最大主压应力方向为北西西-南东东向,南部最大主压应力方向为北东东-南西西向;喜马拉雅山期:北部受北西西-南东东向拉张应力,南部最大主压应力方向为北东-南西向。采用有限元数值模拟,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地西缘煤田构造格局的形成与区域构造的演化的关系,强调北段贺兰山逆冲推覆构造系统的形成与阿拉善地块的向东挤出逃逸密切相关。     

西秦岭南缘玛曲断裂中段构造特征及其意义

玛曲断裂为西秦岭南缘一条NWW-SEE走向的区域性大断裂,区域上为由北向南的逆冲断层。研究结果表明:玛曲断裂中段主要经过3期构造运动事件,早期受NNE向应力强烈挤压形成NWW—NW向褶皱,主要为印支晚期的左旋逆冲运动;中期以燕山期的右旋张性走滑为主;晚期则以喜马拉雅晚期的左旋逆冲为主。     

秦岭断裂系和郯庐断裂带南段新生代运动历史及其构造应力机制转换

自中晚始新世以来,受到区域引张构造应力作用,华北地区发生了强烈的陆内裂谷,导致了东西两大盆地系统的形成和发展。引张构造的动力起源一直是人们争论的问题.提出了不同的大陆动力学假说。本文介绍秦岭活动断裂系和郯庐断裂带南段的新生代断层运动学的野外观测和构适应力分析结果。渭河地堑位于鄂尔多斯南缘,其南界为东西走向的秦岭活动断裂系。通过影响地堑内新生代沉积物的断层运动学的野外分析和构造应力反演,结果表明盆地的演化经历了三期地壳引张构造期:早期北西西—南东东向引张发生在早第三纪,至新第三纪时期引张方向转变为北东—南西向,上新世至第四纪时期引张方向又转变为北西—南东向。位于盆地南缘的东西向秦岭断裂系相应地发生了早期以右旋走滑为主、中期以正向滑动     

江南断裂构造属性及成生环境初探

江南断裂作为江南隆起带北缘边界的区域性断裂,时空变形特点表现为前燕山期非造山性质的沉积相突变带和燕山期具造山性质的构造变形带。突变带内同生角砾岩仅具相带划分意义。构造变形带内江南断裂中浅层宏观总体表现逆冲断层;地质证据和ESR年龄证据表明断裂作用起始于燕山早期,持续至喜山早期;宏微观构造、包体测温和差异应力等综合研究显示断层总体处于脆性、低温、低差异应力构造变形环境。但江南断裂现今中浅层主要变形形迹和成生条件所表现的构造属性与空间断层性质不相对应,原因可能与中浅层构造变形样式、基底变形特征及区域应力作用特点有关。     

邯郸-峰峰矿区构造应力场分析及其影响

通过野外露头共轭剪节理的产状测量，采用数学统计方法进行分期配套，总结了邯郸-峰峰矿区地台盖层沉积以来主要经历的三期构造应力：第一期为印支期，主压应力近南北向，影响较弱；第二期为燕山中期，主压应力为南东一北西向，影响较强烈；第三期发生在中生代末期至古近纪喜山期，主压应力为北北东一南南西向，主要表现为北西西-南东东方向的拉张。     

银根-额济纳旗盆地西缘的中-新生代伸展构造

银根-额济纳旗盆地简称银额盆地,是中亚造山带南缘的一个中-新生代沉积盆地。最近的野外地质调查,在其西缘发现早侏罗世和第四纪晚期的伸展构造。早侏罗世的伸展构造为一系列走向NNW-SSE 的正断层,是下侏罗统的同沉积断层。这组正断层与银额盆地内NNE-SSW 走向的正断层组合成共轭断裂系统,指示古构造应力场的最大主拉张应力方向为近E-W。它们是中亚造山带（南缘）造山后应力伸展阶段的构造变形。第四纪晚期的伸展构造是由两条倾向相向的正断层组合成的地堑构造,走向进E-W,可能代表了喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应脉动式演化过程的一个构造间歇期。     

山东胶莱盆地构造变形及形成演化——以王氏群和大盛群变形分析为例

胶莱盆地是形成于中生代晚侏罗世的陆相盆地，构造变形较为复杂。在野外断裂构造变形观测的基础上，结合年代学数据和地层沉积序列，确立了胶莱盆地白垩纪的变形演化历史。总体上，胶莱盆地在形成和演化过程中沉积了3套地层，经历了多个构造变形阶段。其中，发生在白垩纪的变形阶段主要有：(1)早白垩世早期，鲁东地区受区域近E—W向引张应力场控制，胶莱盆地发生大规模的火山喷发，喷发间歇期沉积了大盛群；早白垩世晚期，受强烈的区域性NW—SE向挤压，胶莱盆地褶皱回返。(2)晚白垩世早期，在区域近S—N向引张应力作用下，诸城断陷盆地发育，王氏群沉积；晚白垩世晚期，胶莱盆地受区域性NE—SW向挤压，导致王氏群褶皱变形。     

银额盆地及周缘的两期晚新生代伸展构造:喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应的两个构造间歇期

银额盆地是中亚造山带南缘的一个中-新生代沉积盆地。在2017～2018年的野外地质调查期间,我们在银额盆地及周缘发现了多处晚新生代的伸展构造。这些伸展构造主要是一系列的正断层,还有同期的“X”共轭节理。相邻的两条倾向相对的正断层形成地堑。杭乌拉南正断层和鼎新镇北地堑形成于第四纪晚期,北山煤矿的正断层活动时间可能也是第四纪晚期。第四纪晚期正断层走向近E-W;伴生的鼎新镇北“X”共轭节理由走向NE-SW和NW-SE两组近直立的节理组成。苏宏图背斜上发育的正断层形成于新近纪晚期—第四纪早期,走向近E-W。古应力场分析,两期伸展构造的最大主拉张应力方向都是近N-S。这两期晚新生代伸展构造属于喜马拉雅碰撞造山的远程效应的组成部分,代表了远程效应脉动式演化过程的两个构造间歇期。     

准噶尔西北缘石炭-二叠纪构造转换期变形分析及其地质意义

通过对扎伊尔山至哈拉阿拉特山一带详细的构造变形分析, 揭示出准噶尔西北缘主要发育以下3组构造组合: 近南北向、北东-南西向和近东西向.其变形序列为: 晚石炭世早期, 发育近南北向褶皱-冲断构造; 晚石炭世时期, 近南北向构造线受牵引拖拽呈北东-南西向, 达尔布特、克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩以右旋走滑拉出或侧向楔冲形式构造就位于上覆石炭系中; 晚石炭世晚期至二叠纪, 发育以达尔布特断裂为代表的北东-南西向伸展断裂, 伴随广泛的中基性岩脉及花岗岩侵入; 二叠纪末至三叠纪初, 发育广泛的近东西向劈理、哈山一带逆冲推覆构造及达尔布特左旋走滑活动.石炭纪至二叠纪, 西准地区经历了从俯冲到碰撞再到碰撞后陆内变形的演化过程, 伴随着挤压和伸展多期构造叠加, 充分体现了该地区复杂构造转换变形的动力学过程.      

渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪沉积与构造演化

覆盖区侏罗—白垩系分布、变形特征及构造演化对理解华北克拉通破坏过程具有重要意义。根据编制的地层分布图和地震资料解释,研究了渤海海域侏罗—白垩纪时期沉积、构造变形及演化特征。渤海海域燕山期构造变形与板块俯冲引起的地幔上拱有关。早-中侏罗世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北西向俯冲,地层展布继承了印支期古构造格局,呈近东西向,属于坳陷成盆期。晚侏罗—早白垩世,库拉—伊泽奈崎板块北北西向俯冲,火山活动强烈,为热拱断陷期。受郯庐断裂左行活动影响,地层展布具有明显分带性,多呈北东—南西向和北西西—南东东向。晚白垩世,太平洋板块北西向俯冲挤压,岩浆冷凝,进入萎缩隆褶期。     

华北克拉通北缘喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世构造演化过程与形成模式

对于喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世构造过程与形成模式长期以来存在着不同的认识。通过详细的野外构造观察及擦痕应力场反演,并结合前人年代学数据,有效地制约了喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世的构造演化,并对其形成模式进行了分析。结果表明,起源于晚侏罗世的喀喇沁变质核杂岩,在早白垩世(141～100 Ma)再次经历了强烈的伸展与岩浆活动。在此伸展活动中,沿着核部杂岩两侧分别发育了NE走向、倾向相反的楼子店-八里罕和上店-东风大型正断层,进而控制两侧半地堑式的小牛与平庄盆地的发育。在这两条边界断层的伸展运动及随后的均衡隆升中,核部杂岩不断抬升与剥露,先后发育了NE-NNE向的伸展韧性变形带与脆性正断层。这些早白垩世韧性和脆性伸展构造一致指示拉张方向为NW-SE向。综合分析表明,区内早白垩世伸展活动经历了141～134 Ma的初始伸展与同构造岩体侵位阶段、133～126 Ma的边界断层强烈活动与核部快速抬升阶段以及125～100Ma的均衡隆升阶段。喀喇沁变质核杂岩在早白垩世的伸展活动中转变为地垒式伸展穹窿,其强烈伸展活动出现在华北克拉通破坏峰期,动力学背景是古太平洋板块俯冲导致的远场弧后拉张。     

Aspects of the structural evolution of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal and the shelf and slope area offshore Portugal

The study provides a regional seismic interpretation and mapping of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession of the Lusitanian Basin and the shelf and slope area off Portugal. The seismic study is compared with previous studies of the Lusitanian Basin. From the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous the study area experienced four rift phases and intermittent periods of tectonic quiescence. The Triassic rifting was concentrated in the central part of the Lusitanian Basin and in the southernmost part of the study area, both as symmetrical grabens and half-grabens. The evolution of half-grabens was particularly prominent in the south. The Triassic fault-controlled subsidence ceased during the latest Late Triassic and was succeeded by regional subsidence during the early Early Jurassic (Hettangian) when deposition of evaporites took place. A second rift phase was initiated in the Early Jurassic, most likely during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian. This resulted in minor salt movements along the most prominent faults. The second phase was concentrated to the area south of the Nazare Fault Zone and resulted here in the accumulation of a thick Sinemurian–Callovian succession. Following a major hiatus, probably as a result of the opening of the Central Atlantic, resumed deposition occurred during the Late Jurassic. Evidence for Late Jurassic fault-controlled subsidence is widespread over the whole basin. The pattern of Late Jurassic subsidence appears to change across the Nazare Fault Zone. North of the Nazare Fault, fault-controlled subsidence occurred mainly along NNW–SSE-trending faults and to the south of this fault zone a NNE–SSW fault pattern seems to dominate. The Oxfordian rift phase is testified in onlapping of the Oxfordian succession on salt pillows which formed in association with fault activity. The fourth and final rift phase was in the latest Late Jurassic or earliest Early Cretaceous. The Jurassic extensional tectonism resulted in triggering of salt movement and the development of salt structures along fault zones. However, only salt pillow development can be demonstrated. The extensional tectonics ceased during the Early Cretaceous. During most of the Cretaceous, regional subsidence occurred, resulting in the deposition of a uniform Lower and Upper Cretaceous succession. Marked inversion of former normal faults, particularly along NE–SW-trending faults, and development of salt diapirs occurred during the Middle Miocene, probably followed by tectonic pulses during the Late Miocene to present. The inversion was most prominent in the central and southern parts of the study area. In between these two areas affected by structural inversion, fault-controlled subsidence resulted in the formation of the Cenozoic Lower Tagus Basin. Northwest of the Nazare Fault Zone the effect of the compressional tectonic regime quickly dies out and extensional tectonic environment seems to have prevailed. The Miocene compressional stress was mainly oriented NW–SE shifting to more N–S in the southern part.     

郯庐断裂带(安徽段)及邻区的动力学分析与区域构造演化

依据区域构造层次划分,采用构造筛分法,层层深入,层层筛分,确定发生于各个不同时代地层/岩层内的断裂活动的同期及叠加的应力场特征。综合所有的同期应力场特征及辅以叠加的应力场特征来验证,从而确定了一个连续的、完整的断裂活动的应力场演化序列;结合区域构造变形特征分析,阐明郯庐断裂带(安徽段)的构造演化。应力场分析显示:晚三叠-早侏罗世应力场为北北西—南南东或近南北向挤压,属古特提斯构造域,断裂发生同造山走滑;早白垩世早期,应力场为北西—南东向挤压,断裂发生左行走滑运动,中国东部处于西环太平洋构造域;早白垩世晚期—古新世(始新世),区域发生北西—南东向伸展作用,断裂处于伸展断陷作用阶段;新生代,受区域上近东西向的挤压作用影响,断裂发生挤压逆冲兼右行走滑作用。     

Architecture and early evolution of the Oslo Rift

A revised assessment of architecture and pre-rift fabric connections of the Oslo Rift has been undertaken and linked to a new appraisal of observations and data related to the initial phase of the rift evolution. In addition to half-graben segmentation, accommodation zones and transfer faults are readily identified in the linking sectors between the two main grabens and between graben segments. Axial flexures are proposed between facing half-grabens. The accommodation zones were generally sites of volcanism during rifting. Pre-rift tectonic structures played an influential role in the rift location and development. The deviant N-S axis of the Vestfold graben segment is viewed as related to pre-rift structural control through faults and shear zones. This area was probably a site of Proterozoic/Palaeozoic crustal and lithospheric attenuation.

Field evidence suggests that the rift started as a crustal sag with no apparent surface faulting in a flat and low-lying land at a time about 305–310 Ma. Volcanism, sub-surface sill intrusion and faulting started about simultaneously some time after the initial sag (300–305 Ma). Faulting and basaltic volcanism were initially localized to transfer faults along accommodation zones and a NNW-SSE transtensional zone along the eastern margin of the incipient Vestfold graben segment. This transtensional zone was probably created by right-lateral simple shear tracing pre-rift structures in response to a regional stress field with the tensional axis normal and the maximum compressional axis parallel to the NNE-SSW-trending rift axis.     

Thermochronological evidence for Mesozoic–Tertiary tectonic evolution in the eastern Sardinia

Apatite fission‐track analyses on samples from eastern Sardinia document a complex tectonic history, whose reconstruction is problematic because of the reactivation of faults and structures at different times from Jurassic to Miocene. The oldest ages (150–154 Ma) have been detected on the southern margin of the Gulf of Orosei and are related to the extensional tectonics that characterize the European passive margin during Early and Middle Jurassic times. Thermal modelling of these data allows reconstruction of the burial history of the Mesozoic basin and estimation of a sedimentary thickness of 2000 m. Part of these sediments was eroded during the following uplift, documented by mid‐Cretaceous fission‐track ages. A further exhumation episode of Eocene age has been revealed by fission‐track data on granite samples, and has been inferred to be related to the Alpine orogenic phase. This tectonic episode caused the exhumation of crustal blocks bound by faults that were finally reactivated during the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene.