西江的河流阶地与洪冲积阶地

西江第一级阶地主要由Q3沉积构成,三水青歧以上属于可被洪水淹没的半埋藏阶地,与Q4河漫滩共同组成冲积平原,青歧以下属于西江三角洲下面的埋藏阶地.第二级阶地主要由Q2末期的冲积物组成,少量可延续到Q3初期;第三级阶地多由Q2中期的冲积物组成;第四级阶地仅在封开发现,是目前广东最高的河流阶地,由Q1末期或Q2初期的冲积物构成.西江两旁有老和新的两级洪冲积阶地,老阶地高出山前倾斜平原,主要由Q2洪冲积物组成,新阶地在山前倾斜平原呈埋藏和半埋藏状态,主要由Q3洪冲积物组成,与少量的Q4洪冲积物共同组成该山前倾斜平     

粤北地区的河流阶地——广东河流阶地研究之三

依据粤北至少16条河流、34处河流阶地、30个14C或热释光测龄数据等情况,探讨该区阶地的分布与特征:粤北最多有6级河流阶地,其最大阶地高度60 m,低于粤东和粤西5～16 m;第一级阶地变形最明显:乐昌峡以上属于常态阶地,乐昌峡以下属于半埋藏阶地;三水以下进入珠江三角洲属于埋藏阶地.第一级阶地冲积物时代为晚更新世至中...     

闽西仙云洞空间结构特征及其影响因素浅析

闽西赖源溶洞群是冠豸山国家地质公园的一部分,仙云洞又名出气洞,是赖源溶洞群中最大一个洞穴。采用V级洞穴测量标准,对仙云洞展开系统的洞穴测量,绘制大比例尺洞穴平面图和三维展布图,参考已有的地质资料和文献资料探讨了仙云洞洞道发育的主要影响因素,结果显示:1)仙云洞探明的洞道总长度为2 470 m,总面积约为1.5万m2,洞穴深度约74 m,属于大型洞穴。洞口为洞穴最高点,海拔968 m,最低点海拔为894 m;2)仙云洞洞道主要沿北东向、北西向和近东西向发育,洞道主要呈廊道状结构,局部发育面积较大的厅堂,洞道走向蜿蜒曲折,发育数条支洞,部分洞道崩塌堆积多见;3)仙云洞的洞穴系统发育于栖霞组(P2q)地层中,受地层产状、北东向与北西向断层控制。4)洞穴北部3层水平洞层较为明显,上两层可能与洞外的赖源溪1~2级阶地发育相关。深入探讨洞穴发育与区域水文地貌演化历史需要进一步开展大比例地图测绘,洞内溶蚀形态和沉积形态深入调查研究,洞外喀斯特地貌调查,同时开展地下河联通示踪实验。     

封面照片:西秦岭

<正>秦岭自西向东横亘于我国中部,可分为西、中、东三段。西段称西秦岭,其地质构造属秦岭褶皱的西延部分;地处我国地势的第一级阶梯向第二级阶梯的过渡带,西部向甘南高原过渡,北部向陇中黄土高原过渡,南部向四川盆地过渡,东部跨嘉陵江与秦岭中段和汉中盆地连接。西秦岭的海拔一般在2 000~4 000 m,主要山脉有太皇山(海拔3 113 m)、陇南山地(最高峰雄黄山,海拔4 187 m)、鸟鼠山(海拔2 609 m)、迭山(海拔4 920 m)等;山脉走向以东西向为主,陇南山地的走向大致呈西北到东南。西秦岭山岭波状起伏,有许多深     

风化基座的双层夷平结构及其意义——以粤北坪石盆地第6级河流阶地为例

武江在坪石段共保留下6级基座阶地.坪石的多级基座阶地是在与粤北金鸡岭夷平面同期发育的准平原基础上,由河流的阶段性下切所形成.本区由于受以掀斜运动为特征的新构造运动的影响,阶地所在的西南岸台地区抬升速率约为0.073 m/ka,大于金鸡岭夷平面0.066 m/ka的抬升速率,致使武江在坪石段不断向东北方向摆动,沿途形成了多级基座阶地.在湿热气候条件下,尤其是在基座上覆富含有机质的河漫滩相沉积物的"储酸池"效应作用下,阶地基座发生了强烈的化学风化.该风化基座具有双层夷平结构,与我国南方覆盖型岩溶的双层夷平结构在成因上具有一致性.     

黄河三门峡至扣马段的阶地序列及成因

通过对黄河三门峡至扣马段的野外地貌调查, 结合黄土地层学、年代学分析, 发现黄 河在位于豫西断隆的三门峡至孟津段发育至少4 级阶地, 其形成时代由老到新分别为: 0.86 Ma BP、0.62 Ma BP、0.13 Ma BP 和0.05 Ma BP; 在位于华北断坳的孟津至扣马段仅发育 3 级阶地, 形成时代分别为: 1.24 Ma BP、0.25 Ma BP 和0.05 Ma BP。黄河各级阶地的河流 相沉积物顶部都有一层古土壤发育表明, 黄河下切形成阶地的过程发生在古土壤发育的间冰 期, 气候变化对阶地的形成有一定影响, 但是, 黄河流经豫西断隆和华北断坳两个抬升状况 差异较大的构造单元所表现出来的阶地序列和年代的迥然差异则证明了地面抬升也是控制黄 河阶地发育的重要因素。     

巴丹吉林典型高大沙山粒度分布规律研究

选巴丹吉林沙漠典型高大沙山(1 605 m)为研究对象,对沙山沉积物进行系统采样分析。结果表明,巴丹吉林沙漠典型高大沙山(1 605 m)粒度组成中细砂含量最高,中砂次之;粗砂、极细砂和粗粉砂含量均较少,胶粒、粘粒、细粉砂未出现。迎风坡沉积物粒度比背风坡细。迎风坡砂粒大小均匀、分选好,迎风坡沉积物颗粒较背风坡总体要均匀。沙山迎风坡和背风坡沉积物由坡脚至顶部粒径总体变细,砂粒大小趋于均匀,分选变好,偏度和峰态由波动趋于稳定。大沙山迎风坡下部侵蚀作用为主,背风坡中上部以风力堆积为主,下部以重力堆积为主。     

基于侧扫声呐影像的南海珊瑚礁沉船及周边地形重建

利用南海某珊瑚礁区所获得的一艘沉船的单幅侧扫声呐影像,定量重建了沉船及其周边地形。沉船区侧扫声呐数据经过格式转换、影像生成、水体去除、影像增益校正和坐标转换等预处理后,采用明暗恢复形状（Shape From Shading, SFS）方法反演声呐影像的水深,获得沉船区的水下地形数据,重建了该区域的三维地形地貌。结果显示,沉船位于珊瑚礁西侧礁坡区,该区为典型的礁坡地貌形态,由东向西水深递增,变化于-1.8~-165.4 m之间,按水深和坡度的不同可划分为地势较平缓的两级阶地和地势陡峭的两级坡地。沉船坐底于礁坡第二级阶地（宽约87 m,平均水深约-26.7 m,平均坡度约5.7°）,船体呈EES—WWN走向,长约45 m,宽约9 m,高约4 m,排水量估计为500~600 t,船体残破。利用侧扫声呐影像开展地形地貌的定量反演和重建是对侧扫声呐影像地形地貌定性分析的有效补充,能更全面、更详细地揭示珊瑚礁地形地貌的特征。     

福建龙岩龙石空洞发育双酸模式

发育在早二叠世栖霞组大理岩化夹硅质层和含硅质结核的石灰岩中的龙石空洞,是华东地区重要的风景旅游洞穴。是一个干洞与地下河相结合的洞穴系统。由于栖霞组石灰岩与上覆的童子岩夹煤层砂页岩、文笔山砂页岩及下伏的泥盆纪石英砂砾岩呈断层接触,断层接触带形成了地表沟谷。燕山晚期花岗岩侵入时导致栖霞灰岩变质。在地形上,夹煤层砂页岩不仅覆盖在栖霞灰岩上,而且出露部位比灰岩体高。出自煤系地层的水会顺坡或垂直流入灰岩体。出自煤系砂页岩的地下水pH值为3.78～4.73,SO4-2达到240mg/l。源自泥岩夹薄层砂岩和花岗岩地区的地表水,具有pH值6.85～7.25及低Ca2+、HCO3-值水也会流入灰岩体。直接出露灰岩体,雨水入渗土壤,溶解土壤CO2后再进入石灰岩。因此,龙石空洞系统是外源水与内源水共同作用的结果,是由碳酸水和硫酸水联合作用的新型洞穴双成因发育模式的一例。     

金沙江其宗河段河谷演化及其工程效应

金沙江其宗河段实地调研揭示:该河段共发育Ⅳ级阶地,其中Ⅳ级阶地卵砾石比Ⅲ级阶地的风化程度强得多;测年显示Ⅳ级阶地形成年代距今约80～90 ka,Ⅲ级阶地形成距今仅40～50 ka,取自zk204钻孔下部炭化木的14C测年为45 ka,这表明Ⅳ级阶地形成后,河谷一直下切到基覆界面,回填加积至现今Ⅲ级阶地的高度,然后又重新下切,形成Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级及Ⅰ级阶地,在形成程式上与川西河谷演化有较为明显的差异.由于河床覆盖层中、下部形成于晚更新世,具有超固结效果,不但承载力高而且不具有液化性.     

粤西河流阶地的分布与特征

依据广东西部超过18条河流、39处河流阶地、至少35个14C、热释光的冲积层测龄数据等情况,可知粤西最多有4级河流阶地(不包括湛江组和北海组阶地);多数河流最高阶地靠近现代主河床分布,深切曲流中有河流阶地,反映近数十万年来河床改道不大;西江在封开有广东高度最高(76 m)的河流阶地,而广东高度最高的地下河阶地是111 m,大致显示出地面与地下剥蚀强度的差异;通常山区河流长度越大,河漫滩和河流阶地的高度越大,河流阶地的级数和级别也常增加;在河流上游的下段和中游的上段,河流阶地的高度最大且级数也最多;在晚更新世之前与后,河谷中下游地区的新构造运动趋势由上升变为稳定或沉降;连滩盆地是广东全新世构造沉降最典型的山间盆地。     

Response of small mid-mountain rivers to human impact with particular reference to the last 200 years; Eastern Sudetes, Central Europe

In the mid-mountains of Central Europe relict forms of periglacial morphogenesis occur, including debris slope covers. However, the Holocene forest succession limited sediment transfer towards valley systems.The eastern, mid-mountain part of the Sudetes, characterised by a dense stream network and by the local occurrence of metallic and gold ores, was already settled by humans in early medieval times. Timber from the forested slopes was used to produce charcoal and streams acted as energy sources for smelting plants and smithies. Agriculture developed on less inclined slopes. Temporal clearances on steep slopes and replacement of primeval beech forest by spruce trees, influenced water circulation on slopes. The exposed slope covers were transferred to valley floors during high precipitation events. Consequently, they were selectively redeposited within the floodplain, changing the former channel pattern, especially at confluences. The introduction of cultivation on slopes triggered intense soil erosion so that agricultural terraces were built in order to prevent surface wash. The terraces are often strengthened with stone walls up to 4.5 m high. Terraces acted as ‘sediment traps’, storing the washed material within the slope. The layers of fine-grained colluvial sediments, which can be linked with agriculture, cover the older, debris slope covers. The colluvium is especially thick at the terrace edges. Despite the protective role of terracing, part of the washed material was transferred to valleys, often becoming overbank deposits, covering older gravel and boulder alluvium. The decline of iron ore exploitation and processing, at the beginning of the 19th century, together with agricultural withdrawal, which was especially radical after the 2nd World War, resulted in successive renaturalisation of the environment being followed by slope stabilisation and deepening of bigger river channels.The results led to the conclusion that a strong human impact on the slope–valley system in the mid-mountain part of the Eastern Sudetes influenced changes in the dynamics and morphology of small rivers to a much higher extent than the climate variations, especially during the Little Ice Age.     

Desert pavement characteristics on wadi terrace and alluvial fan surfaces: Wadi Al-Bih, U.A.E. and Oman

In arid mountain areas, the dating and correlation of alluvial depositional surfaces is often uncertain. Especially in regions where the geomorphology is not well known, surface modification by the development of soil and desert pavement may allow the correlation of geomorphic surfaces and estimation of at least their relative ages. Pleistocene wadi terraces and associated alluvial fans occur in Wadi Al-Bih, U.A.E. and Oman, for which correlations and age relationships are not known. Three age-related groups of fans and terraces have been identified and mapped on the basis of their morphostratigraphic relationships. Deposition of the oldest terrace sediments and associated fans followed a long period of sustained incision after Miocene uplift of the region. The younger two groups of terraces and fans are inset within the older group. To identify the gross effects of pavement development, comparisons have been made between terrace surface and subsurface particle-size distributions. The older terraces have finer surface sediments and a greater contrast between finer surface and subsurface sediments than the younger terraces. This reflects the degree of pavement development. Particle size on the fan surfaces is comparable with that on the equivalent terrace surfaces. Criteria for the classification of pavements were developed based on clast fracturing and angularity, size, sorting, packing, and surface texture, from which a simple index of pavement development has been derived. Other properties, rock varnish and weathering characteristics, were also recorded; but these proved to be less discriminatory than pavement characteristics. The pavement data have been augmented by observations on soils. Detailed studies of pavements on terraces (8 sites, 12 samples covering the three age groups) and fans (5 sites, 10 samples covering the three age groups) allow differentiation between age-groups. The three terraces show three different age-related pavement types, expressed by differences in the pavement development index. Weakly-developed pavements (little fracturing, sub-rounded clasts, some modification of the depositional fabric, incipient soil development, stage I CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the youngest terrace and fan surfaces. Moderately-developed pavements (clast fracturing, sub-angular clasts, moderate sorting and packing, deeper soil development, stage II CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the middle terrace and fan surfaces. Well-developed pavements (complete clast fracturing into small angular fragments, mature sorting and packing of the pavement surface, deep soil development with strong horizonation, stage III CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the highest terrace and oldest fan surfaces. There are minor differences between the youngest pavements on terraces and fans, which reflect initial sedimentological differences. These differences become less as the pavements develop. On the basis of comparative studies, the oldest terrace is estimated to date from sometime prior to ca. 100 ka BP, the second terrace and the most extensive fan surface from the Late Pleistocene, and the youngest terrace and fan phase from the Latest Pleistocene or Early Holocene.     

河流对0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的地貌响应研究

以兰州盆地0.8 Ma B.P.阶地为例证,运用古地磁测年方法,通过收集相关文献,分析讨论了0.8 Ma B.P.阶地与0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的联系。结果表明：① 0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件主要表现在气候转型、构造运动等方面,具有群发性和全球性特点;② 兰州盆地以及其他区域0.8 Ma B.P.阶地存在的证据,表明河流在0.8 Ma B.P. 前后普遍发生过一次下切事件;③ 0.8 Ma B.P.阶地是河流对0.8 Ma B.P.环境突变事件的地貌响应,构造运动为提供了下切驱动力,而气候变化则控制了下切时间。     

Tectonic control of the Tejo river fluvial incision during the late Cenozoic, in Ródão—central Portugal (Atlantic Iberian border)

Staircases of strath terraces and strongly incised valleys are the most typical landscape features of Portuguese rivers. This paper examines the incision achieved during the late Cenozoic in an area crossed by the Tejo river between the border with Spain and the small town of Gavião. In the more upstream reach of this area, the Tejo crosses the Ródão tectonic depression, where four levels of terraces are distinguished. During the late Cenozoic fluvial incision stage, the Ródão depression underwent less uplift than the adjacent areas along the river. This is reflected by the greater thicknesses and spatial extent of the terraces; terrace genesis was promoted by impoundment of alluvium behind a quartzitic ridge and the local presence of a soft substratum. Outside this tectonic depression, the Tejo has a narrow valley incised in the Hercynian basement, with some straight reaches that probably correspond to NE–SW and NNW–SSE faults, the terraces being nearly absent. Geomorphological evidence of tectonic displacements affecting the Ródão dissected terrace remnants is described. Geochronological dating of the two younger and lower terrace levels of this depression suggests a time-averaged incision rate for the Tejo in the Ródão area, of ca. 1.0 m/ka over the last 60 thousand years. A clear discrepancy exists between this rate and the 0.1 m/ka estimated for the longer period since the end of the Pliocene. Although episodes of valley incision may be conditioned by climate and base-level changes, they may also have been controlled by local factors such as movement of small fault-bounded blocks, lithology and structure. Regional crustal uplift is considered to be the main control of the episodes of valley incision identified for this large, long-lived river. A model is proposed in which successive regional uplift events—tectonic phases—essentially determined the long periods of rapid river downcutting that were punctuated by short periods of lateral erosion and later by some aggradation, producing strath terraces.     

贵州高原北部河流阶地发育与喀斯特地貌演化

贵州高原北部发育平缓丘丛和深切峰丛2种喀斯特地貌组合,保存于喀斯特山间盆地的河流阶地对区域地貌演化具有指示意义.本文根据阶地发育特征和光释光(OSL)测年,分析阶地形成的时代和动力,结合区域地质背景,探讨构造抬升和河流侵蚀对黔北喀斯特地貌演化的驱动作用.结果显示,绥阳盆地T1阶地时代18.8?8.2 ka,T2时代14...     

Quaternary sediments in the Dien Bien Phu fault zone, NW Vietnam: a record of young tectonic processes in the light of OSL-SAR dating results

The Dien Bien Phu fault zone (DBP), orientated NNE to N, is one of the most seismically active zones in Indochina. In NW Vietnam, this zone is 160 km long and 6–10 km wide, cutting sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Late Proterozoic, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age, as well as Palaeozoic and Late Triassic granitoids. Along the DBP relatively small, narrow pull-apart basins occur, the three largest of which (Chan Nua, Lai Chau and Dien Bien Phu) have been studied in detail. All of them are bounded by sinistral and sinistral-normal faults, responsible for offset and deflected drainage, presence of numerous shutter ridges and displaced terraces and alluvial fans. The normal component of motion is testified to by well-preserved triangular facets on fault scarps, highly elevated straths in river watergaps, overhanging tributary valleys, as well as high and uneven river-bed gradients.Our observations indicate a minimum recent sinistral offset ranging from 6–8 to 150 m for Holocene valleys to 1.2–9.75 km for middle–late Pleistocene valleys in different fault segments. The thickness of Quaternary sediments varies from 5–25 m in the Lai Chau area to some 130 m in the Dien Bien Phu Basin. In the Lai Chau Basin, the middle terrace (23 m) alluvia of Nam Na River at Muong Te bridge have been optically stimulated luminescence/single aliquot regenerative dose technique (OSL-SAR) dated at 23–40 to 13 ka. These sediments were normal-faulted by some 11 m after 13 ka, and mantled by vari-coloured slope loams, 8–12 m thick, containing colluvial wedges composed of angular debris. These wedges were probably formed due to at least three palaeoseismic events postdating 6 ka. In the Dien Bien Phu Basin, in turn, alluvium of the upper Holocene terraces has been OSL-SAR dated to 6.5–7 and 1.7–1.0 ka, whereas the younger (sub-recent) terrace sediments give ages of 0.5–0.2 ka.Displaced terraces and alluvial fans allow us to suppose that the sinistral and sinistral-normal faults bounding narrow pull-apart basins in the southern portion of the DBP fault reveal minimum rates of left-lateral strike-slip ranging from 0.6 to 2 mm/year in Holocene and 0.5–3.8 mm/year in Pleistocene times, whereas rates of Holocene uplift tend to attain 1 mm/year north of Lai Chau and 0.4–0.6 mm/year west of Dien Bien Phu. More precise estimations, however, are difficult to obtain due to poor age control of the displaced drainage. Rates of Quaternary strike-slip are comparable with those of the Red River fault; the sense of movement being, however, opposite. Taking into account the presence of two phases of Late Cenozoic strike-slip of contrasting sense of motion, as well as the geometry of the two fault zones, we hypothesize that the Red River and Dien Bien Phu faults are conjugate faults capable of generating relatively strong earthquakes in the future.     

长江三峡阶地的成因机制

根据对长江三峡阶地堆积物进行的野外调查与室内分析发现三峡阶地的成因具有以下特点:构成阶地上部的河漫滩相堆积、中部的冲积砾石层与作为阶地基座的基岩平台是在不同时期形成的;阶地上部河漫滩相堆积是在中全新世气候温暖、长江三峡高水位条件下形成的.因此,长江三峡阶地是在构造上升的基础上由于气候及长江三峡流量及水位变化而形成的,并非一定是间歇性构造上升的标志.     

Glacial and Fluvial Deposits in the Aragón Valley,Central‐Western Pyrenees: Chronology of the Pyrenean Late Pleistocene Glaciers

The Aragón Valley glacier (Central Western Pyrenees) has been studied since the late nineteenth century and has become one of the best areas in the Pyrenees to study the occurrence of Pleistocene glaciations and the relationships between moraines and fluvial terraces. New morphological studies and absolute ages for moraines and fluvial terraces in the Aragón Valley allow a correlation with other Pyrenean glaciers and provide solid chronologies about the asynchroneity between global last glacial maximum (LGM) and the maximum ice extent (MIE). Six frontal arcs and three lateral morainic ridges were identified in the Villanúa basin terminal glacial complex. The main moraines (M1 and M2) correspond to two glacial stages (oxygen isotopic stages MIS 6 and MIS 4), dated at 171 ± 22 ka and 68 ± 7 ka, respectively. From a topographical point of view, moraine M1 appears to be linked to the 60 m fluvioglacial terrace, dated in a tributary of the Aragón River at 263 ± 21 ka. The difference in age between M1 moraine and the 60 m fluvioglacial terrace suggests that the latter belongs to an earlier glacial stage (MIS 8). Moraine M2 was clearly linked to the fluvioglacial 20 m terrace. Other minor internal moraines were related to the 7–8 m terrace. The dates obtained for the last glacial cycle (20–18 ka) are similar to other chronologies for Mediterranean mountains, and confirm the occurrence of an early MIE in the Central Pyrenees that does not coincide with the global LGM.