空间多点地震作用下桥梁结构碰撞响应振动台试验研究

地震造成的桥梁上部结构碰撞及落梁破坏在历次大地震中基本都能观察到,以往的研究大多数局限于地震作用下桥梁碰撞响应的数值模拟研究,相关的试验研究还不多。此外,这些研究中也少有考虑空间多维多点地震动作用引起的桥梁上部结构更大的异向振动。本文采用振动台台阵系统,对空间多维多点地震作用下相邻桥梁结构碰撞响应进行试验研究。试验设计制作了几何缩尺比为1∶6的桥梁模型,研究比较了空间多点激励以及摇摆基础与固定基础两种基础形式对试验模型地震碰撞响应的影响。介绍了试验模型的设计制作、传感器布置,给出了试验结果及模型桥梁碰撞破坏情况。试验结果表明,地震动的空间变异性不能忽视,较大的碰撞力会引起桥梁伸缩缝处混凝土严重的局部破坏,相比于固定基础,摇摆基础能有效降低墩的破坏程度,但提高了上部结构的碰撞及落梁风险。     

相邻建筑物地震碰撞研究

正相邻建筑物碰撞是指地震作用下其间距无法满足相对位移要求时造成的侧向撞击,常常导致或加剧结构破坏。目前,我国城镇现存建筑,尤其是临街建筑中多数防震缝宽度不足甚至为零。国内外近年的几次地震表明,这些建筑在强烈地震作用下,极易发生碰撞破坏,造成生命和财产的巨大损失。因此,开展相邻建筑物地震碰撞破坏研究,发展相邻建筑物抗震能力评估方法具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。针对相邻建筑物地震碰撞破坏问题,本文主要进行了两方面研究。首先,推导了考虑屈     

形状记忆合金橡胶对高架桥梁碰撞减震效果的试验研究

地震作用下,高架桥梁相邻主梁间的碰撞会引起结构位移和加速度响应增大、应力提高,导致混凝土开裂、脱落和伸缩缝被挤压破坏,甚至引发桥梁落梁和倒塌等,因此采取减轻或者避免桥梁结构在地震作用下碰撞的措施显得尤为必要。设计制备了具有变形自恢复能力的形状记忆合金橡胶碰撞缓冲器,通过桥梁地震碰撞的振动台试验,研究了形状记忆合金橡胶缓冲器对桥梁碰撞的控制效果,提出了碰撞缓冲器吸能效率和结构自身耗能控制率指标。研究表明,形状记忆合金橡胶碰撞缓冲器具有稳定的吸能效率,能够大幅度降低桥梁结构碰撞加速度和碰撞力,这对于提高城市交通网络的地震安全性能具有重要意义。     

城市地震次生火灾蔓延模型研究

地震次生火灾是震后发生最为频繁和造成灾害损失最为严重的次生灾害。随着城市化进程的加快,原本城乡结合处的老旧建筑成片区大量存在,一旦地震发生,建筑破坏尤为严重,区域建筑密集等因素为次生火灾的发生和蔓延提供了基础条件,因此对城市地震次生火灾研究显得尤为重要。从工程应用出发,通过确定火灾蔓延的经验参数,建立了基于建筑的城市地震次生火灾蔓延模型,模型主要包括建筑内火灾蔓延和相邻建筑之间的火灾蔓延两个过程,模型中考虑了建筑结构类型、地震对建筑破坏、风速和风向和相邻建筑蔓延的极限距离等影响因素对蔓延的影响。利用1995年日本阪神大地震中水笠公园周边建筑火灾蔓延实际数据,与本文建立的模型模拟结果进行对比分析,说明该模型具有较好的可信度。     

地震中线性与非线性系统结构碰撞的概率风险分析

<正>2014年2月《Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics》出版文章《地震中线性与非线性系统结构碰撞的概率风险分析》,地震引起的结构碰撞对高密度人口城市中的建筑物和其他应用性构筑物,如大跨度桥梁中的相邻桥台,是一种极大的风险。当地震发生时,建筑结构间发生碰撞,导致重大灾害的发生,如1985年墨西哥地震和1995年日本神户地震,造成了巨大损失。     

钢筋混凝土结构在近场脉冲型地震作用下的试验分析

选择了集集地震中三条含有大脉冲的脉冲型近场地震记录，并截取其加速度峰值所在的脉冲及相邻两个脉冲部分形成新的记录，将其作为地震输入，对两个完全相同的钢筋混凝土模型进行振动台台模拟试验，对试验结果进行了分析，比较两个模型的宏观破坏、模态、顶层位移，得出近场脉冲型地震动会引起钢筋混凝土结构严重的破坏，截取的主震脉冲时程对结构的影响效应在一定程度上完全可以等同于整幅地震动时程。     

相邻梁段周期比对伸缩缝处的碰撞响应分析

针对相邻两联连续梁桥伸缩缝处的碰撞现象,基于其周期不一致而表现出的动力差异性,进行动力时程分析,采用直接积分法研究了地震作用下相邻联的非同向振动和伸缩缝处的碰撞响应。分析结果表明:不同周期比的相邻梁体,在地震动作用下产生的碰撞响应不同,加速度峰值小持续时间长的地震波对伸缩缝处的碰撞响应较小;碰撞对严重不同向振动的相邻两联(T2/T10.5)的地震响应影响很大,随着相邻两联周期比的增大,碰撞对结构地震反应影响逐渐减小。     

地震作用下桥梁防碰撞及防落梁措施研究综述

桥梁作为生命线工程的重要组成部分,一旦在地震中发生破坏,会造成巨大的经济损失和社会损失。地面上相邻的桥跨结构由于其动力特性存在差异及地震动输入的空间变化特性,地震发生时会引起相邻桥跨间的非同向振动,当桥跨间预留的间隙不能满足彼此的相对位移时就会发生相互碰撞,间隙过大时很容易引起落梁。针对相邻桥跨间的碰撞和落梁问题,对历次大地震中与碰撞和落梁相关的震害进行了回顾,介绍了纵桥向各种防碰撞与防落梁措施的研究现状,主要包括限位器、阻尼限位装置、模数式伸缩缝、减震装置以及组合限位装置五个方面。同时通过对研究现状的分析对以上各种防碰撞与防落梁措施的优点和缺点分别进行总结,进而对有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

相邻建筑考虑桩-土-结构相互作用(PSSI)碰撞分析

采用Penzien模型及Hertzdamp碰撞单元,建立了相邻结构考虑PSSI的碰撞模型,推导了其碰撞动力方程,并对相邻结构进行了碰撞模拟和参数分析.研究表明:虽然PSSI对结构本身的地震响应影响并不大,但对相邻结构的碰撞响应影响明显.同时,在一定范围内,防震缝宽度、碰撞刚度、结构周期比、桩的截面惯性矩以及土的剪切波速...     

一座七层框架结构的模拟地震试验

天津一座七层砖填充墙钢筋混凝土框架结构,按现行抗震规范校核,它经受不了1976年唐山地震,但在那次地震中,这座建筑仅填充墙受到破坏,框架只在部分节点处发生了微小的裂缝。地震时在这座建筑的室内地面和三、五、七层取得了地震记录。为了研究这类建筑的地震反应和砖填充墙的抗震作用,作者利用这些地震记录分析这座建筑的地震反应,并进行了模拟地震试验。试验和计算结果表明,地震时砖填充墙对框架起了两个有利的作用。一是在地震载荷作用的初期,地震载荷主要由填充墙承担,填充墙一旦受到破坏,作用于结构上的地震荷载就显著下降,减轻了框架的负担。填充墙另一作用是它破坏以后能起消能作用,但它在框架内的承载能力没有显著降低。     

Experimental and theoretical simulations of seismic poundings between two adjacent structures

Shaking table tests have been carried out to investigate the pounding phenomenon between two steel towers of different natural frequencies and damping ratios, subject to different combinations of stand‐off distance and seismic excitations. Both harmonic waves and ground motions of the 1940 El Centro earthquake are used as input. Subjected to sinusoidal excitations, poundings between the two towers could appear as either periodic or chaotic. For periodic poundings, impact normally occurs once within each excitation cycle or within every other excitation cycle. A type of periodic group poundings was also observed for the first time (i.e. a group of non‐periodic poundings repeating themselves periodically). Chaotic motions develop when the difference of the natural frequency of the two towers become larger. Under sinusoidal excitations, the maximum relative impact velocity always develops at an excitation frequency between the natural frequencies of the two towers. Both analytical and numerical predictions of the relative impact velocity, the maximum stand‐off distance, and the excitation frequency range for pounding occurrences were made and found to be comparable with the experimental observations in most of the cases. The stand‐off distance attains a maximum when the excitation frequency is close to that of the more flexible tower. Pounding appears to amplify the response of the stiffer structure but suppress that of the more flexible structure; and this agrees qualitatively with previous shaking table tests and theoretical studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of seismically isolated buildings considering poundings

Numerical simulations and parametric studies have been used to investigate the influence of potential poundings of seismically isolated buildings with adjacent structures on the effectiveness of seismic isolation. Poundings are assumed to occur at the isolation level between the seismically isolated building and the surrounding moat wall. After assessing some common force‐based impact models, a variation of the linear viscoelastic impact model is proposed to avoid tensile impact forces during detachment, while enabling the consideration of permanent plastic deformations at the vicinity of the impact. A large number of numerical simulations of seismically isolated buildings with different characteristics have been conducted under six earthquake excitations in order to investigate the influence of various design parameters and conditions on the peak floor accelerations and interstorey deflections during poundings. The numerical simulations demonstrate that poundings may substantially increase floor accelerations, especially t the base floor where impacts occur. Higher modes of vibration are excided during poundings, increasing the interstorey deflections, instead of retaining an almost rigid‐body motion of the superstructure, which is aimed with seismic isolation. Impact stiffness seems to affect significantly the acceleration response at the isolation level, while the displacement response is more insensitive to the variation of the impact stiffness. Finally, the results indicate that providing excessive flexibility at the isolation system to minimize the floor accelerations may lead to a building vulnerable to poundings, if the available seismic gap is limited. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mitigation measures for earthquake induced pounding effects on seismic performance of adjacent buildings

Post-earthquake damages investigation in past and recent earthquakes has illustrated that the building structures are vulnerable to severe damage and/or collapse during moderate to strong ground motion. Among the possible structural damages, seismic induced pounding has been commonly observed in several earthquakes. A parametric study on buildings pounding response as well as proper seismic hazard mitigation practice for adjacent buildings is carried out. Three categories of recorded earthquake excitation are used for input excitations. The effect of impact is studied using linear and nonlinear contact force model for different separation distances and compared with nominal model without pounding consideration. The severity of the impact depends on the dynamic characteristics of the adjacent buildings in combination with the earthquake characteristics. Pounding produces acceleration and shear forces/stresses at various story levels that are greater than those obtained from the no pounding case, while the peak drift depends on the input excitation characteristics. Also, increasing gap width is likely to be effective when the separation is sufficiently wide to eliminate contact. Furthermore, it is effective to provide a shock absorber device system for the mitigation of impact effects between adjacent buildings with relatively narrow seismic gaps, where the sudden changes of stiffness during poundings can be smoothed. This prevents, to some extent, the acceleration peaks due to impact. The pounding forces exerted on the adjacent buildings can be satisfactorily reduced.     

Numerical failure analysis of a continuous reinforced concrete bridge under strong earthquakes using multi-scale models

Previous failure analyses of bridges typically focus on substructure failure or superstructure failure separately. However, in an actual bridge, the seismic induced substructure failure and superstructure failure may influence each other. Moreover, previous studies typically use simplified models to analyze the bridge failure; however, there are inherent defects in the calculation accuracy compared with using a detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model. Conversely, a detailed 3D FE model requires more computational costs, and a proper erosion criterion of the 3D elements is necessary. In this paper, a multi-scale FE model, including a corresponding erosion criterion, is proposed and validated that can significantly reduce computational costs with high precision by modelling a pseudo-dynamic test of an reinforced concrete (RC) pier. Numerical simulations of the seismic failures of a continuous RC bridge based on the multi-scale FE modeling method using LS-DYNA are performed. The nonlinear properties of the bridge, various connection strengths and bidirectional excitations are considered. The numerical results demonstrate that the failure of the connections will induce large pounding responses of the girders. The nonlinear deformation of the piers will aggravate the pounding damages. Furthermore, bidirectional earthquakes will induce eccentric poundings to the girders and different failure modes to the adjacent piers.     

On poundings of a seismically isolated building with adjacent structures during strong earthquakes

This paper presents selected indicative results from an extensive parametric investigation that has been performed in order to assess the effects of potential earthquake‐induced poundings on the overall dynamic response of seismically isolated buildings. In particular, a seismically isolated building and its adjacent fixed‐supported buildings are subjected to various earthquake excitations that induce structural impact among the buildings in series. The results indicate that the seismically isolated building may hit against the adjacent buildings at the upper floor levels before the occurrence of any pounding at the isolation level with the surrounding moat wall. The severity of the impact depends on the dynamic properties of the adjacent buildings, in combination with the earthquake characteristics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A nonlinear impact model for simulating the use of rubber shock absorbers for mitigating the effects of structural pounding during earthquakes

During strong earthquakes, structural poundings may occur between adjacent buildings because of the limited separation distance and the deformations of their stories. A potential mitigation measure for this problem is the incorporation of layers of soft material, such as rubber, which can act as collision bumpers, in order to prevent the sudden impact pulses. In an effort to investigate the effectiveness of such an impact mitigation measure, relevant numerical simulations and parametric studies can be performed. However, none of the known impact models, which are available in the literature, is able to represent the usage of rubber bumpers with sufficient accuracy. The current study presents a simple but efficient methodology that can be used to simulate the incorporation of rubber layers between neighboring structures with relatively narrow seismic gaps. Such methodology will enable us to numerically investigate the effectiveness of using rubber bumpers to mitigate potential earthquake‐induced pounding. In particular, a new nonlinear inelastic force‐based impact model, able to appropriately describe the behavior of rubber under impact loading, taking also into account the limited thickness of the bumper, is introduced. Finally, a numerical example of simulating earthquake‐induced pounding between two multistory buildings with the consideration of rubber bumpers at impact locations is presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient responses of girder bridges with vertical poundings under near‐fault vertical earthquake

Previous studies on pounding responses of bridge structures mainly focus on the horizontal pounding between adjacent structures. However, the vertical pounding responses of bridge are rarely studied. The aim of this paper is develop a theoretical approach to investigate the transient behavior of continuous bridge under near‐fault vertical ground motions. The transient behavior of bridge manifests as the earthquake‐induced response wave and pounding‐induced response wave travel throughout bridge. Based on a new continuous model of beam–spring–rod, the theoretical solution of bridge responses involving multiple vertical poundings is derived by the expansion of transient wave functions in a series of eigenfunctions. A new theoretical solving approach of the multiple vertical pounding forces is presented based on the transient internal force on the contact surface of the girder and bearing. The numerical results show that the present method can reasonably capture the propagations of the earthquake‐induced response wave and pounding‐induced response wave. The calculations of pounding force by the present method are convergence of the time‐step size and truncation number of wave modes. As the effect of transient wave is taken into account, the numerical results show several transient phenomena involving the vertical pounding, the high pounding force, the multiple‐pounding phenomenon, the vertical separation of girder from the bearing, the dependence of poundings on earthquake period and the narrow period window of poundings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling three‐dimensional non‐linear seismic performance of elevated bridges with emphasis on pounding of girders

Unseating of bridge girders/decks during earthquakes is very harmful to the safety and serviceability of bridges. Evidence from recent severe earthquakes indicates that in addition to damage along longitudinal direction, lateral displacement and rotation of bridge girders caused by pounding to adjacent girders can also lead to unseating. To simulate this effect, 3D modelling of the dynamic performance of whole bridge structures, including pounding, is needed strongly. This paper presents a 3D model that is practically suitable to precisely analyse pounding between bridge girders. Experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed pounding model. The 3D non‐linear modelling of steel elevated bridges is also discussed. A general‐purpose dynamic analysis program for bridges, namely dynamic analysis of bridge systems (DABS) has been developed. Seismic analyses on a chosen three‐span steel bridge are conducted for several cases including pounding as a case study. The applicability of the proposed pounding model is illustrated by the computations. The effects of poundings on the response of bridge girders are discussed and the computation results are given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of pounding effects between reinforced concrete frames subjected to far-field earthquakes in terms of damage index

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - In this paper, three different damage indexes were used to detect nonlinear damages in two adjacent Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures considering pounding...     

Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature

This paper serves as the missing piece in a more fuller understanding about economic losses from marine pollution, and demonstrates what losses have been estimated in the literature. Biological effects from marine pollution are linked with resulting economic effects and losses. The merging of these two areas is usually absent in studies of marine pollution losses. The literature has examined several effects due to marine pollution: damages due to harvest closures-restrictions, damages from consumption of unsafe seafood, damages due to decreased recreational activity, and damages related to waterfront real estate adjacent to contaminated water. Overall, marine pollution can and has resulted in sizable economic effects and losses. On the basis of the literature there is adequate justification for public policy actions to curb marine pollution, require inspection of seafood for toxic substances, and preserve marine water quality and sensitive marine environments.