Archaeomagnetic study and rehydroxylation dating of fired-clay ceramics

Archaeomagnetic study and rehydroxylation dating of fired-clay ceramics from Great Britain, Spain, and the Black Sea region is carried out in order to refine the dating of the material from the archaeological monuments used in the archaeomagnetic research for determination of the elements of the main magnetic field during the past few millennia. The archaeomagnetic analysis revealed the factors responsible for deviations of the rehydroxylation dating from the true values. They include the processes of weathering (magnetite transformation into hydroxides) and secondary magnetization (e.g., magnetization in a fire). In order to bring the dating closer to the true values, corrections for the influence of the distorting factors are suggested. The data on the geomagnetic field intensity derived from the magnetization of the studied material are used as independent criteria to validate the dating of the field. When applied to the fired clay material with reliable dating, the rehydroxylation method provides the estimates of the temperature in the region of archaeological monuments during the past.     

Flow past spheres and spheroids in the presence of a toroidal magnetic field

Summary Stewartson [1]²) has considered the inviscid flow past a sphere in the presence of a uniform magnetic field andMurray andLudford [2] have investigated a similar problem in which the magnetic field originates from an axially symmetric dipole field situated at the centre of the sphere. In connection with the study of earth's magnetic field, the toroidal part of this field plays a dominant part. This gives rise to the importance of studying the effect of a toroidal magnetic field on flows past different bodies of revolution; specially past spheres and spheroids. In the present note inviscid flows past a sphere, and a spheroid, are considered, for the case of a toroidal magnetic field originating in the fluid. In the case of the sphere the field inside the sphere consists of an electric dipole directed along the axis of symmetry together with a uniform electric field which produces a uniform current along the axis. In the case of the spheroid, the field inside it is due to an electric dipole and quadrupole directed along the axis of symmetry, together with a uniform electric field which produces a uniform current along this axis.     

Constraints of archaeomagnetic dating and field intensity determinations in three ancient tile kilns in Belgium

The aim of this study is to date by the archaeomagnetic method the last heatingcooling cycle of one Roman and two Medieval tile kilns, discovered in Belgium. The investigation demonstrates the limitations when well-documented local directional secular variation curves of the geomagnetic field in the past are used for dating and the difficulties when trying to determine field intensities from “in situ” baked clays from the kilns. The three kilns yielded very well defined ancient field directions but two possible dating solutions for each of them when no a priori time constraints are taken into account, due to field direction recurrence. As an increase of the dating accuracy and reduction of the number of dating solutions can be expected using the full field vector information, also field intensity determinations on burnt clays from the kilns were attempted. Field intensities from samples of the Roman and of one of the Medieval kilns are quite scattered. On the other hand, results obtained applying the Thellier-Thellier method and the modified method developed by Dekkers and Böhnel on sister samples from the Roman kiln agree fairly well. Rock magnetic properties reveal high variance in the kilns that point to varying spatial heating and cooling conditions in the kilns. Even well burnt material from the kilns shows irreversible changes when heated in air in the laboratory. Reliable field intensities on “in situ” baked materials from kilns themselves can therefore only be obtained when measuring sufficient number of samples from different parts of the kiln, taking into account the spatial-temporal conditions during kiln operation and cooling history. More reference intensity data is needed in our regions in order to improve dating based on directional reference data only.     

Remanent Magnetization in Portland-Cement-Based Materials

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of applying one geophysical method to studying untraditional systems as is the case with Portland-cement-based materials. The research demonstrates how conventional paleomagnetic methodology can be employed in studying the mode of magnetic recording in present-day industrial materials. Portland-cement admixtures such as fly ashes and furnace slags should be discriminated, because those particles interact in soils and sediments in nature. Moreover, a better undertanding of magnetic remanent acquisition in model materials can serve to improve the interpretation of magnetic remanent acquisition in natural rocks formed a long time ago. The magnetic constituents of Portland-cement paste and mortar acquire a magnetic remanence due to their alignment with the earth's magnetic field at the casting place. This magnetization can be measured using ordinary paleomagnetic techniques. The alignment of the individual magnetic particles accounts for the intensity of the magnetic remanence, which can be increased by adding water and by vibration before setting and hardening. Blast furnace slag admixtures also add to the enhancement of the intensity of remanence. The magnetization of Portland-cement-based materials shows a near linear relationship with the water /cement (w/c) ratios employed in the experimental work; the w/c ratios range between 0.2 – 0.6 in pastes and 0.3 – 0.6 in mortar. Stable remanent magnetization was obtained during the first seven days of setting and hardening, a period necessary for magnetic particles to become locked parallel to the earth's magnetic field. The stability of magnetic remanence predicts the usefulness of the methodology in studying the properties of Portland cement and particularly in the control of iron-bearing admixtures.     

Two and three dipoles approximating the earth's main magnetic field

Summary Two and three dipoles approximating the earth's main magnetic field are determined minimizing a sum of squares of differences between the dipole fields and the earth's magnetic field. Numerical results have been obtained by the aid of a digital computer for epochs 1932, 1942, 1950 and 1960.     

地球基本磁场的形成与变化的探讨

本文在铁磁体假说的基础上,探讨地球基本磁场的形成与变化的原因.地球的偶极磁场是由于地球的回转和内核中特殊的磁化环境,使内核中心形成的饱和磁化的永磁球体（即磁核）产生的,磁核的大小和温度负相关.地球的非偶极磁场,由外核内几个可确定的磁偶极子产生,这些磁偶极子,是外核中液态金属的流动,切割磁核的磁场而产生的涡流形成的.     

A dipole approximating to the highest possible degree the earth's magnetic field

Summary The coordinates and the components of the dipole approximating to the highest possible degree the earth's magnetic field are determined minimizing a sum of squares of differences between the dipole field and the earth's magnetic field. Numerical results by the aid of a digital computer have been obtained for epoch 1932, 1937, 1942, 1945, 1950, 1955 and 1960 on the basis of magnetic data from 61 observatories.     

On the sunspot cycle and the yearly variation of solar magnetic variation at istanbul

Summary The sunspot cycle variation of the amplitude of the solar magnetic variation has been investigated for magnetically moderate, quiet and disturbed days at Istanbul for the period 1949–1968, and fairly good linear relationship has been found forZ andD components of the earth's magnetic field. In some cases, it is rather difficult to say that there is any linear relationship between sunspot number and the amplitude of theH component of the earth's magnetic field. Meanwhile,K indices has also been considered with sunspot number by means of multiple regression analysis to overcome some uncertainties in this investigation.     

磁流体冲激波在非均匀磁场中的传播

本文应用Chisnell- no方法,求解了在理想介貭中,垂直磁流体冲激波在非均勻磁場中的传播問題。这种方法,把非均勻介貭分解成无限小的弱間断面,根据气体动力学中波与間断面相互作用的原理,算出激波通过弱間断面时的强度变化,然后用积分求得激波通过整个非均勻区时的强度变化。作者引入了激波的特征速度（它是激波在波前后介貭中传播速度的几何平均值）作为輔助参量,得到形式上比較簡单的激波传播方程。然后考虑了磁压力远大于气体压力的强磁介貭中的激波传播問題,并进行了数值积分。采用的介貭密度模型有三种:（1）阿尔芬波速为常数;（2）密度不变;（3）密度与磁場强度成正比。計算結果表明:当激波由弱磁場向强磁場传播时,激波的强度逐漸变弱。其中,在阿尔芬波速为常数的介貭中,激波强度的衰减最为緩慢;在密度不变的介貭中,激波强度的衰減最为迅速;而在密度与磁場成正比的介貭中,激波强度的衰減則介乎上述两种密度分布之間。作者联系磁流体冲激波在地球外层空間的传播問題进行了討論,密度的模型采取大气啃昔的观測結果（卽上述第三种密度分布）,并进行了适当的外推,估計了在十个地球半径处的磁流体冲激波传到地面时的强度,求出了激波在地面引起的磁場变化与激波初始速度之間的关系。根据上述簡化模型,計算結果表明,在十个地球半径处初始速度为10⁸厘米/秒的激波,传到地面引起的磁場变化大約为60伽（亻馬）,这个数值的量級恰好与中低緯度强磁暴的急始变幅相符。     

Interpretation of total intensity magnetic anomalies when anomalous field is arbitrarily large

Summary Not infrequently, in mining geophysics, the anomalous field of the magnetized body is appreciably large and it varies from the direction of the earth's normal field within the vicinity of the magnetized body. Total magnetic intensity data collected on the ground over shallow magnetized bodies cannot be interpreted quantitatively, since all the available methods of interpretation assume that the resultant field lies in the direction of earth's normal field as the anomalous field is small. For geological bodies that can be magnetically represented by infinite line pole, point pole, infinite line dipole, and point dipole, this paper gives quantitative interpretation procedures for total magnetic intensity anomalies without the above assumption using the characteristic points from the theoretical curves (not reproduced). These characteristic curves can be used for the direct determination of depths and offsets by using information from suitably chosen field profiles.Contribution No. N.G.R.I.-71-233.     

矩谐分析方法的数值检验及其与其他磁场分析方法的比较

本文用地球核幔界面上水平磁偶极子在地表产生的磁场,检验了矩谐分析方法在研究局部地磁场结构中的可用性。结果表明,当矩谐级数的截断水平N≤4时,用矩谐分析方法可以得到相当满意的结果。本文对比分析了表示地磁场的五种主要形式,并对矩谐分析方法在实际应用中的几个问题进行了讨论。     

地球变化磁场的分形和混沌特征

将北京地区地球变化磁场的水平分量作为一无规时间序列，利用谱分析方法求出了１９５９，１９６５，１９７０和１９７６年时间段的分数维布朗运动（ＦＢＭ）的维数Ｄｂ。结果表明Ｄｂ值与太阳活动性呈负相关。进而利用时间延迟方法来重建该序列在相空间的吸引子，计算得到吸引子的维数Ｄ＝４．２±０．４，最大Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数总是正值。这表明地球变化磁场可能是混沌的。还利用一简单模型说明太阳活动性对地球变化磁场Ｄｂ值的影响。     

论被动源磁电勘探理论

本文从麦氏方程出发,运用电流磁场的等效理论阐明了在磁电勘探中,当矿体的二次极化电流具有垂直对称轴分布时,在地表面及以上空间中任一点的磁异常场（H）均等于零。因而,具有任何垂直对称状电化学矿产模式（石油、天然气、地下水及金属矿床等）的磁电勘探法异常场线积分均不存在。此外,由于对各种形状和任何极化倾角的矿体情况,地表面上均无电流密度垂直分量（i_n）存在,故地表面上异常场线积分均为零（∮_L H·dL=0）。因此,磁电勘探法不具备在地面上寻找此种矿产的物理前提。 本文还对倾斜极化球体和柱体的磁电勘探异常进行了计算,给出了主剖面上理论曲线的异常分布规律,指出了磁电异常的数量级。同时,还对井中磁电异常的分布规律给出了计算资料。为了对比,也对相应条件下的自然电场异常做了计算,指出了电场异常与磁场异常之间的不同特点及其对实际找矿的意义。     

Palaeomagnetism of the monzonite porphyry from Milton,New South Wales

Summary Directions of natural remanent magnetization aftermagnetic cleaning of specimens from monzonite porphyry at Milton are given. Thermal and alternating magnetic field stability tests indicate that the resultant direction is that of the earth's magnetic field at the time of cooling. Comprison of the pole position calculated from this result with other pole positions from rocks of known age confirms the probable Permian age of the intrusion and the wide divergence of Australian from European and North American pole positions of this age.     

空间电磁环境研究在军事上的应用

由磁层、电离层和高层大气组成的近地空间系统是现代战争和未来战争活动的主要空间领域,地磁场和地球电磁环境与军事通信、遥感侦察、导航定位以及高空核打击等军事行动有着密切的关系.本文根据已经公开发表于学术刊物的材料,对比分析高空核爆炸产生的人工辐射带和天然辐射带的主要特点以及灾害性空间天气事件（如亚暴和磁暴）对空间飞行器的损害,简要介绍电离层骚扰和不均匀性对通信的影响,探讨地磁场在导航定位中的可能应用.     

Theory of the evolution of the earth and the earth's crust

Summary The paleomagnetic field (declination and inclination) in different geological epochs is represented through the field of the so-called magnetic dipole. The optimal dipole coordinates so obtained show that during older geological times the optimal dipole lay outside the earth's centre and moved towards and around the earth centre. It is supposed that the optimal dipole trajectory in the earth coincides with earth core trajectory. This core motion brought about a motion of the masses of the mantle in a direction opposite to the motion of the core. This in turn brought about the break-down of Pangea and the separation of the continents. The drift of the continents, the relative changing of the earth's rotational axis and many other geological and geophysical phenomena may be explained through such a motion, that is through the motion of an eccentrical core towards the earth centre.     

涡旋诱发重联模型(Ⅰ)——动力学特性

本文首先从理论上系统地研究了涡旋诱发重联的基本动力学特性.包括:涡旋诱发重联的物理机制;Kelvin—Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性和撕裂模不稳定性耦合过程;磁流体涡管的基本特性;不同尺度涡旋间的相互作用,动能和磁能间的转化及准稳态时流线、磁力线、等涡度线和等电流密度线的相似性等.用二维MHD数值模拟方法研究了上述一些特性,并与理论分析结论进行了比较.结果表明,模拟结果证实了理论推论.涡旋诱发重联是产生局部磁场重联的重要机制之一,该模型在磁顶区的应用将另文发表.     

涡旋诱发重联模型（Ⅰ）——动力学特性

本文首先从理论上系统地研究了涡旋诱发重联的基本动力学特性.包括:涡旋诱发重联的物理机制;Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性和撕裂模不稳定性耦合过程;磁流体涡管的基本特性;不同尺度涡旋间的相互作用,动能和磁能间的转化及准稳态时流线、磁力线、等涡度线和等电流密度线的相似性等.用二维MHD数值模拟方法研究了上述一些特性,并与理论分析结论进行了比较.结果表明,模拟结果证实了理论推论.涡旋诱发重联是产生局部磁场重联的重要机制之一,该模型在磁顶区的应用将另文发表.     

Origin of deviations between the remanent magnetisation and inducing geomagnetic field direction in kilns and implications on archaeomagnetic dating

Standard secular variation curves of the geomagnetic field direction for the last few millennia for different countries in Europe, based mainly on baked materials discovered in archaeological sites, are reaching sufficient accuracy and reliability that archaeomagnetic dating within this timespan in these areas is becoming feasible now. Orientation errors during sampling and sample preparation can be kept to a minimum and measurement errors of baked materials are in general very small. Nevertheless, even when the secular variation in the site to be dated is similar to that in the reference site, systematic or regular deviations between the remanence vector and geomagnetic field direction in kilns, due to internal and external factors, may result in biased average magnetisation directions and consequently in diverging archaeomagnetic dates. In more or less circular kilns, important non-random deviations of the remanence direction in the walls, in function of the relative azimuth as seen from the centre of the kilns, have been noticed in spite of precise and highly reliable average kiln magnetisation directions. The effect was revealed in the walls of the combustion chambers of roman pottery kilns and of mediaeval brass melting and working kilns, of different shape, lined with refractory bricks. Several hypotheses for the origin of these deviations were examined and anisotropy and/or magnetic refraction are unlikely to be the principal causes. The regular component of these deviations may be responsible for a strongly biased average magnetisation direction when only part of the kiln wall is preserved or when sampling is limited to certain parts of it and consequently result in unreliable dates when applying the archaeomagnetic dating method.     

The contribution of magnetospheric currents toSq

Since the discovery of the magnetosphere, it has been known that the currents flowing in the magnetosphere contribute toSq, the regular daily variation in the earth's surface magnetic field. The early models, however, were not very accurate in the vicinity of the earth. The magnetospheric contribution toSq has therefore been recalculated by direct integration over the three major magnetospheric current systems; magnetopause, tail and ring. The finite electrical conductivity of the earth, which increases the horizontal and decreases the vertical components of the magnetospheric field at the earth's surface, has been taken into account. The magnetospheric currents are found to contribute 12 nanotesla to the day to night difference in the mid-latitudeSq pattern for steady, quiet magnetospheric conditions. They also contribute to the annual variation in the surface field and must be considered an important source of the observed day to day variation in theSq pattern.