《海洋行政处罚通论》书评

建设海洋强国是中国特色社会主义事业的重要组成部分。实施这一重大部署,对推动经济持续健康发展,维护国家主权、安全、发展利益,实现全面建成小康社会目标,进而实现中华民族伟大复兴都具有重大而深远的意义。完善海洋行政管理不仅要注重良性引导、规范管理,更要注重对违法行为的处罚力度。做好海洋行政处罚工作是依法治国的要求,对于维护国家海洋权益、维护海洋行政管理秩序、保护海洋生态环境和公民、法人及其他组织的合法权益。     

全球海洋中心城市建设背景下深圳参与国际海洋治理的思考与建议

禁海几亡,开海则强,不能制海,必为海制,海洋治理能力与国家崛起进程休戚相关。城市是国家发展的量尺,在国际海洋格局的演进中扮演着不可或缺的角色。深圳作为毗邻南海的特大城市以及“一带一路”重要枢纽,地理上临湾向洋,政治上双区驱动,文化上共融开放,被国家赋予建设全球海洋中心城市的历史使命,应当主动扛起打造我国国际海洋治理事业先行区的大旗,开展以城市身份参与国际海洋治理的先驱实践,推动我国国际海洋治理水平的跃升和海洋强国战略的落地。文章在充分理解国际海洋治理内涵的基础上,总结了深圳参与国际海洋治理的必要性、现状及存在问题,并着重对标伦敦、奥斯陆等国际知名海洋城市,研究提出新时期深圳参与国际海洋治理的对策及建议。     

“智慧海洋”视野下全球海洋中心城市竞争力评价及舟山的建设路径研究

为促进我国的全球海洋中心城市建设以及舟山海洋经济的高质量发展,文章在海洋中心城市研究评述的基础上构建评价指标体系,采用熵值法针对2020年我国建设全球海洋中心城市的9个城市进行竞争力评价,并在“智慧海洋”视野下提出舟山建设全球海洋中心城市的路径。研究结果表明：全球海洋中心城市竞争力评价指标体系包括经济潜力、开放程度、海洋资源和海洋科创4个一级指标以及GDP总量等16个二级指标;上海、深圳和广州的总体竞争力居前3位且与其他城市的差距较明显,而其他城市之间的差距较小;舟山的总体竞争力居第六位,全球海洋中心城市竞争力较弱,其主要优势为海洋资源,主要劣势为海洋科创和开放程度;在“智慧海洋”视野下,舟山建设全球海洋中心城市应优化海洋产业结构、多方位提升城市能级以及进一步提升开放水平。     

《河流入海通量的全球集成》书评

本书作者是美国J.D.Milliman教授和K.L.Farnsworth博士,于2011年由剑桥大学出版社出版,共384页。这本专著是J.D.Milliman教授近30年不懈钻研的结果,早在20世纪70年代初期,他就开始了河流入海通量问题的研究。对于河流-海岸相互作用和全球变化的研究者,本书将是一份重要的经典文献。     

《中国参与全球海洋治理的理念与实践》一书由海洋出版社正式出版发行

海洋是人类社会赖以生存和可持续发展的共同空间和宝贵财富,保护海洋生态环境、实现蓝色经济高质量发展、推动海洋可持续发展、稳定海洋安全关系等,是全人类共同的职责和使命。在构建海洋命运共同体的进程中,随着"21世纪海上丝绸之路"倡议和海洋强国建设的稳步推进,中国在深度参与全球海洋治理方面已形成一定的知识积累,并开展了多方面的实践。     

《全球海洋观测系统》的缘由

《全球海洋观测系统》的缘由汪兆椿（国家海洋局，北京）《全球海洋观测系统》是联合国政府间海洋学委员会、世界气象组织等发起的一项为全面长期探索海洋的运动规律，及其内在变化机制，以期长期监测海洋的计划，英文缩写ＧＯＯＳ。这个系统是在已经分别开展或即将实施的...     

探索海洋高等生命助力国内学科发展 ——《海洋哺乳动物》书评

正2018年底,"十三五"国家重点出版项目《海洋哺乳动物》正式面世。这是一部由海洋出版社引进出版的精品译著,重点关注海洋哺乳动物的进化、解剖学、行为学、生态学和资源养护。该书将海洋哺乳动物的进化史与生物学比较分析相结合,并将系统发育方法整合进对海洋哺乳动物生物多样性的研究。这部译著既体现了鲜明的学术性,也具有深刻的现实意义。     

智慧海洋在大连海洋中心城市建设中的产业发展策略研究

作为海洋科技创新代表和未来海洋开发的重要方式,智慧海洋推进了海洋电子信息产业发展和传统海洋产业转型,可以从产业角度助推大连海洋中心城市的创建和海洋数字经济的发展。通过分析海洋产业结构、科技创新、海洋开发、新冠肺炎疫情等影响大连海洋经济发展的制约因素,以及“碳达峰碳中和”“冰上丝绸之路”“日本核废水入海”等可能影响智慧海洋产业和产品结构调整的国家战略和国际事件,建议：多途径推进智慧海洋产业,搭建资金链,形成政府投资、金融融资、社会集资的多元化的投融资途径;扩大供应链,培育海洋信息产业市场;链接数据链,形成以“采集、传输、挖掘、应用、共享”为主线的海洋信息数据链;延伸产业链,打造融合跨界应用的智慧海洋生态圈;打造创新链,围绕产业发展建设海洋科研技术创新体系;提升价值链,延长产业链条等。     

全球海洋空间规划2030计划的实践与启示

为加速海洋空间规划在全球范围内的实施,联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会和欧盟委员会于2019年2月启动全球海洋空间规划2030计划(MSPglobal 2030)。文章从海洋空间规划的国际指南编制、试点项目实施以及成果交流传播3个方面对该计划的实施情况进行介绍,分析该计划在实施过程中面临的挑战;结合我国国土空间规划改革的背景和联合国“海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”项目的实施,重点从规划者能力建设、气候变化影响、蓝色经济发展和加强科学技术支撑4个方面探讨海洋空间规划实施的相关思考和借鉴。     

A global snapshot of marine biodiversity offsetting policy

Biodiversity offsetting is used in diverse policy contexts to reduce, halt or reverse losses of biodiversity arising from development or other uses of the natural environment. Despite increasing interest in the concept of biodiversity offsetting, relatively little attention has been devoted to investigating its use in marine environments. This paper presents a systematic review of documents evidencing the application or inclusion of biodiversity offset principles in policy frameworks concerning the marine environment, and in marine development projects. Biodiversity offsetting policies applicable to marine environments were found to exist in six countries (US, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Colombia) and have been actively considered in at least 27 others. Outside of these, a wide range of other approaches promoting uptake of biodiversity offsetting principles in a marine context were identified. These range from preliminary studies to identify habitat, to nascent biodiversity markets, and project-level application of corporate standards of no net loss. Evidence suggests that where offsetting policy is developed for specific marine application, the preferred approach is to pool financial contributions from developers into funds for strategic action for biodiversity benefit.     

Small-scale marine fisheries policy in Vietnam

Vietnam's marine fisheries are considered to be small scale and are concentrated in coastal near-shore waters. This has resulted in heavy pressure on near-shore fisheries resources. Near-shore fisheries are considered by fishers and the government to be over-exploited, causing hardship for many coastal communities. This paper reviews and analyzes changes in policy towards small-scale fisheries in Vietnam over the last two decades. The primary issues facing the small-scale fisheries in Vietnam are to restructure the near-shore fisheries and to address over-capacity. Recommended actions include improved fisheries statistics, resources for provincial fisheries staff, and a coordinated and integrated approach involving a mixed strategy of resource management; resource restoration; economic and community development; and new governance arrangements.     

Regional disparities in China's marine economy

Understanding the performance of each coastal area as it develops is the primary task of policy-makers in a marine economy; however, quantitative regional differences in China's marine economy have not been empirically examined. This paper offers a methodological contribution by applying a series of techniques, including the variation coefficient, Gini coefficient, and Theil index decomposition, to illustrate the relative differences among coastal areas. Additionally, the coastal areas of China were divided into two categories to reveal the provincial differences and regional disparities in China's marine economy. The results show that although the numerical economic differences in Gross Ocean Product (GOP) among coastal areas have increased significantly during the 21st century, the gaps among coastal regions have gradually decreased. In addition, China's marine economy presents three levels of regional development (developed, medium-developed, and developing). The results of the Theil index decomposition show that the overall difference in China's marine economy is derived mainly from differences within the three macro marine economic regions; these differences account for more than 95% of the overall difference. Furthermore, the underlying reasons for and driving mechanism of regional differences in China's marine economy can be illuminated in terms of differences in natural resource endowments and geographic locations; industrial agglomeration and diffusion; changes in regional development policy; and foreign investment. These findings offer basic data support and policy recommendations for marine economy management at the national and regional levels.     

Environmental policies and marine engines—effects on the development and adoption of innovations

This study indicates that environmental policy interventions significantly influence the innovation processes for reducing the emissions of marine engine technology. Several different types of interventions have been important and the effect is not directly proportional to the strength or spatial coverage of the intervention. Despite its relative weakness, the MARPOL rule on NO_x emissions has contributed to technology development. We also show that the rise of environmental issues in other fields has had a marked effect on the development of the marine sector and that relatively local interventions can influence innovation even in an international sector like marine transport.     

Generating the evidence for marine fisheries policy and management

The uptake of research in marine fisheries management and policy making depends on how effectively fisheries managers, researchers and scientific advisers communicate the needs for evidence, and the results and policy implications of research. The MariFish network of the major European funders of marine fisheries has therefore undertaken a study of current practices relating to communication of research needs and results, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and consequently how two-way communications, and hence the effectiveness of generating evidence for marine fisheries policy making and management, can be improved. Conclusions and recommendations for ‘good practice’ include the importance of building good relationships and trust between researchers and fisheries managers, the need for fisheries ministries to have sufficient inhouse scientific capacity to act as ‘intelligent customers’, and the key role of interpreters of research whose skills and career paths need to be carefully developed.     

Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch

Unselective fishing catches non-target organisms as ‘bycatch’—an issue of critical ocean conservation and resource management concern. However, the situation is confused because perceptions of target and non-target catch vary widely, impeding efforts to estimate bycatch globally. To remedy this, the term needs to be redefined as a consistent definition that establishes what should be considered bycatch. A new definition is put forward as: ‘bycatch is catch that is either unused or unmanaged’. Applying this definition to global marine fisheries data conservatively indicates that bycatch represents 40.4 percent of global marine catches, exposing systemic gaps in fisheries policy and management.     

发展海洋科技促进海洋强国建设——访科技部社会发展科技司副司长孙洪

在全国海洋科技大会上,本刊记者就国家中长期科技发展规划纲要及我国海洋科技发展的有关问题采访了科技部社会发展科技司副司长孙洪。     

EU marine policy on the move: The tension between fisheries and maritime policy

In the past decade, the European Commission has developed the Marine Strategy Directive and the Maritime Policy. Both policies aim at governing the marine environment; yet the two policies have a differing signature in policy formulation and implementation. From a fisher's perspective these policies present a change in institutional setting; major policy measures no longer descend from the EU Common Fisheries Policy alone, but increasingly are derived from general environmental policy developments. In this paper, the policy arrangement approach is used to analyse the differences between the two maritime policies, and the way in which they can affect fisheries management.     

全球变暖对海洋浮游动物的影响

全球变暖作为一个重要的环境问题,自上世纪80年代初就已引起学者的广泛关注。它不仅对海洋生态环境及生物圈已产生了一定的影响。本文主要从浮游动物角度出发综述了全球变暖对其生理活动、生态分布及生物气候学的影响。运用不同温度条件下浮游动物生理学上的变化来说明全球变暖对浮游动物的生理影响;通过分析浮游动物生物多样性、生物量,丰度和生物地理分布等指标来阐述其对全球变暖的生态响应;通过讨论浮游动物的最高丰度时间和繁殖时间这2个重要物候学指标来说明其对全球变暖的响应。最后,提出了今后的研究方向,即调查更广泛的生物功能群、关注处于热带海洋中的浮游动物以及在浮游动物个体水平上开展研究工作。