台湾花莲碧玉宝石学性质研究

台湾花莲碧玉因其浓厚的颜色以及较细腻的结构和特殊光学效应受到广大消费者的喜爱.本文运用常规仪器、电子探针等测试手段研究台湾花莲碧玉宝石矿物学特征.通过科学全面系统的研究与前人资料对比可得,碧玉样品的颜色主要为淡绿-深绿色,颜色较为纯净,分布不均匀.内部可见黑色金属矿物杂质.具油脂-丝绢光泽,微透明-不透明,折射率为1.61,相对密度2.96～3.02 g/cm³,硬度为6～7.碧玉的主要组成矿物为透闪石或者阳起石,次要矿物包括铬铁矿、铬钙铝榴石、透绿泥石.电子探针结果显示,碧玉样品的主要元素成分为MgO、SiO₂、CaO,以及少量的FeO和微量的Cr₂O₃、MnO、K₂O、Na₂O、Al₂O₃、TiO₂.根据样品数据的对比可以推测,碧玉颜色的深度与FeO的含量呈正比,当碧玉含有铬钙铝榴石包体时,碧玉颜色更鲜艳.     

新西兰碧玉的宝石学特征

以产自新西兰的碧玉样品作为研究对象,采用常规的宝石学测试、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、环境扫描电子显微镜、等离子体质谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪,对其表面微观形貌、矿物组成、化学成分特征进行了较全面的研究。研究表明,新西兰碧玉的显微结构致密程度不高,矿物结晶颗粒粗细不一,局部具有定向性,其主要的矿物组成为角闪石,内含黑色的铬铁矿杂质。将新西兰碧玉的化学成分特征与新疆一带所产的碧玉相比较,主量元素和微量元素的含量均有所差别。     

玛纳斯碧玉的宝石学研究

采用薄片观察、电子探针、红外光谱等测试手段,对玛纳斯碧玉的各品种进行了矿物学、宝石学、谱学特征和化学成分的研究。结果显示,玛纳斯碧玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石-阳起石,其中翠绿色点状物"翠花"是由于早期阳起石而形成。玛纳斯碧玉的物质组成特征显示其为超基性岩蚀变而成。     

新疆若羌阿其克库勒碧玉的宝石学特征研究

通过常规宝石学测试、偏反光显微镜鉴定及电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射测试分析,对产于若羌县阿其克库勒的碧玉进行详细研究,总结其产地特征及成因。结果表明碧玉主要矿物成分为透闪石并含少量钙铬榴石、铬铁矿。透闪石在偏光显微镜下呈鳞片状、片状、纤维状,其中片状具轻微卷曲变形现象,偶见少量辉石为原岩蚀变残留矿物。钙铬榴石为翠绿色,呈针点状、斑点状、团块状、丝绺状不均匀分布,铬铁矿呈黑色,以点状、不规则粒状杂乱分布。铬铁矿由铬镁尖晶石蚀变形成,蚀变程度不一,可见铬铁矿沿铬镁尖晶石边缘分布。碧玉的绿色源于Fe^2+和Cr^3+综合作用形成,结合铬铁矿与碧玉成因及产状特征,推断该种碧玉为超基性岩蚀变形成,与新疆和田碧玉、玛纳斯碧玉、俄罗斯碧玉、新西兰碧玉、加拿大碧玉等属于同一成因类型。     

俄罗斯奥斯泊(7号)矿碧玉的宝石学及致色离子研究

俄罗斯碧玉进入中国市场以来,以其艳丽的颜色和细腻的质地而深受广大爱玉者的喜爱。前人对俄罗斯碧玉的研究中,样品大部分采自市场,具体产地不清,且未对水线、猫眼进行研究。本文在前人研究的基础上,运用电子探针和微量元素测试等现代测试方法对俄罗斯奥斯泊矿碧玉进行分析,并对其致色离子进行研究。结果表明,奥斯泊矿碧玉主要矿物成分为透闪石,黑色点状杂质为铬铁矿,周围含有绿泥石;水线成分为透闪石;碧玉鲜艳的绿色调主要与Cr元素含量有关,Cr元素含量在400~1 500μg/g时,可使碧玉呈现比较鲜艳的翠绿色。     

加拿大Cassiar碧玉的宝石矿物学特征研究

以产自加拿大Cassiar矿区的碧玉样品作为研究对象,采用常规宝石学测试、偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射仪以及红外光谱仪,对其矿物组成、化学成分及结构特征进行较详细的研究。结果表明,Cassiar碧玉主要矿物成分为向阳起石过渡的透闪石,含有少量的石英,其黑色固体包体为铁铬铁矿以及钙铬铝榴石,该两种杂质矿物指示Cassiar碧玉的成因与超基性岩蚀变有关,与新疆和田碧玉以及玛纳斯碧玉属同一成因类型。并将Cassiar矿与Kutcho矿碧玉样品进行了初步对比。     

加拿大碧玉的矿物学研究

采用薄片观察、电子探针、红外光谱等测试手段,对加拿大碧玉进行了矿物学、宝石学、谱学特征和化学成分的研究。结果显示,加拿大碧玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石-阳起石,以阳起石为主;其中的绿色点状物为铬钙铝榴石,黑点为铬铁矿,水线为晚期透闪石。     

仿碧玉玻璃制品的特征和鉴别

采用常规宝石学测试手段、薄片观察、电子探针、红外光谱等方法对目前中国市场上常见的一种仿碧玉玻璃样品进行了研究。结果表明,该样品为乳浊的脱玻化玻璃,其主要成分为SiO2,其次为Al2O3,还含有K,Na,Ca,Mg碱金属氧化物以及乳浊剂的析出物氟化钙和磷酸钙。该仿碧玉玻璃样品的鉴别特征为：颜色呆板,有时可见白斑,密度与硬度较低,贝壳状断口,羊齿植物叶脉状结构。此外,还可通过特征的红外光谱加以鉴别。     

一种绿松石仿制品的宝石学特征研究

近期在市场上出现一种绿松石仿制品,外观与天然绿松石极为相似,极具迷惑性.采用常规宝石学测试方法、红外吸收光谱、显微红外吸收光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱、X荧光能谱对其宝石学性质、光谱特征进行了系统研究分析.结果 表明:这种绿松石仿制品具有粒状结构,可见角砾状颗粒,颜色分布均匀,具有典型的再造宝石特征.该绿松石仿制品折射率为1.56,与绿松石一致,相对密度为2.34,略低于绿松石.无损显微红外吸收光谱显示该绿松石仿制品主要由顽火辉石与石英组成,并含有胶结物质.顽火辉石的红外吸收峰为1083 cm-1,1009 cm-1,938 cm-1,855 cm-1,721 cm-1,647 cm-1,505 cm-1,478 cm-1,424 cm-1.石英的红外光谱吸收峰为1182 c m-1,1112 cm-1,800 cm-1,692 cm-1.有机胶结物的红外吸收峰为2978 cm-1,2937 cm-1,2878 cm-1,3055 cm-1,3035 cm-1,1612 cm-1,1512 cm-1,1385 cm-1,1458 cm-1.X荧光光谱分析显示主要含有Ba,Ti,Sr,Fe,Ni,Zn元素,与绿松石的成分不相符.紫外可见光谱分析显示在680 nm、630 nm处具有吸收带,应是样品呈现蓝绿色的原因.本次研究旨在利用无损检验方法确定样品为仿绿松石,并确定有环氧树脂胶结物的存在.     

世界范围内代表性碧玉的矿物特征和成因研究

由于碧玉的样品来源、测试技术单一,有关碧玉的成因及其与大理岩型软玉之间的成因差别都不明确。本文采集了我国青海、俄罗斯、加拿大、新西兰、巴基斯坦等全球代表性碧玉样品,采用显微镜观察、X射线粉晶衍射、电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱和稳定同位素质谱等技术进行岩相学、矿物组成、微量和主量元素、氢氧同位素测试,对碧玉的成因进行综合分析,同时和澳大利亚大理岩型软玉进行对比性研究,以明确两种类型的软玉之间的成因差别。碧玉样品测试结果表明:(1)碧玉的主要组成是透闪石,次要矿物有石英、滑石、黑云母、铬铁矿、石墨、石榴石等;(2)氢氧同位素组成(δD值-69. 763‰～-29. 251‰,δ~(18)O值4. 7‰～13. 4‰)显示由明显的变质水组成;(3)全岩Fe~(2+)/(Mg+Fe~(2+))值为0. 11～0. 32,Cr含量约22. 9～3400μg/g,Ni含量为700～1800μg/g,表明了明显的幔源物质参与成矿的特征。通过对比发现,碧玉与大理岩型软玉的地球化学性质有明显不同,这种差别与两者的产出环境有关:大理岩型软玉的矿物组成和地球化学特征受控于花岗岩和镁质大理岩,而碧玉的地球化学特征与幔源物质组成和变质流体相关。     

An unusual manganese silicate occurrence at the Hoskins mine,Grenfell district,New South Wales

Stratiform manganese silicate rocks overlie jasper and metabasah in the ?Middle Silurian Hoskins Formation at the Hoskins manganese mine near Grenfell, NSW. Two dominant mineral assemblages occur in the Mn silicate rocks: (1) a “reduced’ assemblage, probably gradational into underlying jasper, containing abundant rhodonite and/or tephroite, plus subordinate carbonates, quartz, hausmannite, spessartine and Ba minerals, and (2) a well‐laminated ‘oxidized’ assemblage rich in red Mn‐rich alkali pyroxene and amphibole, braunite, manganoan pectolite and minor Mn‐rich mica, alkali feldspars, carbonates, quartz and barite. Several Mn silicates implicitly contain trivalent Mn. The Mn silicate rocks are rich in Mn, Ba and Sr, and also contain anomalously high Co, Cu, As and W; oxidized assemblages are alkali‐rich. Bulk compositions and geological setting suggest a submarine volcanic exhalative origin for the precursors of the Mn silicate rocks and jasper. Metamorphism has occurred at upper greenschist facies with original high oxygen fugacity conditions in the exhalative sediments being largely reflected in the resulting assemblages. Although analogues of the reduced Mn silicate rocks are widespread in metamorphosed Mn deposits, equivalents of the oxidized assemblages appear to be particularly uncommon.     

缅甸抹谷Baw-mar矿区蓝宝石的热处理及谱学研究

目前缅甸抹谷矿区开采的蓝宝石原石约80%都要经过优化处理才能投入市场,其中主要为热处理。本文对缅甸抹谷Baw-mar矿区蓝宝石进行不同温度制度的热处理,并利用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射仪(XRD)、紫外-可见-近红外光谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和激光拉曼光谱仪对其热处理前后的谱学特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,1 300℃热处理后所有样品2θ<60°的XRD衍射峰开始向低角度方向偏移,晶胞参数c/a值随热处理温度升高而降低,推测与其晶体结构在高温下发生畸变有关;Baw-mar矿区蓝宝石的主要致色元素是Fe、Ti和V,其中Fe和Ti共同导致其呈蓝色,V使其略带绿色调,部分样品的灰色调主要由Ni所致;热处理后样品中Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺荷移增强,Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺荷移减弱,导致585 nm紫外吸收带增强,746和764 nm吸收峰减弱,同时样品颜色变蓝且灰色调减弱;红外光谱中,样品出现1 988、2 123 cm^-1硬水铝石羟基倍频振动吸收峰和3 619、3 696 cm^-1<...     

Palaeomagnetic study of Archaean Banded Hematite Jasper Rocks from the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, India

The Banded Hematite Jasper Formation within the Iron Ore Supergroup of the Singhbhum Craton in eastern India comprises fine alternating layers of jasper and specularite. It was deposited at 3000 Ma and deformed by a mobile episode at 2700 Ma. Hematite pigment (<1 μm) mixed with cryptocrystalline silica and specularite (> 10 μm) is chiefly responsible for red to brown rhythmic bands in the hematite jasper facies although thermomagnetic study also shows that minor amounts (1–2%) of magnetite are present. Palaeomagnetic study identifies a dual polarity remanence resident in hematite (D/I = 283/60°, α₉₅ = 12°) which predates deformation. Studies of the fabric of magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetic results suggest a diagenetic origin for this magnetisation with the hematite formed from oxidation of primary magnetite. The palaeopole (32°E, 24°N, dp/dm = 14/18°) records the earliest post-metamorphic magnetisation event in the Orissa Craton. A minimum apparent polar wander motion of the Orissa-Singhbhum craton of through 80° is identified during Late Archaean times (2900-2600 Ma).     

赣西七宝山钴铅锌矿床碧玉岩的发现及对矿床成因的制约

对赣西七宝山钴铅锌矿中的碧玉岩进行岩石学、地球化学研究,可为矿床成因及区域海底火山活动成矿作用提供地质证据。赣西七宝山钴铅锌矿床为中型钴矿床,主矿体产于石炭系黄龙组铁白云岩中,矿石结构以粒状、胶状结构为主,块状、层纹状硫化物矿体与新发现的碧玉岩空间相依,同地产出,密切相伴,互相包夹,表明其与成矿具有密切的共生关系,属同期沉积产物;碧玉岩主量、微量、稀土数据表明,其具有高硅贫铝富铁、锰特征,Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）值为0.13~0.16,与热水成因的硅质岩相当;富集Rb、Ba、U、La、Zr、Hf元素,亏损K、Nd、P、Ti元素,U/Th值为185.83~373.85,Y/Ho值为26.88~50.00,稀土元素总量低,为0.88×10-6~2.16×10-6,LREE/HREE值介于0.07~0.36之间,轻、重稀土元素分馏程度不高,Ce无异常,δEu中等负异常,显示碧玉岩物质来源于深部海底热水,少量同生海水混合形成,形成于晚古生代陆缘裂谷海槽环境。研究成果为矿床属于海底火山喷流沉积成因提供了直接有利的证据。     

The Metamorphism of the Blue River Ultramafic Body, Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada

The Blue River ultramafic body is an ‘Alpine’-typeperidotite tectonically emplaced within spilitic volcanic rocksin northern British Columbia. The intrusive margins were shearedand serpentinized to a lizardite-chrysotile plus brucite assemblageduring emplacement, prior to thermal metamorphism in the aureoleof a younger batholith. Relatively anhydrous peridotite andhydrous serpentinite were both affected by thermal metamorphism.The body has been subdivided into units defined by the mineralassemblages observed in meta-peridotite and meta-serpentiniteabove and below the isograd for the advent of the mineral talc.Isograds were also established for prograde metamorphic olivine,tremolite, and enstatite. The intrusive was subjected to two metamorphic processes, oxidationand dehydration. The nucleation of metamorphic olivine in weaklymetamorphosed serpentinite was erratic, and turbid porphyroblastcores are enriched in Fe and Mn. The dehydration reaction isthought to have been metastable. Above the talc isograd, serpentine, in both peridotite and serpentinite,reacted with original spinel to form ferritchromit and chlorite.The chlorite becomes progressively more aluminous with increasein grade. The oxidation process inhibited dehydration in meta-peridotiteas a stable chlorite was formed. The process also served toreduce the Fe content of the silicate system, as shown by thecomposition of the olivine generated from excess serpentinein high grade meta-serpentinite.     

贵州喀斯特铝土矿具芽胞苔藓种类特征——以贵州省清镇市林歹铝土矿区为例

对贵州省清镇市站街镇林歹铝土矿第二矿区的油菜种植区、矿土上部树林区、废石堆积区、矿土堆积恢复区4类环境进行苔藓植物采集,并对具芽胞苔藓种类进行统计分析,结果表明:（1）经鉴定发现苔藓植物10科22属37种,优势种（频度大于10%）为日本大丛藓Molendoa japonica Broth.（18.72%）和银叶真藓Bryum argenteum Hedw.（11.06%）;（2）发现8种具芽胞苔藓,占总种数的21.62%,隶属于丛藓科Pottiaceae和真藓科Bryaceae,其中日本大丛藓和芽胞银藓Anomobryum gemmigerum Broth.为常见具芽胞苔藓;（3）油菜种植区中具芽胞苔藓种类最多（6种）,但出现频度不高,非该类环境中的优势种,日本大丛藓在4类环境中均有发现;(4)在4类环境中,相对恶劣条件下具芽胞苔藓出现的几率更大;（5）瘤根真藓Bryum bornholmenseWinkelm.& Ruthe.和毛状真藓Bryum apiculatum Schwagr.的芽胞长于假根上,其余种类芽胞均见于叶腋处,呈扫帚状,芽胞形态上呈现多样性,有球形、棒形、棒槌形、芽形、纺锤状和火炬状。      

吉林软玉宝石学性质与特征研究

使用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和差热分析(DTA)对吉林软玉的化学成分、结构特征和热相变特征进行了研究。吉林软玉的主要矿物化学成分分析和XRD谱图均表明为透闪石。DTA分析表明在加热到874℃时,透闪石矿物开始脱(OH)^-水,并可能伴有新物相的生成。软玉的颜色为白色,其硬度、密度和折射率值等数据表明吉林白玉应为软玉。     

Heavy metal geochemistry of the acid mine drainage discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan,China

The acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan (China) was sampled and analyzed using ICP-MS techniques. The analyzing results show that the AMD is characterized by the major ions Fe_Total, Mn, Al and Si, and is concentrated with heavy metals and metalloids including Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb, Tl, V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. During the AMD flowing downstream, the dissolved heavy metals were removed from the AMD waters through adsorption onto and co-precipitation with metal-oxhydroxides coated on the streambed. Among these metals, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl are negatively correlated to pH values, and positively correlated to major ions Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Mg, Ca and K. The metals/metalloids V, Cr, Se, As and Sb are conservative in the AMD solution, and negatively-correlated to major ions Na, Ca and Mg. Due to the above different behaviors of these chemical elements, the pH-negatively related metals (PM) and the conservative metals (CM) are identified; the PM metals include Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl, and the CM metals V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. Based on understanding the geochemistry of PM and CM metals in the AMD waters, a new equation: EXT = (Acidity + PM)/pH + CM × pH, is proposed to estimate and evaluate extent of heavy-metal pollution (EXT) of AMD. The evaluation results show that the AMD and surface waters of the mine area have high EXT values, and they could be the potential source of heavy-metal contamination of the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is suggested that both the AMD and surface waters should be treated before they are drained out of the mine district, for which the traditional dilution and neutralization methods can be applied to remove the PM metals from the AMD waters, and new techniques through reducing the pH value of the downstream AMD waters should be developed for removal of the CM metals.     

滇西福贡亚五夺透闪玉矿物学特征及成因

在滇西福贡亚五夺地区普遍发育有规模不等的透闪石玉矿(化)体,呈不规则大脉状产于片麻岩、片岩的大理岩夹层与糜棱岩化花岗岩的接触部位。本文在系统调查矿床(体)地质的基础上,采用化学分析、粉晶X衍射及能谱分析等方法,研究了区内透辉石玉的宝石学、矿物学特征,进而对其成因进行探讨。透闪石玉矿石折射率1.60,硬度5.6,密度2.9g/cm~3±,达到玉石品质的指标要求,可作为一种新类型的软玉矿床开发;其主要矿物组成(体积分数)为透闪石(45%)、透辉石(40%),并含方解石(5%)、石英(5%),以及少量的长石、石榴石、磷灰石、榍石、独居石等;透闪石的SiO_2、CaO、MgO含量(质量分数)分别54.54%、22.32%、18.62%,并有少量的Fe_2O_3、Na_2O、Al_2O_3,其晶胞参数a0、b0、c0及β分别为0.978×10~(-10) m、1.785×10~(-10) m、5.284×10~(-10) m及104.45°。结合矿床地质特征以及矿石与围岩稀土元素示踪分析,该透闪石玉矿床仍属变质热液型矿床,但其是在区域性同岩浆同变形时期的拉张阶段,变质流体混合岩浆残余热液沿裂隙充填而成的,应是一种新的矿床成因类型。其成矿时期与碧罗雪山—崇山变形带喜马拉雅中晚期大规模的走滑剪切作用相关大体时限为22~15Ma。本区域具有同等地质背景和成矿条件的地段范围巨大,具有很大的找矿前景。     

若干铅锌矿矿井涌水水质初步研究

金属矿山矿井涌水是在矿山开采和利用过程中产生的特殊废水,对若干新建和续采铅锌矿矿井涌水水质进行分析,获得了新建矿山矿井涌水水质pH值在6.34~8.07之间,悬浮物在11.0~63.0mg/L之间;硫化物在0.005~0.02mg/L之间;铜在0.001~0.05mg/L之间;锌在0.05~0.41mg/L之间;铅在0.01~0.06mg/L之间;镉在0.001~0.05mg/L之间;砷在0.0007~0.066mg/L之间;汞0.0001mg/L;六价铬在0.03~0.04mg/L之间。续采矿山矿井涌水水质pH值在2.1~8.28之间;悬浮物在20~103mg/L之间;硫化物在0.002~0.015mg/L之间;硫酸盐在75~805mg/L之间;铜在0.01~0.65 mg/L之间;锌在0.08~285.67mg/L之间;铅在0.01~0.84mg/L之间;镉在0.03~2.18mg/L之间;砷在0.0006~1.0mg/L之间;汞在0.00001~0.00006mg/L之间;六价铬在0.004~0.024mg/L之间。大部分续采矿山矿井涌水为酸性废水,绝大多数续采矿山矿井涌水金属元素特别是主元素超出《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》(GB25461-2010)标准限值。探讨了模拟矿山开采条件浸泡矿石水质分析可获得新建矿山生产时实际的矿井涌水水质。