广西桂平西山井水位同震特征和机理初探

收集了2008~2016年广西桂平西山井水位观测数据及全球5级以上地震资料,分析井孔记录水震波的能力、水震波形态特征及影响因素,初步探讨了西山井同震的机理,获得以下认识:桂平西山井对全球M_S≥7地震具有较好的同震响应能力,水震波的形态主要为振荡型,少数呈现阶升型。井-含水层观测系统、地震震级、井震距是影响井孔记录水震波能力的主要因素。含水层介质受瑞利面波作用会发生体积变化,导致水位振荡,是形成振荡型水震波的可能机理。阶变型水震波的形成与区域应力场增强、介质变化及构造活动等因素有关。西山井水位阶升与周边中强地震活动存在较好对应关系,该认识可为地震预测研究提供参考。     

黄骅井水位映震效能分析

收集整理河北省地下流体观测井网黄骅井水位对2004年以来全球MS≥8.0地震的同震响应资料,从响应形态、响应幅度、响应时间等方面进行分析,并对黄骅井水位阶变异常进行分析。结果表明,黄骅井水位的同震响应形态以阶变为主;水位的同震响应幅度随震级增大而增大,但非单纯地随井震距的增大而减小;井震距越近震级越大,水位响应地震速度越快。分析认为,2015年以来黄骅井水位阶变异常可能与昌黎4.2级地震有一定相关性。     

山西洪洞井水位对远场大震的响应特征分析

对洪洞井水位自2013年数字化改造以来记录到的同震响应资料进行统计分析后认为:洪洞井水位对全球MS≥7.5的远场大震有较好的响应能力,其同震响应呈一定的方向性;对不同地震的响应形态具有固定模式,以水震波为主,部分水震波伴随阶变;水位振荡阶变的初始方向以上升为主。统计分析显示,井水位同震变化幅度与震级、井震距无明显相关性,水位响应时刻与井震距有一定关系。进一步核实表明:引起水位同震响应的地震波大多为S波,部分为P波、面波;S波引起的水位变化幅度要小于P波,而面波引发的水位变化幅度最大。综合分析了前人对水位振荡的机理研究,并结合洪洞井具体情况对其相关机理进行了初步探讨。     

湖南省数字化井水位对尼泊尔M 8.1地震的同震响应特征分析

通过分析湖南省数字化井水位对尼泊尔M 8.1地震的同震响应特征,我们发现,同一地震在不同观测井中引起的同震响应特征各不相同.湖南省井水位的同震响应形态以水震波为主,而且对于波动伴随阶变的同震响应类型,总是先记录到水震波然后才产生阶变.认为,同震响应形态的差异性以及初动响应时间的快慢可能与仪器、井况、井孔的构造环境以及水文地质条件等因素有关.湖南省水位观测井对远场大震的远场效应反映较灵敏,能反映区域应力场变化引起的含水层应力应变的变化.     

福建省数字化水位、水温对日本9级地震的同震响应

分析福建省数字化水位、水温记录的日本9级地震的同震响应,发现：水位初始变化多为下降;水震波的最大双振幅随着水位日变化幅度的增大呈对数关系增大,还受到该井潮汐因子的影响;水温同震响应多表现为下降一上升恢复,水位异常幅度越大,水温的异常幅度越大,水温的异常持续时间越长。     

福建省数字化水位水温资料的远场效应研究

以2003年以来全球12次M≥7.8级大震为例,从"一震多井"和"一井多震"两个不同的侧面,结合井孔的水文地质条件,依据水位同震异常变化的记录图形,分析福建省地下流体数字化观测网对不同方位的地震的远场效应。福建省数字化水位、水温资料对M≥7.8级大震产生远场效应所记录到的同震异常与震级、震中距、地震类型、地震所处的构造位置以及水点的水文地质条件等相关。     

井水位前驱波普遍性问题的探讨

以山西、河北、内蒙等地5口映震能力较强的地下水位观测井为研究对象,对井水位前驱波普遍性问题进行了探讨.结果表明,强震井水位前驱波现象较为普遍,其比例可达65.1％(41/63);相同地震不同观测井前驱波特征各不相同,同一观测井在不同地震前的特征也各异,这可能与不同观测井具有不同的井-含水层结构以及不同地震前有着不同的震源参数有关;与单井水震波相比,震前有前驱波记录的次数略低于水震波,其比例在39.7％～50.7％之间;震前有前驱波记录的观测井占研究区观测井总数的比例可达66.7％.     

腾冲台水温、水位对尼泊尔8.1级地震的同震响应特征分析

介绍了腾冲台水温、水位观测井的地理位置、地质构造条件和水温、水位仪器布设、运行情况。对腾冲台水温、水位以及尼泊尔8.1级地震的同震响应特征分析,结果显示:尼泊尔8.1级地震引起的腾冲台水温、水位同震响应表现形态为水位下降-水温上升型,同震效应表现非常显著。水温同震响应滞后于水位同震响应。当水位产生同震响应时,水震波引起井孔内不同温度层位的井水多次对流和掺混,致使水温产生同震响应变化。水位同震响应持续时间比水温持续时间短,但水位的响应程度相比水温要剧烈。     

本溪井水位地震响应范围初探

本溪井对应地震的水位响应可分为震前响应（水位异常）和震时、震后响应（震后效应）两种。自1999年以来,本溪井多次记录到了对应典型地震较为明显的水位响应变化,最远为2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊MS8.7地震,震中距为4990km,一般来讲,地震的震级越大,震中距越小,本溪井水位响应幅度越大。     

河北省数字水位对尼泊尔M_S8.1地震的同震响应特征研究

收集整理了河北省地下流体观测井网对尼泊尔MS8.1地震有响应的数字水位资料,分析其同震响应特征,探讨响应机理。结果显示,17个水位测项中10个有同震响应;水位同震响应形态类型有三种:振荡型、振荡-阶变型、脉冲型;含水层岩性为灰岩和安山玢岩的井孔,其水震波的振荡幅度较大;对于振荡-阶变型同震响应形态的井孔水位总是先记录到振荡,然后才是阶变;各井孔水位对尼泊尔地震的响应时间快慢有很大差距,这主要是由各观测井仪器的时间服务系统走时差不等造成的;数字水位的振荡幅度上下不对称,可能是因为仪器的采样率低引起的。井孔水位同震响应后效残留阶升意味着压应力的增强及地震危险性的增加;未记录到地震的观测井可能与井孔结构及所处的构造部位有关。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.