Zachery处理绿松石的探讨

现在市面上所谓的"美国松"其实大多经过一种Zachery的处理方法,本文采用放大观察、紫外-可见光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X荧光光谱仪、红外光谱仪等测试手段,对Zachery处理绿松石进行了宝石学、矿物学、化学成分和谱学特征的研究.结果显示,由于自然界产出的绿松石的光泽、结构、密度、硬度等变化范围较大,因此常规宝石学测试无法区分Zachery处理绿松石,紫外-可见光谱仪和红外光谱也无法鉴定Zachery处理的绿松石,只有X荧光光谱仪测试结果显示K⁺元素含量高以及扫描电镜显示表面具结晶现象可以作为绿松石经过Zachery处理的准确判断依据.     

湖北天然绿松石与优化处理绿松石的宝石学鉴别特征

本文主要以湖北天然绿松石、浸胶绿松石和注有色胶绿松石为研究对象,结合优化处理工艺过程及所用的胶水混合液,通过宝石学常规测试以及扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪和紫外可见光谱仪等宝石学现代仪器的测试分析,研究有效鉴别湖北天然绿松石和浸胶绿松石、注有色胶绿松石的测试方法。结果表明,注有色胶绿松石的颜色较呆板,浸胶和注有色胶绿松石相对密度较低且在长波紫外荧光灯下显示强至弱的蓝色荧光;扫描电镜下可见浸胶和注有色胶绿松石微晶之间的空隙被不同程度的胶质物充填,但该方法为有损法,不推荐使用;红外光谱中2 930、2 860、1 730、1 460 cm-1附近由有机物基团振动所致的红外吸收谱带可有效区分三者,是最为快速、无损、准确的方法;拉曼光谱中2 942、2 873、1 452、1 620、830 cm-1附近的吸收峰可作为鉴别湖北天然绿松石和浸胶或注有色胶绿松石的重要依据;紫外可见光谱中较弱的429 nm吸收峰和宽缓的677 nm吸收带可作为区分天然绿松石和注有色胶绿松石的鉴别依据,但无法区分天然绿松石和浸胶绿松石。     

常见绿松石品种特征及充填处理的鉴定

总结了我国市场上大量常见的不同产地的天然绿松石的特征,同时对比我国市场常见的充填处理绿松石的特征,研究了天然与充填处理绿松石的一般鉴别特征,发现处理绿松石的颜色深浅、颜色分布、包裹体、外观与天然绿松石均有较大的区别。还利用红外光谱对天然的和充填处理的绿松石进行了测试,发现充填处理绿松石在1 735、1 600、1 500 cm^-1附近可见吸收峰,表明绿松石内部充填了人工类树脂,可作为鉴定充填处理绿松石的有力证据。     

磷酸铝结合剂改性绿松石的结构特征

疏松绿松石经磷酸铝结合剂浸胶充填处理后,宝石学参数、力学和工艺性质均得到明显改善,与天然绿松石相仿.为查明这类改性绿松石的结构和探讨磷酸铝无机结合剂对绿松石的改善机理,采用环境扫描显微镜(ESEM)、差热分析(TG-DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)和X射线粉晶衍射分析方法(XRD),对此类浸胶充填处理后的绿松石结构、物相及热性质等特征进行了研究.结果显示充填入的磷酸铝结合剂呈凝胶状分布在绿松石微孔隙间,处理后绿松石的分子结构和矿物组构与处理前一致,但产生了一定程度的非晶质化,与磷酸铝结合剂的填充作用有关,即磷酸铝结合剂在固化过程中生成氢,结合形成无机网络高分子结构;处理后绿松石的热反应温度较处理前普遍有所降低,主要是由于添加入的磷酸铝结合剂具有较低的吸热反应温度所致.      

河北宽城蛇纹石玉的宝石矿物学特征研究

河北宽城蛇纹石玉结构细腻,颜色可呈肉红色、绿色,当地市场称之为"热河玉"。本文通过常规宝石学测试结合激光拉曼光谱、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、激光剥蚀等离子质谱以及可见光吸收光谱等手段对其进行了系统分析,并采用伽玛能谱仪对其放射安全性进行了检测。结果表明,肉红色样品折射率及相对密度值均较低,折射率为1.54~1.55,相对密度为2.33~2.43,主要组成矿物为斜纤蛇纹石,主要具纤维交织结构、纤维柱粒交织结构,局部可见变余生物骨架结构,次要矿物有方解石和透辉石,Fe和Mn元素含量相对较高,Fe元素含量范围在184.9×10^-6~951.7×10^-6,Mn元素含量为106.4×10^-6~287.3×10^-6;绿色样品折射率为1.55~1.56,相对密度为2.58~2.62,主要组成矿物为叶蛇纹石,具更加细腻的纤维交织结构,次要矿物为滑石及四方硫铁矿,Fe元素含量极高,可达5 979×10^-6~6 359×10^-6。结合可见光吸收光谱分析结果认为Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺以及Mn³⁺的综合作用是导致样品呈现肉红色的主要原因,而Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺则是导致绿色的主要原因。放射性检测结果显示样品的内、外照射指数及放射性比活度值均低于标准要求,对人体无放射性危害。     

巴西金刚石的宝石矿物学特征

采用常规宝石学测试结合红外光谱、拉曼光谱以及Diamond View^TM测试,对巴西金刚石开展了常规宝石学、光谱学和荧光特征分析。结果显示,巴西金刚石表面微形貌特征丰富,可见多种形态的生长丘,三角、六边或不规则形态的溶蚀坑以及塑性变形滑移线等特征。巴西金刚石以ⅠaAB型为主(90%以上),N含量在400×10^-6~1700×10^-6范围内,B心转化率介于15%~66%之间,具有高N含量和低-中等N聚集程度的特点。拉曼光谱分析进一步揭示了样品内部均残余压应力或者结晶度较差。Diamond View^TM发光图像显示ⅠaAB型金刚石样品具有蓝色和黄绿色调荧光;ⅠaB型金刚石样品为带有绿色调的蓝色和不均匀的蓝色荧光;Ⅱa型金刚石样品表现为暗橙色和蓝色荧光。     

"柠檬玉"的宝石学特征探讨

"柠檬玉"以黄绿色为主,不透明,玻璃光泽至瓷状光泽,结构致密,折射率在1.53～1.55之间,摩氏硬度为4～5。偏光显微镜下呈近似隐晶质结构;傅立叶交换红外光谱图中呈现菱镁矿的特征吸收峰(1 537、886、745 cm^-1);经X射线衍射仪物相分析,样品主要矿物为菱镁矿(MgCO₃);电子探针分析表明样品的主要化学成分为MgO,并含有一定量的NiO。样品外表均匀的亮黄绿色荧光是由于加工过程中注胶或注蜡等工艺造成的。经过各项分析后证明,"柠檬玉"是一种含镍菱镁矿。     

尼日利亚锌尖晶石的宝石矿物学及包裹体特征研究

采用常规宝石学测试、电子探针、单晶X射线衍射和拉曼光谱等方法,深入分析了尼日利亚锌尖晶石的常规宝石学特征、化学成分、晶体结构以及包裹体特征。尼日利亚锌尖晶石呈完好的八面体晶形,强玻璃光泽、半透明,相对密度为4.48~4.61,折射率为1.792~1.794,紫外荧光灯下呈惰性。通过电子探针测试,计算其化学式为Zn_(0.87~0.92)Fe_(0.06~0.07)Al_(1.98~2.01)O₄。单晶X射线衍射揭示其为立方晶系、空间群Fd3m,晶胞参数a=8.089(2)Å,四面体键长T—O=1.953(4)Å,八面体键长M—O=1.912 9(19)Å。锌尖晶石的特征拉曼吸收峰位于418 cm^-1和659 cm^-1,分别对应E_g模式、高频T_2g(3)模式。包裹体研究显示锌尖晶石含有多种矿物包体,包括闪锌矿、钠长石、白云母、石英、绿柱石、锆石和硅铍石,结合前人研究认为尼日利亚锌尖晶石形成于富Li、Cs、Rb、Be和Ta等元素的花岗伟晶岩中。     

河南绿色密玉的宝石学特征和颜色成因

河南密玉是我国重要的玉石品种,属于显晶质石英岩。前人对于河南省新密市的密玉玉石矿床进行了系统的地质学研究,但其宝石学特征和颜色成因仍存在争议。文章综合了前人的研究成果,对河南密玉中的绿色系列样品进行了常规宝石学测试、红外光谱测试、紫外-可见光光谱测试、拉曼测试以及电子探针测试研究。结果表明,密玉为结晶度较好的石英岩,主要矿物成分为α-石英,次要矿物有白云母、赤铁矿、石墨、金红石、电气石等;具有花岗变晶结构和显微细粒变晶结构;紫外-可见光光谱中可见明显的Cr³⁺特征吸收峰;密玉的绿色与含铬白云母有关,而含铬白云母的绿色则是由于其所含的微量元素Cr、V、Ni等致色元素引起的,绿色越深,Cr、Ni、V含量越高;随着Fe³⁺含量增加,样品的黄色调越明显。     

竹山和马鞍山绿松石微量元素和稀土元素特征

对竹山和马鞍山两地绿松石的微量元素和稀土元素特征作了对比研究,同时分析了两地绿松石矿物特征和结构特征。采用X射线能谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱和扫描电镜等测试技术对竹山和马鞍山地区的绿松石样品进行岩石矿物学特征分析。结果表明,竹山与马鞍山地区绿松石在微量元素的含量上存在较大的差别,但主成分含量基本一致;两地区绿松石的稀土元素均富集重稀土,二者的稀土配分模式图出现镨反向,马鞍山地区的绿松石表现出铕负异常;马鞍山绿松石的结晶程度优于竹山县绿松石。该方法对绿松石产地划分的研究具有应用价值。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997