ldquo;2005.0中国地磁测量rdquo;地磁测点均匀性的分形表征.

为研究ldquo;2005.0中国地磁测量rdquo;地磁测点空间分布均匀性特征,基于分形理论,介绍了用分形学描述地磁三分量测点空间分布均匀性的方法．该方法将测点存在的区域以不同尺度划分为相等面积的小方块,提取不同方块区域内的三分量测点的数目与尺度,在双对数坐标中进行线性拟合,直线斜率的绝对值即为分形维数Df,并以此作为评价地磁三分量测点空间分散均匀性的指标．通过对ldquo;2005.0中国地磁测量rdquo;地磁测点均匀性的定量研究,结果表明,中国大陆区域、大陆105deg;E以东和105deg;E以西区域地磁三分量测点的分形维数Df各不相同,分别为1.748, 1.796和1.609; 105deg;E以东区域比105deg;E以西区域的分形维数更接近于其嵌入维数E=2（地球表面）,意味着105deg;E以东区域的地磁三分量测点空间分布更均匀．      

煤层气赋存的分形特征研究

本文利用红外热成像手段,对微小煤样内的甲烷吸附区进行了观察,并评估其吸附特征与在煤中的分布规律.研究表明煤中存在不同尺度与甲烷吸附能力的甲烷富集区,吸附/解吸甲烷时,甲烷富集区比邻近区域具有更明显的升温/降温现象.通过图像处理的方法对不同吸附压力条件下的红外热像图中的甲烷富集区进行提取,采用盒维数进行统计发现甲烷富集区符合分形规律.试验表明随着吸附压力升高,甲烷富集区的分形维数增大,分布初值减小.对两个不同煤田的煤层气富集区进行统计表明：从微米级到千米级尺度范围内,甲烷富集区分布具有分形特征,且分形维数均在1.5~2.00之间.     

储层微观非均质性定量表征的分形模型

储层非均质性是影响油气田勘探和开发的重要因素.储层岩石孔隙具有分形特征,分形维数可以定量地表征储层的微观非均质性.本文简述了孔隙分布概率密度函数、分形判据等分形理论基础,系统分析了利用压汞测试法,毛细管力曲线法和计盒法等计算分形维数的方法,以及分形维数解析研究的进展,并对进一步研究做了展望.     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震触发滑坡及其构造分析

2013年7月22日,甘肃省岷县漳县交界发生了Ms6.6地震.地震触发了大量的、类型各种各样的滑坡.滑坡类型以黄土崖崩、滑、倾为主,还有一些深层连贯型土质滑坡、大型土质流滑、斜坡裂缝等类型.地震滑坡主要分布在一个与临潭-宕昌断裂平行的长条形区域内.该长条形区域面积约为250km2,长度约40km,最大宽度约8km.对应不同构造段落的区域内滑坡发育程度不同,反映了不同段落发震构造的特征差异.滑坡的主体分布范围与震中位置表明了构造破裂是从SEE向NWW方向发展的.最后,分析了该滑坡主体分布区中心线与临潭-宕昌断裂在空间地理位置上相差10km的2种可能的原因.     

台湾地区地震的空间关联维特征与构造环境研究

采用关联维方法对台湾地区地震活动的空间特征进行了研究。先利用 10 0a来台湾的地震目录计算各个地震区、带的关联维数 ,将地震空间分布的分形特征定量表达出来 ,然后综合分析地震空间分布的关联维数和孕震构造环境之间的关系 ,得出了以下结论 :1)台湾东、西部地震区由于地震属于不同的大地构造单元 ,因此关联维数有较大的差异 ;2 )在各地震区内部的各个地震带由于板块构造、地壳结构、活断层分布上的差异 ,而具有与其构造特征相对应的关联维数 ;3)各地震带内部的各个不同的部位又由于不同的构造应力场 ,而导致地震分布上出现不同的丛集性 ,表现为不同的关联维数。这些结论充分说明通过关联维分析所得到的地震活动的空间图像与地震活动所代表的不同地质构造背景有着良好的对应关系     

汶川及芦山地震余震分布的空间尺度效应

基于GIS点格局方法,从余震点分布的不确定性以及烈度区与点空间距离格局的关系角度研究了汶川及芦山余震点格局．结果表明:余震在较小尺度内接近随机分布且关联效应明显; 在较大尺度内余震聚集分布,空间距离关联仍呈幂律关系,无标度区间的上下限与不同烈度区的长短轴间存在关联．汶川、 芦山余震形成东北—西南向矩形的热点、 次热点分布区,区域内最邻近指数为0.99,0.76; 映秀Ⅺ度、 芦山Ⅸ度烈度区内最邻近指数分别为1.02和0.95,显示余震点在强烈度、 高聚集区内趋向随机分布．余震点距离关联特征表明:汶川余震在13.5—20 km和30—43 km区间,芦山余震在7—14.5 km区间内关联程度显著; 汶川余震在66—82 km、 225—236 km、 317—321.5 km区间以及芦山余震在15.5—22 km、 23—32.5 km、 33.5—43.5 km区间仍呈幂律关系. 该结果与汶川地震Ⅺ—Ⅸ度、 芦山地震Ⅸ—Ⅶ度烈度分布区域的长短轴存在一定关联,321.5 km和40 km与两次地震主破裂面长度也较为吻合. 对比核密度估计与地震烈度图可以看出: 带宽越小,核密度面积与较高烈度区域的一致性越大; 随着带宽的扩大,核密度面积与烈度区的差异也越大．      

基于网格维数法的剑川县应急避难场所演化特征研究

采用分形理论中的网格维数法对1985、2000、2014年三个时期剑川县主城区应急避难场所的空间分布特征及相关维数进行测算,得出应急避难场所不同时期空间分布的容量维和信息维。研究发现:(1)剑川县城市应急避难场所的空间演化由集中分布逐步向均衡分布发展;(2)剑川县城市应急避难场所空间分布经历了由不符合分形结构特征到完全符合分形结构特征的过程。     

近30年来太湖流域湖泊岸线形态动态变化

湖泊的岸线特征是表征湖泊形态特征的一项重要内容．本文应用分形理论中的计盒维数,基于岸线长度与面积 关系的分形维数及岸线发育系数,对太湖流域主要湖泊的湖泊岸线变化进行了研究．结果表明,分形维数可以更好的对 湖泊岸线进行量化描述,太湖流域主要湖泊的岸线具有自相似性;近30年来,太湖流域湖泊的岸线曲折度降低,岸线长度 减少,岸线结构趋于单调．     

基于细观结构的原状黄土动弹性模量和阻尼比试验研究

黄土的细观结构对其非线性动力参数具有重要影响。选取不同地区的典型原状黄土进行室内动三轴试验和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,利用PCAS孔隙图像识别与分析系统统计分析SEM图像,获取了黄土的孔隙细观结构参数,分析了孔隙细观结构参数与初始动弹性模量和阻尼比的关系。结果表明:初始动弹性模量随着土体平均孔隙直径、表观孔隙率、分形维数和概率熵的增大而减小,其中平均孔隙直径和分形维数对初始动弹性模量的影响较为显著,表明土体内孔隙的大小及其排列对土体的动弹性模量具有明显的影响;而阻尼比均随着土体平均孔隙直径、表观孔隙率、分形维数和概率熵的增大呈非线性增大,其与表观孔隙率和分形维数具有明显的相关性,表明孔隙数量及其排列形态对土的阻尼比影响较为明显。     

典型风场的分形特征及分形模拟

本文对于由风洞试验得出的不同风场类别的脉动风速进行了盒维数的分析,发现各类风场的盒维数明显不同,而采用传统数值模拟方法模拟的A、B、C三类风场的脉动风速的盒维数几乎没有变化。为了弥补脉动风速传统数值模拟方法的缺陷,采用包含分形维数的Weierstrass-Mandelbro函数模拟A、B、C三类风场的脉动风速,并与由风洞试验得到的各类风场的脉动风速的盒维数,湍流度,功率谱等特征进行对比。结果表明分形模拟方法所得的脉动风速的盒维数在各类风场中明显不同,且随着湍流度的增大而减小,并且分形模拟方法模拟的脉动风速谱和风洞试验的脉动风速谱更加接近。     

Distribution of Landslides in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China

Using Google Earth software as a platform, this study has established an integrated database of both old and new landslides in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China, and analyzed their development characteristics together with distribution rules, respectively. Based on the results, a total of 2 427 landslides occurred in the study area, including 2 144 new landslides and 283 old landslides, with a total area of about 104.8 km². The new landslides are mostly in small-scales with an area less than 10 000 m², while the area of individual old landslide is mostly larger than 10 000 m². By analyzing the relationship between the two types of landslides and eight impact factors (i.e., elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, lithology, fault, regional Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), and average annual rainfall), the different individual influencing factors, distribution regularities and mechanisms of the two types of landslides are revealed. In detail, the main influencing factors of new landslides are elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, lithology, regional PGA and average annual rainfall, while the influencing factors of old landslides are mainly elevation, slope angle, and lithology. This study provides basic data and support for landslide assessment and further disaster reduction in Baoshan City. Besides, it also provides new constraints in deeply understanding the effect of different topographic and geological conditions, historical earthquakes, rainfall and other factors on the occurrence mechanisms of both new landslides and old landslides.     

The Spatial Distribution and Attribute Parameter Statistics of Landslides Triggered by the May 12th, 2008, MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake

A complete landslide inventory and attribute database is the importantly fundamental for the study of the earthquake-induced landslide. Substantial landslides were triggered by the M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12^th, 2008. Google Earth images of pre- and post-earthquakes show that 52 194 co-seismic landslides were recognized and mapped, with a total landslides area of 1 021 km².Based on the statistics,we assigned all landslide parameters and established the co-seismic landslides database, which includes area, length, and width of landslides, elevation of the scarp top and foot edge, and the top and bottom elevations of each located slope. Finally, the spatial distribution and the above attribute parameters of landslides were analyzed. The results show that the spatial distribution of the co-seismic landslides is extremely uneven. The landslides that mainly occur in a rectangular area (a width of 30 km of the hanging wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and a length of 120 km between Yingxiu and Beichuan) are obviously controlled by surface rupture, terrain, and peak ground acceleration. Meanwhile, a large number of small landslides (individual landslide area less than 10 000 m²)contribute less to the total landslides area. The number of landslides larger than 10 000 m² accounts for 38.7% of the total number of co-seismic landslides, while the area of those landslides account for 88% of the total landslides area. The 52 194 co-seismic landslides are caused by bedrock collapse that usually consists of three parts:source area, transport area, and accumulation area. However, based on the area-volume power-law relationship, the resulting regional landslide volume may be much larger than the true landslide volume if the landslide volume is calculated using the influenced area from each landslide.     

Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by the 2013-04-20 Lushan earthquake,China

The 2013-04-20 Lushan earthquake(seismic magnitude Ms 7.0 according to the State Seismological Bureau)induced a large number of landslides.In this study,spatial characteristics of landslides are developed by interpreting digital aerial photography data.Seven towns near the epicenter,with an area of about 11.11 km2,were severely affected by the earthquake,and 703 landslides were identified from April 24,2013 aerial photography data over an area of 1.185 km2.About 55.56% of the landslide area was less than 1000 m2,whereas about 3.23 % was more than 10,000 m2.Rock falls and shallow landslides were the most commonly observed types in the study area,and were primarily located in the center of Lushan County.Most landslide areas were widely distributed near river channels and along roads.Five main factors were chosen to study the distribution characteristics of landslides:elevation,slope gradients,fault,geologic unit and river system.The spatial distribution of coseismal landslides is studied statistically using both landslide point density(LPD),defined as the number of landslides(LS Number)per square kilometer,and landslide area density(LAD),interpreted as the percentage of landslides area affected by earthquake.The results show that both LPD and LAD have strong positive correlations with five main factors.Most landslides occurred in the gradient range of 40°-50° and an elevation range of 1.0-1.5 km above sea level.Statistical results also indicate that landslides were mainly formed in soft rocks such as mudstone and sandstone,and concentrated in IX intensity areas.     

黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法

为获得详细的地震滑坡数据和分布特征,揭示黄土地震滑坡的成灾模式和防治措施,需要对黄土地区地震滑坡进行详细的编录,利用卫星影像的识别方法是重要的手段之一。通过总结黄土地震滑坡特有的空间分布特征、平面形态特征、地震滑坡发育特征和伴生水文特征,归纳利用卫星影像识别黄土地震滑坡的7种识别标志。利用该方法,研究通渭地区黄土地震滑坡的空间分布与规律,结果表明：黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法获得的滑坡与野外现场调查结果相近;通渭地区滑坡拥有缓坡发育、低角度、中远滑距、大体积、方向性明显等特点。     

山西大宁县典型滑坡体地貌特征与降雨和强震关系

山西大宁县位于山西省吕梁山南端，境内沟壑纵横，具有独特的黄土高原地形地貌特征。在该地区进行地质灾害调查，以查明灾害分布、形成原因和隐患情况。应用地貌学的有关原理，结合遥感影像解译，在义亭河的支流河谷两岸0.3 km²（575 m×526 m）范围内发现并确认了2个大型和2个中型滑坡体。滑坡体均为基岩与上方的黄土沉积层整体滑下，滑坡体沿河流流动的方向发生一定程度的扭转，滑面近于直立，滑动方向与河流流向一致，没有形成堰塞湖。对滑坡体与周围地貌特征，以及河道被改动的方向特征研究认为：①4个滑坡体是在不同的地质时期形成；②其中1个滑坡体明显受到一条断裂的影响；③其它3个滑坡体，可能是在河流侵蚀搬运作用加强，导致的"重力塌陷"，及河流流向作用牵引的动力学作用下，经过较漫长的时间形成；④在距离该地区约60 km的洪洞地震、临汾地震，以及距离该地区230余公里的华县地震，这三次8级地震过程中，地震应力可能加剧了滑坡体的发生或滑动；⑤未来该滑坡体，仍然可能在非常规的外界条件下，如强降雨或地震应力等的影响下，出现加速滑动的可能。     

An open-accessed inventory of landslides triggered by the MS 6.8 Luding earthquake,China on September 5, 2022

This study constructs a preliminary inventory of landslides triggered by the M_S 6.8 Luding earthquake based on field investigation and human-computer interaction visual interpretation on optical satellite images. The results show that this earthquake triggered at least 5 007 landslides, with a total landslide area of 17.36 ?km², of which the smallest landslide area is 65 ?m² and the largest landslide area reaches 120 747 ?m², with an average landslide area of about 3 500 ?m². The obtained landslides are concentrated in the IX intensity zone and the northeast side of the seismogenic fault, and the area density and point density of landslides are 13.8%, and 35.73 ?km^?2 peaks with 2 ?km as the search radius. It should be noted that the number of landslides obtained in this paper will be lower than the actual situation because some areas are covered by clouds and there are no available post-earthquake remote sensing images. Based on the available post-earthquake remote sensing images, the number of landslides triggered by this earthquake is roughly estimated to be up to 10 000. This study can be used to support further research on the distribution pattern and risk evaluation of the coseismic landslides in the region, and the prevention and control of landslide hazards in the seismic area.     

基于不同核函数的2010年玉树地震滑坡空间预测模型研究

基于统计学习理论与地理信息系统(GIS)技术的地震滑坡灾害空间预测是一个重要的研究方向,其可以对相似地震条件下地震滑坡的发生区域进行预测.2010年4月14日07时49分(北京时间),青海省玉树县发生了M_w6.9级大地震,作者基于高分辨率遥感影像解译与现场调查验证的方法,圈定了2036处本次地震诱发滑坡,这些滑坡大概分布在一个面积为1455.3 km²的矩形区域内.本文以该矩形区域为研究区,以GIS与支持向量机(SVM)模型为基础,开展基于不同核函数的地震滑坡空间预测模型研究.应用GIS技术建立玉树地震滑坡灾害及相关滑坡影响因子空间数据库,选择高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、坡位、水系、地层岩性、断裂、公路、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)共12个因子作为地震滑坡预测因子.以SVM模型为基础,基于线性核函数、多项式核函数、径向基核函数、S形核函数等4类核函数开展地震滑坡空间预测研究,分别建立了玉树地震滑坡危险性指数图、危险性分级图、预测结果图.4类核函数对应的模型正确率分别为79.87%,83.45%,84.16%,64.62%.基于不同的训练样本开展模型训练与讨论工作,表明径向基核函数是最适用于该地区的地震滑坡空间预测模型.本文为地震滑坡空间预测模型中核函数的科学选择提供了依据,也为地震区的滑坡防灾减灾工作提供了参考.     

1920年海原地震滑坡密集区的地震动场地效应研究

地震动作为引起地震灾害的原动力,常常通过造成建筑物倒塌、山体滑坡等形式引起大量人员伤亡和财产损失。1920年海原8½级地震,在震中距80 km远的西吉—静宁交界的黄土丘陵区引发了大量的山体滑坡,并造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。在分析海原地震高烈度区滑坡分布特征的基础上,通过场地调查和数值计算等方法,研究典型滑坡密集场地的地质条件及地震反应特征。研究表明起伏地形和黄土厚度不均等因素造成丘陵山体两侧地震反应的差异,从而导致地震滑坡在斜坡土体较厚的一侧成群连片发育。海原地震造成的滑坡密集区的地形地貌、岩土性质、土层结构等条件决定了该地区地震动随局部场地条件变化非常迅速,地层场地效应和地形场地效应联合作用加剧了斜坡地表的地震动放大作用,增加了触发地震滑坡的动力。     

Landslide inventories and their statistical properties

Landslides are generally associated with a trigger, such as an earthquake, a rapid snowmelt or a large storm. The landslide event can include a single landslide or many thousands. The frequency–area (or volume) distribution of a landslide event quanti?es the number of landslides that occur at different sizes. We examine three well‐documented landslide events, from Italy, Guatemala and the USA, each with a different triggering mechanism, and ?nd that the landslide areas for all three are well approximated by the same three‐parameter inverse‐gamma distribution. For small landslide areas this distribution has an exponential ‘roll‐over’ and for medium and large landslide areas decays as a power‐law with exponent ‐2·40. One implication of this landslide distribution is that the mean area of landslides in the distribution is independent of the size of the event. We also introduce a landslide‐event magnitude scale m_L = log(N_LT), with N_LT the total number of landslides associated with a trigger. If a landslide‐event inventory is incomplete (i.e. smaller landslides are not included), the partial inventory can be compared with our landslide probability distribution, and the corresponding landslide‐event magnitude inferred. This technique can be applied to inventories of historical landslides, inferring the total number of landslides that occurred over geologic time, and how many of these have been erased by erosion, vegetation, and human activity. We have also considered three rockfall‐dominated inventories, and ?nd that the frequency–size distributions differ substantially from those associated with other landslide types. We suggest that our proposed frequency–size distribution for landslides (excluding rockfalls) will be useful in quantifying the severity of landslide events and the contribution of landslides to erosion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of post‐glacial rebound on landslide spatial distribution at a regional scale in northern Iceland (Skagafjörður)

In de‐glaciated areas, para‐glaciation (i.e. the conditioning of landscapes by prior glaciation) has often been considered a major predisposing factor in landslide occurrence; its consequences have been particularly well identified at a fine scale (especially on bedrock jointing). Hitherto, the relative impacts of para‐glaciation on hillslope dynamics at a regional scale had nevertheless not been quantified statistically. We examine Skagafjörður area (northern Iceland) where landslides are widespread (at least 108 were mapped in an area of c. 3000 km²). We compare the role of para‐glaciation (debuttressing, influence of post‐glacial rebound) with that of classic factors (topography, lithology, etc.) in landslide occurrence and location, using a spatial analysis based on a chi‐square test. On the one hand, the results highlight that landslides are over‐represented in areas where post‐glacial rebound was at its maximum, with a stronger concentration of landslides in the northern part of the fjord. On the other hand, the distribution of landslides did not show any clear relationship with the pattern of glacial debuttressing. Tschuprow coefficient highlights that the influence of post‐glacial rebound on landslide location is higher than the combined influence of slope gradient, curvature or geological structure. This result is supported by our initial evidence for the timing of landslides in the area: most landslides occurred during the first half of the Holocene, and a period of hillslope instability was initiated when the post‐glacial uplift was at its maximum. Finally, the mechanisms that link post‐glacial rebound and landsliding as well as the geomorphic impacts of landslides, are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.