始新统-渐新统界线全球变冷事件在柴达木盆地中的记录

以高分辨率磁性地层学为基础,精确地厘定了柴达木盆地西北缘红三旱剖面上、下干柴沟组沉积地层的时代、沉积速率,揭示出36Ma前后柴达木盆地经历了一次短暂的构造活动引起的沉积速率增大,与60～40Ma期间印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞造成阿尔金断裂再次强烈活化,促使柴达木盆地西北缘山脉形成紧密相关。综合分析沉积物的岩相学、砂岩成分、稳定同位素等与始新统—渐新统界线全球变冷事件的相关性,表明该地区的沉积物记录了始新统—渐新统界线全球变冷事件。     

青藏高原北部中—新生代构造—热事件:来自柴西碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹的制约

柴西地区堆积了巨厚的新生界,不仅赋存有青海油田,且因紧邻阿尔金断裂和昆北断裂而蕴藏丰富的盆山耦合信息.对碎屑磷灰石的裂变径迹测试结果进行分析研究后认为,自渐新世以来,研究区经历了早期(32～3 Ma或4 Ma)的压陷-抬升和晚期(＜3 Ma或4 Ma)的快速整体挤压-隆升2个时期.进一步的分析表明:柴西及其周缘山地从晚...     

柴达木侏罗纪盆地性质及其演化特征

根据侏罗纪地层分布、沉积特征和构造演化史的综合分析，柴达木盆地侏罗纪经历了两期不同盆地性质的发育和叠加，中侏罗世末期的中燕山运动是盆地性质的转变期。早中侏罗世盆地为南北向伸展构造环境下的断陷型盆地，主要表现为系列小型断陷盆地群，分布在祁连山南侧和阿尔金南缘断裂带附近；晚侏罗世（至白垩纪）为南北向挤压构造环境下的挤压型坳陷盆地，受南祁连山前冲断构造体系控制，其沉积范围明显变大。     

Apatite Fission Track Evidence of Uplift Cooling in the Qiangtang Basin and Constraints on the Tibetan Plateau Uplift

The Qiangtang basin is located in the central Tibetan Plateau. This basin has an important structural position,and further study of its tectonic and thermal histories has great significance for understanding the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and the hydrocarbon potential of marine carbonates in the basin. This study focuses on low temperature thermochronology and in particular conducted apatite fission track analysis. Under constraints provided by the geological background,the thermal history in different tectonic units is characterized by the degree of annealing of samples,and the timing of major(uplift-erosion related) cooling episodes is inferred. The cooling history in the Qiangtang basin can be divided into two distinct episodes. The first stage is mainly from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous(69.8 Ma to 108.7 Ma),while the second is mainly from the MiddleLate Eocene to the late Miocene(10.3 Ma to 44.4 Ma). The first cooling episode records the uplift of strata in the central Qiangtang basin caused by continued convergent extrusion after the BangongNujiang ocean closed. The second episode can be further divided into three periods,which are respectively 10.3 Ma,22.6–26.1 Ma and 30.8–44.4 Ma. The late Oligocene-early Miocene(22.6–26.1 Ma) is the main cooling period. The distribution and times of the earlier uplift-related cooling show that the effect of extrusion after the collision between Eurasian plate and India plate obviously influenced the Qiangtang basin at 44.4 Ma. The Qiangtang basin underwent compression and started to be uplifted from the middle-late Eocene to the early Oligocene(45.0–30.8 Ma). Subsequently,a large-scale and intensive uplift process occurred during the late Oligocene to early Miocene(26.1–22.6 Ma) and the basin continued to undergo compression and uplift up to the late Miocene(10.3 Ma). Thus,uplift-erosion in the Qiangtang basin was intensive from 44.5 Ma to about 10 Ma. The timing of cooling in the second episode shows that the uplift of the Qiangtang basin was caused by the strong compression after the collision of the Indian plate and Eurasian plate. On the whole,the new apatite fission-track data from the Qiangtang basin show that the Tibetan Plateau started to extrude and uplift during 45–30.8 Ma. The main period of uplift and formation of the Tibetan Plateau took place about 22.6–26.1 Ma,and uplift and extrusion continued until the late Miocene(10.3 Ma).     

Magnetostratigraphy and Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of the Lulehe Formation in the Northeastern Qaidam Basin

The timing of onset of deposition of the Lulehe Formation is a significant factor in understanding the genesis of the Qaidam basin and the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we describe a detailed magnetostratigraphic and magnetic fabric study of the middle and lower parts of the Lulehe Formation. A total of 234 samples were collected from 117 sites throughout a thickness of almost 460 m of fluvial and lacustrine deposits at the Xitieshan section in the northeastern Qaidam basin. Out of these sites, 94 sites yielded well-defined characteristic remanent magnetization components by stepwise thermal demagnetization and were used to establish the magnetostratigraphy of the studied section. Based on correlation with the geomagnetic polarity timescale, the studied section spans the period from 53.8 Ma to 50.7 Ma. Our results show a three-fold decrease in sedimentation rates as well as marked change in facies from braided river to delta and shore–shallow lake around 52.6 Ma, which suggests tectonic uplift of the northeastern Qaidam basin margin ridge was rapid at the onset of formation of the Qaidam basin and subsequently weakened after 52.6 Ma. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results indicate that tectonic compression stress had reached the northeastern Tibetan Plateau by the early stages of Indo–Eurasian plate collision and that the direction of stress in the study area was NE–SW. Furthermore, a weakening of tectonic compression stress around 52.6 Ma is consistent with sedimentary records. The age of initial deposition of the Qaidam basin (around 53.8 Ma) was almost synchronous with that of the Qiangtang, Hoh Xil, Xining, and Lanzhou basins, which implies that stress was transferred rapidly through the Tibetan Plateau during or immediately after the onset of Indo–Eurasian collision.     

中中新世以来阿尔金断裂走滑未造成柴达木盆地整体旋转

通过柴达木盆地南八仙剖面磁性地层学研究,建立了部分上油砂山组磁极性序列,认为该剖面时代为7.5~9.0 Ma。从320块样品的古地磁数据分析,揭示了一组高温特征剩磁分量,在95%置信度下通过倒转检验(B级),说明这组高温分量很可能代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁,其特征剩磁方向为:地理坐标下为D_g=358.5°, I_g=40.5°, k=28.5,α₉₅=4.2,层面坐标下为D_s=1.0°, I_s=41.5°, k=34.0,α₉₅=3.8;相应的极位置为λ_p=75.9°N, φ_p=270.5°E, d_p=2.8°, d_m=4.6°。通过与同时代柴达木盆地及邻区的古地磁极对比,说明中中新世以来柴达木地块整体上没有经历明显旋转运动,阿尔金断裂活动致使肃北等毗邻断裂带地区发生了构造旋转。     

柴达木盆地西部地区新生代演化特征与青藏高原隆升

通过对柴达木盆地西部地区(柴西地区)地震剖面构造沉积相演化的分析, 结合基底岩性及区域构造运动历史, 重建了柴西地区新生代构造沉积动态演化框架。柴西地区新生代以来一直处在印欧板块碰撞所引起的青藏高原阶段性隆升的挤压构造背景下, 经历了两大构造变形期: 第一变形期主要发育在古近纪, 变形高峰在下干柴沟组上段, 第二变形期发育在新近纪-第四纪, 变形强度日益加剧。剖面沉积相的变化体现柴西地区经历了水进-静水沉降-水退的过程, 平面沉积相演变是沉积中心受构造运动控制的直接结果; 受构造演化控制柴西地区以Ⅺ号(油狮断裂)和油北断裂为分界线, 由南至北地表形态表现为3种不同样式: 柴西南区断裂发育,柴西中部为英雄岭新生造山带,柴西北区主要发育冲断褶皱。柴西地区构造沉积演化特征是对青藏高原阶隆升的响应, 同时记录了青藏高原向北间歇性蔓延生长的过程。     

青藏高原柴达木盆地新生代沉积充填速率演化 及其对构造隆升的响应

压实作用可能会对地层的真实厚度和沉积速率造成影响,因而需要进行矫正,但在实际研究中很少考虑这些影响。通过对柴达木盆地东北缘大红沟剖面新生代地层古厚度的恢复,原始沉积速率的详细研究及盆地内其它剖面研究资料的对比,发现该区52～13Ma间至少存在3次大规模的构造隆升事件,时间分别在约49.5Ma、45.5～33Ma、25～16Ma,揭示了柴达木盆地北缘沉积演化和南祁连山隆起的过程,发现经矫正后的沉积速率峰值与前人所总结的新生代青藏高原隆升期可以较好地对比,为探讨青藏高原构造隆升过程及沉积速率对其发展的响应提供重要的信息。     

Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin

Geologists agree that the collision of the Indian and Asian plates caused uplift of the Tibet Plateau.However,controversy still exists regarding the modes and mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau uplift.Geology has recorded this uplift well in the Qaidam Basin.This paper analyzes the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin using sub-surface seismic and drill data. The Cenozoic intensity and history of deformation in the Qaidam Basin have been reconstructed based on the tectonic developments,faults growth index,sedimentary facies variations,and the migration of the depositional depressions.The changes in the sedimentary facies show that lakes in the western Qaidam Basin had gone from inflow to still water deposition to withdrawal.Tectonic movements controlled deposition in various depressions,and the depressions gradually shifted southeastward.In addition,the morphology of the surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin shows that the Cenozoic tectonic movements controlled the evolution of the Basin and divided it into(a) the southern fault terrace zone, (b) a central Yingxiongling orogenic belt,and(c) the northern fold-thrust belt;divided by the XI fault (Youshi fault) and Youbei fault,respectively.The field data indicate that the western Qaidam Basin formed in a Cenozoic compressive tectonic environment caused by the India—Asia plate collision. Further,the Basin experienced two phases of intensive tectonic deformation.The first phase occurred during the Middle Eocene—Early Miocene(Xia Ganchaigou Fm.and Shang Ganchaigou Fm.,43.8—22 Ma),and peaked in the Early Oligocene(Upper Xia Ganchaigou Fm.,31.5 Ma).The second phase occurred between the Middle Miocene and the Present(Shang Youshashan Fm.and Qigequan Fm., 14.9—0 Ma),and was stronger than the first phase.The tectonic—sedimentary evolution and the orientation of surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin resulted from the Tibetan Plateau uplift,and recorded the periodic northward growth of the Plateau.Recognizing this early tectonic—sedimentary evolution supports the previous conclusion that northern Tibet responded to the collision between India and Asia shortly after its initiation.However,the current results reveal that northern Tibet also experienced another phase of uplift during the late Neogene.The effects of these two stages of tectonic activity combined to produce the current Tibetan Plateau.     

柴达木盆地断裂体系划分及其成盆动力学意义

断裂体系是具有成生联系的各项不同产状、不同等级、不同性质和不同序次的断层组合,柴达木盆地受到印度、西伯利亚和太平洋三大板块的共同影响,围绕中部刚性基底周边发育北部祁连山、南部东昆仑山及西部阿尔金山三大断裂体系,每个断裂体系都是由主要断裂及其伴生的断层相关褶皱组成三排波浪式冲断构造,低序次断层及其相关褶皱呈斜列式分布于其间,整个盆地可以看成三大断裂体系叠合的产物,其根本动力学背景是柴达木地块受到南部印度板块向北挤压、北部阿拉善地块的阻挡及东侧华北板块和西侧塔里木板块的侧滑而形成的力偶环境,结合平衡剖面分析结果提出盆地发展经历了早—中侏罗世南北向拉张、新生代多次幕式挤压并叠加东西向侧向走滑、并于第四纪形成现今的构造面貌的发展历史。     

柴达木盆地构造体系特征及其成盆动力学意义

本文从李四光教授构造体系理论出发综合应用盆地构造解析、平衡地质剖面恢复等方法,探讨了柴达木盆地构造体系特征及其形成的地球动力学背景和地球动力学模型.柴达木盆地受到印度板块、西伯利亚板块、太平洋板块三大板块的共同影响,围绕中部刚性基底周边发育北部祁连山、南部东昆仑山及西部阿尔金山三大构造体系,每个构造体系都是由主要断裂及...     

柴达木盆地大浪滩梁 ZK02孔的磁性地层及其古环境研究

对柴达木盆地西部大浪滩盐湖梁-ZK02孔岩芯进行详细的磁性地层研究,确定钻孔岩芯的B—M界线位于315m,Jaramillo位于405～430m,Olduvai位于772～816m。在磁性年代学框架基础上,以蒸发岩沉积序列作为主要依据,结合碎屑岩变化以及孢粉分析,认为该地区在第四纪发生过三次较大的沉积环境变化,分别发生在2.5～2.2Ma,1.2～0.7Ma与0.4Ma。青藏高原第四纪的隆升是造成上述三次变化的主要原因,其中早更新世末—中更新世早期的隆升对柴达木盆地的气候影响较大,导致柴达木盆地的气候由温凉湿润转换为寒冷干旱。高原隆升引起的气候干旱并非简单的逐渐加剧,而是早更新世末期以来,气候湿润期表现得更为湿润,这种现象可能由高原隆升增加了夏季风的强度导致,冰川和积雪面积的增大也起到了叠加效应。     

柴达木盆地西北缘始新世晚期古隆起与阿尔金断裂的形成

研究阿尔金断裂的演化是理解青藏高原隆升过程的重要环节.本文以柴达木盆地西北缘的地震剖面、残余厚度图、沉积相图等资料进行沉积、构造的综合研究,揭示了柴达木盆地西北缘在始新世晚期开始抬升,因此导致柴达木盆地西北缘生长地层的发育.这种抬升作用在平面上则表现为与阿尔金断裂呈～30°相交的NWW-SEE走向古隆起,以及与之相关的如冲积扇等边缘沉积相.本文分析认为阿尔金断裂在始新世晚期开始孕育,在深部形成左旋性质的韧性剪切带,在地表则通过形成左阶雁列式褶皱(即古隆起)来调节深部的位移量.     

柴达木盆地始新统沟鞭藻及其油源意义

我国中新生代陆相沉积,特别是咸化湖泊沉积中普遍发现属于“海源陆生”的沟鞭藻化石,由于其良好的生油特性,被认为是我国白垩纪—第三纪陆相油气资源的重要来源。柴达木盆地第三系始新统下干柴沟组是该地区最主要的烃源岩,生油岩及原油中富含公认的沟鞭藻生物标志物4 甲基甾烷和甲藻甾烷,但迄今该地区尚未发现可靠的沟鞭藻化石。本次研究在柴达木盆地北缘昆2井下干柴沟组发现了类型单调但化石丰富的以Subtilisphaera为主的沟鞭藻化石组合,为肯定柴达木盆地第三系原油沟鞭藻的贡献提供了直接化石证据。研究表明,沟鞭藻发育的第三系中始新统可能是本地区最有利的生油层,形成于湿热气候所控制的陆相咸水湖泊。     

表土磁学特征揭示的青藏高原及其周边地区的气候边界

青藏高原及其周边位于东亚季风、印度季风与西风环流系统的交汇地带,是气候变化的敏感区和影响显著区。刻画青藏高原及其邻区降水的空间分布以及干湿气候区边界位置,不仅对深入认识该地区大气环流分布形势具有重要意义,同时还可以进一步加深对欧亚大陆大气环流动力学过程的理解。通过对青藏高原及其周边现代地表沉积岩石磁学参数空间分布特征的综合集成研究,结合300多个气象站点近70年气温和降水数据的详细对比分析,发现降水量是控制青藏高原及其邻区地表土壤磁学性质变化的主要因素,表土磁学性质可以用于揭示高原及其邻区降水的空间分布。已发表及新获取的700余块表土样品成壤相关的磁学参数呈现出显著的空间梯度变化,揭示出北祁连山—横断山以及帕米尔高原—北天山是青藏高原及其周边地区2条重要的成壤强度分界线,其大致分别对应半湿润—半干旱区（400 mm）以及干旱和半干旱区（200 mm）的干湿气候区降水界线。此外,高原北部及其周边多个末次冰期—间冰期以来的风尘沉积剖面磁学参数的空间对比结果,还进一步揭示第四纪冰期时,随着全球变冷,干旱化加剧导致高原北部气候梯度差异显著减小,全球冰量变化可能是控制高原北部气候格局演化的主要因...     

柴西北地区碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的阿尔金山早新生代隆升事件

阿尔金山新生代隆升历史一直倍受关注,大量热年代学数据显示,渐新世(40~30 Ma)以来发生阶段性隆升,而新生代初期隆升的热年代学记录极少。柴达木盆地西北地区(柴西北地区)新生界碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄研究表明,其物源区单一且在新生代早期古新世中晚始新世(65~50 Ma)发生快速隆升剥露,为该区提供陆源碎屑。前人通过物源分析发现,柴西北时期的碎屑物主要来源于阿尔金山。同时,该区路乐河组下干柴沟组沉积地层残余厚度及沉积相特征表明,此时(65~50 Ma)阿尔金山存在一次短暂抬升,但幅度较小,与盆地高差不大,使柴西地区地形东高西低、北高南低。结合前人研究成果,本研究锆石裂变径迹热年代学数据以及沉积学指标所记录的阿尔金山东段65~50 Ma构造隆升事件,是对新生代印度欧亚板块碰撞的最初响应,也为青藏高原新生代隆升具有南北同步性提供了新的证据。     

Late Holocene vegetation and climate oscillations in the Qaidam Basin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Pollen evidence from sediment cores at Hurleg and Toson lakes in the Qaidam Basin was obtained to examine vegetation and climatic change in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The chronologies were controlled by ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs analysis and AMS ¹⁴C dating. Pollen assemblages from both lakes are dominated by Chenopodiaceae (∼ 40%), Artemisia (∼ 30-35%) and Poaceae (∼ 20-25%), with continued occurrence but low abundance of Nitraria, Ephedra, and Cyperaceae. Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) pollen ratios from two lakes show coherent large oscillations at centennial timescale during the last 1000 yr. A/C ratios were high around AD 1170, 1270, 1450, 1700 and 1920, suggesting that the vegetation was more “steppe-like” under a relatively moist climate than that during the intervening periods. Wet-dry climate shifts at the two lakes (2800 m asl) are in opposite phases to precipitation changes derived from tree-ring records in the surrounding mountains (> 3700 m asl) and to pollen and snow accumulation records from Dunde ice core (5300 m asl), showing that a dry climate in the basin corresponds with a wet interval in the mountains, especially around AD 1600. This contrasting pattern implies that topography might have played an important role in mediating moisture changes at regional scale in this topographically complex region.     

柴达木盆地北缘走滑断层地震剖面解释及形成机理分析

柴达木盆地位于青藏高原的北部,研究区处于阿尔金山构造带与南祁连构造带所夹持的钝角一侧.目前对柴北缘地区构造样式存在两种认识:一是逆冲推覆双层构造模式,一是走滑近花状构造模式.造成这种认识差异的主要原因也有两个:一是区域上构造类比引起;二是穿过柴北缘几大构造带的地震剖面信噪比较差,不能很好反映地层的展布.因此在对冷湖构造...     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic constraints on paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin,northern Tibetan Plateau

We investigate the growth of the northern Tibetan Plateau and associated climate change by applying oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions in Cenozoic strata in the southwestern Qaidam basin. The X-ray diffraction and isotopic studies reveal that the carbonate minerals are mainly authigenic and they do not preserve any evidence for detrital carbonate and diagenesis. The isotope data show large fluctuations in the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the middle–late Eocene, indicating relatively warm and seasonal dry climate. The positive correlation of the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the Oligocene and the positive shift of the δ¹³C values from the Eocene to Oligocene suggest that the climate changed to arid in the Oligocene. However, the δ¹⁸O values show negative shift, which is closely related to the global cooling event. During the Miocene, the δ¹³C values vary between –2‰ and –4‰, whereas the δ¹⁸O values show continuous negative shift. The mean δ¹⁸O values decrease from –8.5‰ in the early Miocene to –10.0‰ in the late Miocene. The stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry results suggest that the elevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin was approximately 1500 m in the middle–late Eocene and Oligocene. Subsequently, during Miocene the crustal uplift process started and the elevation reached approximately 2000 m in the early Miocene and 2500 m in the late Miocene, which suggests large-scale growth of the northern Tibet Plateau during the Miocene.