南极大陆超高温变质作用及其大地构造背景

超高温变质作用对认识大地构造- 热演化以及地壳成分分异等具有重要意义。南极大陆发育典型的超高温变质作用，分布于不同的构造域。主要的超高温地质单元包括内皮尔杂岩、茹尔（赖于尔）群岛、拉斯曼丘陵、吕措- 霍尔姆杂岩以及席尔马赫丘陵等。不同地质单元的超高温变质作用分布规模不同，恩德比地内皮尔杂岩的超高温变质作用分布广泛（～15000 km2），而席尔马赫丘陵等地的超高温变质作用分布有限，超高温变质作用规模与出露特征的不同可能暗示了不同的成因机制与热源。各超高温地质单元中发育丰富多样的超高温矿物组合，如假蓝宝石+石英组合、斜方辉石+矽线石组合、尖晶石+石英组合以及含大隅石、刚玉、三元长石或富Al斜方辉石的矿物组合，在变质基性岩中还发育石榴子石+单斜辉石+斜长石±高钛角闪石等矿物组合。丰富多样的矿物组合为研究超高温变质作用矿物反应机制提供了重要基础。不同超高温地质单元，乃至同一超高温地质单元内不同区域的P- T- t轨迹类型不同，如有些超高温变质作用具有显著的近等温减压轨迹，而有些超高温变质作用主要记录近等压降温轨迹，反映了不同的演化历史或构造背景。南极大陆超高温变质作用可分5个期次，包括中太古代晚期（2850 Ma），新太古代末期—古元古代早期（2585～2450 Ma），新元古代早期（格林维尔期，约1000～900 Ma？），新元古代晚期（泛非期早期，650～605 Ma）和新元古代末期—早古生代（泛非期晚期，570～500 Ma），与超大陆（或超级克拉通）演化存在密切联系。不同的超高温变质作用可能与板块构造演化的不同阶段有关，如弧后盆地或造山带垮塌阶段等；但超高温变质作用并不局限于现今板块构造体制。南极大陆多数超高温地质单元的研究程度还相对较低，对其矿物反应机制、变质演化轨迹、形成时代及持续时间、熔融反应及熔体成分演化等还缺乏深入认识，制约了对这些超高温变质作用的热源、动力学机制和构造背景等的准确解释，将来需要加强研究。     

The chronological succession of folding and metamorphism in the central pyrenees

Zusammenfassung Die Pyrenäen sind ein E-W gerichtetes Faltengebirge, dessen paläozoische Axialzone von schwach metamorphen Schiefern kambrischen bis karbonischen Alters gebildet wird. Höher metamorphe Gebiete mit Glimmerschiefern und Gneisen beschränken sich auf die Nordhälfte der zentralen Pyrenäen. Die hercynische Hauptfaltung erzeugte sehr große bis kleine Falten mit gleichzeitiger Entwicklung von Schieferung und Schistosität und E-W gerichtete Linearen. Eine zweite Deformation verursachte die Bildung von N-S-Falten in den Glimmerschiefern und die Rotation von Mineralen. Eine dritte Deformation, hauptsächlich mit NW-SE-Richtung, rief kleine Falten und Schubklüftung in Schiefern hervor.Die Porphyroblasten können mit Hilfe der darin eingeschlossenen Kristalle (si) in bezug auf die Deformationsakte zeitlich eingestuft werden. Dabei ergab sich, daß die Metamorphose schon präkinematisch angefangen hat, während der drei Deformationen sich fortsetzte und erst nach dem letzten Deformationsakt endete.     

Geochemistry, tectonic setting and metamorphism of mid-triassic volcanic rocks of Greece

Mid-Triassic volcanic rocks are preserved in about eight localities in the nappes of the external Hellenides, and are also widespread in the Pelagonian zone of central Greece. Most have suffered low-grade metamorphism. Immobile trace elements from 35 samples, 80 major element analyses, and pyroxene analyses show that these rocks are the product of an eastward dipping subduction zone. The subducted ocean was perhaps analogous to the Pennine zone of the Alps. The Othris and Pindos ophiolites are probably contemporaneous products of related back-arc extension.Metamorphic mineral assemblages in volcanic rocks of the Phyllite Series of the external Hellenides indicate high-pressure, low-temperature conditions, probably related to a second subduction that occurred prior to the main phase of Hellenide nappe emplacement in the Miocene.     

Composition of hornblendes formed during the hercynian progressive metamorphism of the Aracena metamorphic belt (SW Spain)

This paper attempts to illustrate the chemical variations of metamorphic hornblendes regarding host rocks and prograde variations. Changes related to bulk chemistry (orthoamphibolites) mainly concern Si, Al, Mg, Fe_tot and Ca. The Mg, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ contents of hornblendes are, however, not strictly related to host rook compositions and Mg enrichments are correlated with increasing Fe³⁺ contents in the amphiboles. Thus, variations of oxygen fugacity may control the Mg contents of the Ca amphiboles studied but this does not show clear relations with the prograde metamorphism. The most sensitive but irregular variation related to the metamorphic conditions is the prograde enrichment of the alkalis into the A vacant position and an increase of the (Na+K)_tot/Na+K+Ca ratios of the amphiboles. Increasing Ti and Al^IV contents as well as decreasing Al^VI concentrations are also, but much less evidently, related to increasing T and P. A variation trend from tschermakitic to edenitic hornblendes may be drawn using Shido's end members calculation; this tendency and the relative deficiency of Al^VI contents in the low-grade members suggests that the amphiboles studied were subjected to conditions of a low-pressure metamorphism type. Such a conclusion is in agreement with the occurrence of andalusite-cordierite/sillimanite-cordierite associations in the metapelitic rocks, and the absence of Fe-rich garnet and epidote from the orthoamphibolites of the amphibolite facies at Aracena. Comparisons with Ca amphiboles from other metamorphic areas show, in agreement with various authors, that Abukuma hornblendes are similar to those encountered in high-grade thermal aureoles and tonalitic intrusives but different from the hornblendes of Barrovian metamorphism types.     

K-Ar Study of cretaceous magmatism and metamorphism in the pyrenees: Age and length of rotation of the Iiberian Peninsula

K-Ar measurements on minerals extracted from alkaline magmatic rocks evenly distributed along the Pyrenean belt show that magmatic activity took place between 110 and 85 Ma. Three age groups are observed: the first falls around 110 Ma, the second and by far the most important, within the interval 100-90 Ma and the third, restricted to samples from the far western part of the belt, within the interval 90-85 Ma. K-Ar dates on mesozonal metamorphics constitute two groups: the first corresponds to a cluster around 95 Ma while the second falls in the 87-81 Ma range.Assuming that magmatism on land is a tracer of the rotation of the Iberian Peninsula relative to Europe, we propose that the phenomenon took place between 110 Ma and 85 Ma. This conclusion agrees well with that recently put forward by marine geophysicists. On the other hand, our results on metamorphics confirm that the main phase of metamorphism in the Pyrenees is disconnected from the most important tectonic motions. Doubts remain, however, as to the interpretation of the two groups of data. In the light of our results, it cannot be said whether they correspond to one or two metamorphic phases.     

全球新生代安山岩构造环境有关问题探讨

20世纪70～80年代,以Pearce为代表的一批科学家先后提出了玄武岩和花岗岩的构造环境判别图,将构造环境与岩石地球化学特征有机地结合起来,为岩浆岩大地构造环境研究开辟了新途径。但学术界对全球广布的安山岩构造环境及相关地球化学特征问题的讨论则相对不足。本文利用GEOROC 和PetDB 两个数据库对全球新生代安山岩进行数据挖掘,讨论了它们的地球化学特征及形成环境。初步将全球新生代安山岩归属为12个形成构造环境,其中67.71%产出于岛弧、陆缘弧等汇聚板块边缘环境,其余安山岩则形成于大陆板内、大陆溢流、洋岛、大陆裂谷、洋中脊等构造环境。研究表明,常用的玄武岩微量元素判别图以及LILE/HFSE 玄武岩判别图均在一定程度上可用于安山岩成因及环境判别, 暗示安山岩地球化学成分也可用于构造环境的判定。采用大数据思维,探索洋岛安山岩（OIA）和岛弧安山岩（IAA）中地球化学元素的关联关系,从获得的近20 000 个OIA-IAA 判别图中选出lg（Cs/Ta）-lg（Cu/Ta）、lg（CaO/Nb）-lg（Cs/Zr）和lg（Cu/Ta）-lg（Co/Nb）等6个图解,能有效限定它们的构造环境,为安山岩成因及形成环境研究提供了新的思路。这些初步成果说明科学大数据的研究方法可成为岩浆岩构造环境及地球化学研究中的重要有效手段。     

Thrust tectonics in the south central pyrenees

Surface structural data and published stratigraphies are combined to construct two balanced and restored sections through the Nogueras Zone of the south central Pyrenees. The allochthonous Nogueras Zone units are interpreted as the foreland-dipping margin of a major antiformal stack in the Palaeozoic rocks of the Pyrenean Axial Zone. Their structural evolution is summarized in a hangingwall sequence diagram. This reinterpretation of the Nogueras Zone is incorporated into a new NS balanced and restored section from the centre of the Pyrenean Axial Zone to the Ebro Basin. A classical ‘Rocky Mountains’ piggy-back thrust model is employed and the resulting section is a significant departure from those previously published. It is argued that ‘gravity gliding’ has never been an important mechanism in the Alpine Pyrenees. Section restoration casts doubt on the correlation of the surface expression of the North Pyrenean Fault and the seismically detected Moho step beneath it.     

Regional metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolian suture zone

Abstract Regional metamorphism in central Inner Mongolia has occurred during four different periods: the middle Proterozoic, the early Palaeozoic, the middle Palaeozoic and the late Palaeozoic tectonic cycles. The middle Proterozoic and late Palaeozoic metamorphic events are associated with rifting and are characterized by low-pressure facies series. The early Palaeozoic metamorphism occurred in two stages: (1) subduction zone metamorphism resulted in paired metamorphic belts in the Ondor Sum ophiolite and Bainaimiao island arc complex; and (2) orogenic metamorphism occurred during the collision of an island arc with the continent. Two types of middle Palaeozoic metamorphism are represented: (1) subduction zone metamorphism, which affected the melange; and (2) orogenic metamorphism that resulted from continent–continent collision.     

Lithospheric tectonic structures developed under high-grade metamorphism in the Southern part of Madagascar

Abstract

This paper describes the tectono-metamorphic evolution of a segment of the Precambrian deep crust, in the southern Madagascar island. This crust corresponds to an Archaean basement reworked by a widespread, late panAfrican event (550–580 Ma) during the formation of the Mozambican belt. The finite geometry and associated metamorphism are depicted by satellite imaging, field mapping and P-T estimations using both conventional thermobarometric methods and TWEEQ software program with internally consistent thermodynamic data and uniform set of solution models. The structural pattern developed during high-grade metamorphism shows the juxtaposition of domains with complex fold geometries separated by a 15 km wide ductile shear zone. Within the folded domains, kilometre scale interference patterns associated with strongly dipping metamorphic stretching lineations can be described as superposed folding (F1 and F2 folds). The tight and upright F2 folds result from East-West horizontal shortening. The shear zone is defined by homogeneous orientations of steep foliations, sub-horizontal stretching lineations, and kilometre scale strain gradient. Within the shear zone, we observe dominant non-coaxial criteria at various scales that are consistent with a sinistral strike-slip system during D2 deformation stage. Nevertheless, we have also found in the shear zone, geometries typical of a horizontal shortening. Such a strain pattern is characteristic of transpression tectonics.

The synkinematic metamorphic conditions are estimated on mafic garnetiferous metabasites. Results show that regional transpression tectonics has developed under very high and constant thermal regime (about 800°C). A pressure gap, of about 3 kbar between the domains separated by the shear zone is identified. This implies tectonic coupling of two different structural levels during tranpressive tectonic.     

湖南新化地区煤变形变质与构造环境特征

采用煤质化验、XRD、SEM等测试手段,分析煤的化学组分、结构特征、显微构造等特征,结合古应力估算值、古温度和应变速率等结果,探讨了湖南新化地区煤变形变质特征与构造环境的关系。结果表明：煤样的d₀₀₂值为3.36~3.39 nm,受天龙山构造挤压的局部应力场及叠加岩浆构造热的作用,煤逐渐转变为隐晶质石墨,结晶颗粒是由细小的鳞片组成的集合体,粒径集中在50~250 nm;石墨3R型含量随着煤化程度升高,石墨晶体开始增加,Rh相的数量减少;构造变形环境属于低温低围压高应变速率的浅层脆性-韧脆性构造域;天龙山岩体提供了构造热源,侧向挤压应力使寒婆坳向斜煤大分子结构有序化,层面间距减小,形成隐晶质石墨。     

Heat flow in the rifted continental margin of the South China Sea near Taiwan and its tectonic implications

Temperature measurements carried out on 9 hydrocarbon exploration boreholes together with Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) from reflection seismic images are used in this study to derive geothermal gradients and heat flows in the northern margin of the South China Sea near Taiwan. The method of Horner plot is applied to obtain true formation temperatures from measured borehole temperatures, which are disturbed by drilling processes. Sub-seafloor depths of BSRs are used to calculate sub-bottom temperatures using theoretical pressure/temperature phase boundary that marks the base of gas hydrate stability zone. Our results show that the geothermal gradients and heat flows in the study area range from 28 to 128 °C/km and 40 to 159 mW/m², respectively. There is a marked difference in geothermal gradients and heat flow beneath the shelf and slope regions. It is cooler beneath the shelf with an average geothermal gradient of 34.5 °C/km, and 62.7 mW/m² heat flow. The continental slope shows a higher average geothermal gradient of 56.4 °C/km, and 70.9 mW/m² heat flow. Lower heat flow on the shelf is most likely caused by thicker sediments that have accumulated there compared to the sediment thickness beneath the slope. In addition, the continental crust is highly extended beneath the continental slope, yielding higher heat flow in this region. A half graben exists beneath the continental slope with a north-dipping graben-bounding fault. A high heat-flow anomaly coincides at the location of this graben-bounding fault at the Jiulong Ridge, indicating vigorous vertical fluid convection which may take place along this fault.     

华北北部古生代-中生代多期变质作用及其大地构造意义——"华北地区古生代变质作用和动力学"研究进展与展望

"华北地区古生代变质作用和动力学"是2011—2013年中国地质调查局地质调查工作项目,旨在通过变质作用研究,揭示古生代区域大地构造体制与演化过程.通过对河北赤城地区红旗营子杂岩、内蒙古中部温都尔庙群、宝音图群、锡林郭勒杂岩、林西地区的双井片岩等开展了重点研究,表明华北北部地区古生代以来经历了4期不同性质的变质作用,对应不同的构造背景:志留纪的高压低温型(454~426 Ma),指示洋壳的俯冲过程;早泥盆纪的中压型(~400 Ma),指示与地壳加厚有关的造山过程;石炭纪的低压高温型(345~309 Ma),指示造山后的陆内伸展过程,以及早三叠纪(~240 Ma)的中-低压低温型,指示与有限海盆闭合有关的陆内造山过程.结合区域的岩浆、沉积以及构造等方面的地质特征,认为华北北部地区古生代以来经历了复合造山的构造演化过程:早古生代期间的古亚洲洋俯冲;早泥盆纪与古亚洲洋闭合有关的碰撞造山;中-晚泥盆纪-二叠纪陆内伸展,形成陆相盆地-陆表海-有限海盆;以及早三叠纪的有限洋盆被动闭合等过程.这为阐明华北地区古生代地球动力学和成矿背景提供了坚实的变质岩石学基础.     

喜马拉雅造山带东段错那洞片麻岩穹窿的变质作用及构造意义

错那洞穹窿是喜马拉雅造山带北部发育的一系列片麻岩穹窿之一,因其赋存有超大型稀有金属矿床而倍受关注。本文对错那洞穹窿核部产出的石榴石十字石蓝晶石白云母片岩进行了岩石学、相平衡模拟和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,为揭示穹窿的成因和成矿作用提供了重要限定。岩石学研究表明,石榴石蓝晶石十字石白云母片岩的共生矿物组合是石榴石+蓝晶石+十字石+白云母+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿+金红石,为典型的中压角闪岩相变质岩。相平衡模拟表明岩石的变质温压条件为670℃和9. 0kbar,并未经历部分熔融。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,片岩的变质作用发生在47～29Ma,即经历了一个较长期(～20Myr)的变质演化过程。结合现有研究成果,我们认为错那洞片麻岩穹窿具有与喜马拉雅造山带北部发育的其它片麻岩穹窿相同的成因,穹窿核部的中级变质岩为高喜马拉雅结晶岩系的上部构造层位,其变质作用发生在印度大陆向拉萨地体之下低角度俯冲过程中;穹窿核部淡色花岗岩是高分异的异地花岗岩,是高喜马拉雅结晶岩系下部高温高压麻粒岩部分熔融所形成的熔体经历高程度分离结晶产物。此外,本文研究成果为印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞时间和性质提供了进一步约束。     

新疆木纳布拉克蛇绿岩地球化学特征及形成构造背景分析

木纳布拉克蛇绿岩是新疆境内最大的蛇绿混杂岩带,由超镁铁质岩、镁铁质岩、浅色分异物和变玄武岩组成,形成时代为中元古代晚蓟县世,侵位时代为新元古代早青白口世,可能代表了阿尔金山地区中元古代的板块俯冲带。蛇绿岩可能形成于孤后或孤间有限洋盆小扩张脊;最后侵位到深海沉积物中,形成了造山带中的蛇绿岩。     

西准噶尔晚古生代岩浆活动和构造背景

西准噶尔作为中亚造山带的一部分,吸引了大量学者的关注。蛇绿混杂岩带、花岗岩、中基性岩墙在本地区广泛出现,表明西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化极为复杂。但是在许多方面仍存在很多争议,例如西准噶尔蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代、岩石组合和岩石成因;I型和A型花岗岩的岩石成因,构造背景和热机制;中基性-酸性岩墙群的年代学、岩石成因、构造背景和古应力场;西准噶尔晚古生代年代学格架和构造背景;西准噶尔显生宙地壳增生;西准噶尔基底特征和西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化等。笔者通过搜集前人的资料和数据,对西准噶尔区域发育的蛇绿混杂岩带、地层、古地理环境、花岗岩体和中基性岩墙群的总结,结合项目组野外与室内数据的研究,得到以下认识:(1)达尔布特和克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境为与俯冲相关的弧后盆地,源区来自含尖晶石二辉橄榄岩高程度部分熔融作用;(2)早石炭世花岗岩形成于俯冲环境,晚石炭世-早二叠世花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,中二叠世花岗岩形成于板内环境;(3)I型花岗岩的成因与俯冲密切相关,而A型花岗岩和中基性岩墙产于后碰撞环境下;(4)A型花岗岩是下地壳受地幔底侵发生部分熔融并高度分离结晶的产物,中基性岩墙群普遍具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特点,可能产于受流体(或熔体)交代的残余洋壳板片的部分熔融;(5)中基性岩墙群稍晚于寄主岩体而形成,但两者均形成于后碰撞构造背景。在晚石炭世-早二叠世,西准噶尔处于近南北向的拉张应力体系;(6)西准噶尔在泥盆纪为洋盆体系;早石炭世,俯冲-碰撞过程结束;晚石炭世-早二叠世属于后碰撞环境;中晚二叠世处于板内环境。     

西伯利亚克拉通南缘奥里洪地块麻粒相变质作用及构造意义

早古生代西伯利亚克拉通南缘发生了大规模的增生-碰撞造山运动,本文研究的地区--奥里洪地块记录了巴尔古津微板块与西伯利亚克拉通碰撞造山的事件.对奥里洪地块出露的两种典型的高级变质岩--石榴辉石岩和石榴黑云片麻岩的矿物成分分析和变质温压计算,表明它们都经历了麻粒岩相的峰期变质作用,峰期变质温度达到770～800℃,而压力曾达到1.0GPa左右:峰后的退变质作用仍具有较高的温度,但压力明显降低(700～730℃,0.065GPa和710～766℃,0.50GPa),显示了一个近等温降压(ITD)的顺时针P-T轨迹特征.石榴黑云片麻岩中变质锆石的原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,麻粒岩相峰期变质年龄为479±2Ma,而峰前变质可能在500Ma就已经开始.峰后的退变质作用很可能发生在475～460Ma之后.整个造山作用持续了至少35Ma.对比蒙古-图瓦地块及中国东北佳木斯-额尔古纳地块已厘定出的变质作用及岩浆活动年龄可以发现,西伯利亚克拉通南缘不同地区增生-碰撞造山作用发生的时间是不同的,奥里洪地区造山作用相对年轻.     

A Triassic large igneous province in the Pontides, northern Turkey: geochemical data for its tectonic setting

A strongly deformed and metamorphosed Triassic oceanic seamount(s) and plateau succession extends as an east–west belt for 1100 km along the Pontides of northern Turkey. This succession, known widely as the Nilüfer unit, consists mainly of metabasic lava and tuff–marble–phyllite association including tectonic slices of ultramafic rock and gabbro. According to the conodont findings the unit formed during the Early to Mid-Triassic, and the isotopic age data indicate that it underwent high-pressure greenschist facies metamorphism during the latest Triassic period. The metavolcanic rocks form over 80% of the sequence. The Nilüfer unit covers an area of 120,000 km², with the volume of mafic lava estimated as 2×10⁵ km³. Such a huge volcanic pile has erupted rapidly in a relatively short period during the Early to Mid-Triassic (approx. 10 Ma). Hypotheses for the origin of the Nilüfer unit include a ‘seamount’, ‘intra-arc and/or fore-arc basin’, ‘oceanic plateau’, and ‘Early Triassic rift’. The geochemistry of metabasites and that of relict magmatic clinopyroxenes indicate that there are two main mafic rock groups in the Nilüfer unit displaying tholeiitic and alkaline affinities. No metabasite and clinopyroxene sample display typical orogenic basalt affinity or a subduction signature. Geochemical data obtained in this study are consistent with the derivation of the metabasites from the topmost extrusive layers of an oceanic plateau (LIP) together with the volcanic rocks of seamount(s).     

赣南珠兰埠复式岩体成因及其构造意义

会昌地区位于南岭北部,该区出露有富城岩体和珠兰埠岩体,其中后者的研究程度低且时代与成因方面存在较多争议。珠兰埠复式岩体包括主体粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和补体细粒二长花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示两者分别形成于印支期(228 Ma)和燕山晚期(135~133 Ma),而富城复式岩体的主体和补体花岗岩均形成于印支期。对珠兰埠主体与补体花岗岩开展主量元素与微量元素分析,结果显示两者均富Si、Al、K,低Ca、Mg,属弱过铝-强过铝质,富集Rb、Th、U而亏损Sr、Ba、P、Ti、Eu等元素,∑REE(平均值165×10-6)和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量较低(350×10-6),表明两者均为S型花岗岩。全岩Sr-Nd同位素分析结果表明,珠兰埠主体粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩(87Sr/86Sr)i值大于补体细粒二长花岗岩(分别为0.715 6~0.726 0和0.710 5~0.716 4),但εNd(t)值基本一致(-10.0~-7.0),锆石原位Hf同位素分析结果显示两者εHf(t)值分别为-12.9~-7.7和-15.1~-10.5,tCDM分别为2.0~1.7 Ga和2.1~1.8 Ga。元素和同位素分析结果表明珠兰埠复式岩体可能源自古元古代的混合源区(变泥质岩为主,夹少量变质杂砂岩)部分熔融而成,印支期珠兰埠主体粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和富城复式岩体均形成于古亚洲-特提斯构造域挤压构造背景,而燕山晚期珠兰埠补体细粒二长花岗岩则形成于古太平洋构造域的板内拉张环境。