基于散射分量系数的极化SAR数据分类

分析了传统的基于散射功率大小的极化SAR数据分类算法,提出了一种基于散射分量系数的改进算法,实现了全极化SAR数据的有效性分类。     

基于Sentinel-1B SAR数据的农作物分类方法研究

以欧空局免费资源哨兵1号(Sentinel-1B)时间序列数据为基础,利用不同农作物的后向反射系数——时间序列特征建立随机森林分类器,进行旱地作物分类,探索雷达遥感监测旱地农作物结构的可行性和实用性。研究结果表明:在三江平原地区利用多时相VV极化雷达数据可以区分玉米和大豆作物,分类精度介于65%—68%之间,利用本研究方法可以掌握农作物种植结构分布概况。     

ALOS PALSAR全极化图像分类研究

极化干涉相干矩阵服从复Wishart分布,通过对相关系数的分析可以获得不同的地物类别。在总结极化干涉非监督Wishart ML分类流程的基础上,基于该方法对塔河地区全极化PALSAR数据进行了分类,研究结果表明:基于极化干涉的分类方法能够有效区分不同散射机制对应的地物,该分类方法具有较强的适应性,并且类间边界比较明显,这些分类信息为森林资源的开发和利用提供了参考。     

结合Freeman分解与子孔径散射特性的极化SAR图像分类

本文结合Freeman分解和子孔径分析,提出一种新的极化SAR图像分类算法。该方法首先利用子孔径分解,产生不同方位观察角度下的子孔径图像,再利用Freeman分解对各个子孔径图像提取三种散射机理成分的功率,平均后对类别进行细分,最后使用Wishart统计分类器对类别进行分类划分得到最终结果。该方法考虑了极化散射机理在不同方位观察角度下的变化,能够取得较好的分类效果,能够保存主要极化散射特性的纯度,同时还可以动态地设定分类类别数。最后利用EMISAR获取的极化SAR数据进行了仿真,验证了该方法的有效性。     

利用SVM的全极化、双极化与单极化SAR图像分类性能的比较

支持向量机(SVM)以其在小训练样本时良好的分类性能,目前已广泛应用于多个领域.本文在极化SAR图像特征提取基础上,将SVM应用于极化SAR图像分类,定性和定量地比较了全极化、双极化和单极化SAR图像的分类性能,分析了不同的极化组合对分类结果的影响,并根据地物极化散射特性分析了分类精度差异的成因.实测极化SAR数据的实验结果表明,全极化数据能获得最好的分类性能,双极化次之,单极化最低,且在某些情况下,双极化与全极化分类性能接近.     

基于高分三号极化SAR数据的农作物散射特性分析及分类

高分三号卫星是我国首颗多极化的高分辨率C波段SAR卫星,其于2017年1月正式交付用户使用后,主要被用于海洋遥感方面的研究。而极化SAR对于农作物的结构特征十分敏感,适合于农作物监测及分类。文中首次利用高分三号的极化SAR数据分析不同农作物的极化散射特性,然后利用H/α-wishart分类和H/A/α-wishart分类方法对湖南省岳阳县洞庭湖实验区域的高分三号极化SAR数据进行分类。整体分类精度高于85%,Kappa系数大于0.8。实验结果表明,高分三号全极化数据能够较好地表征农作物的散射特性,并可用于极化SAR农作物分类研究。     

水稻时域后向散射特性分析：雷达卫星观测与模型模拟结果对比

利用已有的微波后向散射模型模拟计算了水稻的雷达后向散射特性，分析了一个生长周期内水稻冠层与微波电磁波的相互作用。重点分析植物物理参数对其后向散射特征的影响及其随极化而变化的规律。以及这些特征在整个水稻生长周期中的变化规律。输入后向散射模型的数据包括通过田间测量获取的水稻物理参数。在地面测量的同时或准同时获取了中国广东肇庆试验区的多时相雷达卫星（RADARSAT）遥感图像。雷达卫星观测结果和后向散射模型模拟计算结果的比较分析表明：在水稻的生长过程中，水稻的后向散射特征随其物理参数的周期性变化而变化，并且在不同的极化状态具有不同的变化规律。这从理论上预示了多时相多极化雷达遥感技术进行水稻长势监测的潜力。     

机载X波段极化干涉SAR数据非监督分类方法研究

针对经典极化分类算法在处理机载X波段SAR数据时将过多地物分为体散射类型,并且容易受噪声影响,分类结果存在大量误分现象的问题,通过对机载X波段SAR数据非监督分类方法的研究,提出将极化干涉信息用于机载X波段极化干涉SAR数据的分类。通过运用极化干涉数据进行目标分解得到参数A1和A2对数据进行初始分类,然后结合改进的Wishart最大似然分类算法来进行地物的自适应分类。实验结果表明,该方法能有效避免平地效应的影响,抗噪性好,能正确区分三种典型散射类型,分类效果明显优于极化分类效果。     

RADARSAT-2全极化SAR数据地表覆盖分类

全极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)能够测量每一观测目标的全散射矩阵,但地物分布的复杂性往往造成不同地物具有相似的后向散射信号特征,因而增加了地物信息提取的难度。文中基于北京地区的RADARSAT-2全极化雷达数据,在图像处理的特征分解的基础上,利用PolSARPro软件提取包含地物散射机理信息的各种极化参数,按H-α、A-α、H-A对全极化SAR影像进行基于散射机理的分类,继而将分类结果作为Wishart H/A/α、Wishart H/α的初始类别划分。最后,采用决策树分类算法对基于Wishart分布的监督分类及以上两种分类算法进行融合处理,从而实现地物的分类,并将分类结果与经典的分类算法进行对比分析,验证了文中方法的有效性。     

多时相双极化合成孔径雷达干涉测量土地覆盖分类方法

综合采用时相、极化和干涉3种维度的SAR数据进行土地覆盖分类。以黑龙江省逊克县多时相ALOS PALSAR数据覆盖区为研究区,利用不同时相极化SAR、干涉SAR信号对地物特征的敏感性,结合后向散射强度和干涉相干的时变特征进行地物解译,发展了基于多时相、多极化、干涉SAR数据的SVM土地覆盖分类方法。研究结果表明,引入双极化SAR中不同极化(HH-HV)间的相干系数,并结合所选择的时相特征、极化特征以及干涉相干特征进行分类,可解决双极化SAR影像中林地与城市及建设用地的混分问题,得到更高精度的土地覆盖分类结果。     

极化干涉SAR数据地表土地类型分类

基于新疆和田地区1994年10月9日和10日SIR-C-L波段全极化雷达数据。首先对极化干涉测量的基本原理和数据处理流程进行了详细的阐述，接着，用Cloude相干最优算法得到了与3种地物散射机制相对应的3个最优相干图。并且就地物相干性对极化的强烈依赖和3种散射机制中地物的最优相干特性进行了分析，具有最高相干值的相位图在提取DEM方面较有利，具有最低相干值的相干图在地物识别方面较有利。最后，在对最优相干系数。后向散射系数和熵进行数据相关性分析基础上，利用得到的最优相干系数，熵和后向散射系数数据进行了土地类型的识别和分类，得到了很好的效果。     

Evaluating SAR polarization modes at L-band for forest classification purposes in Eastern Amazon,Brazil

Single, interferometric dual, and quad-polarization mode data were evaluated for the characterization and classification of seven land use classes in an area with shifting cultivation practices located in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil). The Advanced Land-Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data were acquired during a six month interval. A clear-sky Landsat-5/TM image acquired at the same period was used as additional ground reference and as ancillary input data in the classification scheme. We evaluated backscattering intensity, polarimetric features, interferometric coherence and texture parameters for classification purposes using support vector machines (SVM) and feature selection. Results showed that the forest classes were characterized by low temporal backscattering intensity variability, low coherence and high entropy. Quad polarization mode performed better than dual and single polarizations but overall accuracies remain low and were affected by precipitation events on the date and prior SAR date acquisition. Misclassifications were reduced by integrating Landsat data and an overall accuracy of 85% was attained. The integration of Landsat to both quad and dual polarization modes showed similarity at the 5% significance level. SVM was not affected by SAR dimensionality and feature selection technique reveals that co-polarized channels as well as SAR derived parameters such as Alpha-Entropy decomposition were important ranked features after Landsat’ near-infrared and green bands. We show that in absence of Landsat data, polarimetric features extracted from quad-polarization L-band increase classification accuracies when compared to single and dual polarization alone. We argue that the joint analysis of SAR and their derived parameters with optical data performs even better and thus encourage the further development of joint techniques under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) mechanism.     

基于最优极化相干系数的倾斜建筑物解译研究

基于Freeman_Durden分解的全极化SAR影像分类方法能够较好地保持地物极化散射特性,但在分类的过程中,不能改变初始散射机制,导致分解结果对分类精度影响很大。在Freeman_Durden分解中,排列方向相对雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物(简称为倾斜建筑物)常被分为体散射类型,使得该类建筑物往往被误分为植被。通过分析建筑物在SAR影像中的后向散射特性,利用建筑物具有较高相干性的特点,引入最优极化相干系数,在目标分解的基础上通过阈值分割将两者区分开来,进而提高反射非对称性人工目标的分类效果。通过使用E-SAR系统在德国DLR附近Oberp-faffenhofen地区获取的L波段PolInSAR影像和国内X-SAR系统在海南陵水地区获取的X波段PolInSAR影像进行试验,证明该方法能够有效地将与雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物与森林区分开。     

基于Freeman散射熵和各向异性度的极化SAR影像分类算法研究

极化SAR影像中阴影、水体和裸露的耕地3种地物类型有非常相似的极化散射特性,常规基于非相干分解的分类方法难以将其有效地区分。对此,本文引入基于Freeman分解的散射熵Hf和各向异性度Af两个特征参数,并将其用于极化SAR影像分类。首先利用Hf和Af参数将阴影和水体提取出来,然后将其他地物按散射机制分为3大类,并对每一类再次利用Hf和Af参数进行细分,最后通过基于Wishart分布的聚类和迭代分类,得到最终的分类结果。通过利用Radarsat-2在河南登封获取的全极化SAR数据进行试验,表明该算法执行效率高,能够有效地区分阴影、水体和裸露的耕地,并且对其他地物类型也有很好的分类效果。     

利用矩阵值域的极化干涉SAR相干性的研究

极化SAR干涉测量 (PolInSAR)的相干性是反演植被参数的重要信息来源,极化空间中不同极化状态对应的相干性分布与复极化相干矩阵的值域相关。本文讨论了不同结构的复极化相干矩阵值域的特点,分析了不同极化状态下干涉相干性与复极化相干矩阵的值域的关系。利用模拟数据和真实全极化SAR数据分析了滑动窗口大小和不同散射体对复极化干涉矩阵值域的影响,以及复极化干涉矩阵的结构对极化干涉SAR相干性分布空间的影响,有助于更加准确地获取极化干涉SAR最优极化基和估计最优相干性。     

Lithological mapping from hyperspectral data by improved use of spectral angle mapper

The spectral angle mapper (SAM), as a spectral matching method, has been widely used in lithological type identification and mapping using hyperspectral data. The SAM quantifies the spectral similarity between an image pixel spectrum and a reference spectrum with known components. In most existing studies a mean reflectance spectrum has been used as the reference spectrum for a specific lithological class. However, this conventional use of SAM does not take into account the spectral variability, which is an inherent property of many rocks and is further magnified in remote sensing data acquisition process. In this study, two methods of determining reference spectra used in SAM are proposed for the improved lithological mapping. In first method the mean of spectral derivatives was combined with the mean of original spectra, i.e., the mean spectrum and the mean spectral derivative were jointly used in SAM classification, to improve the class separability. The second method is the use of multiple reference spectra in SAM to accommodate the spectral variability. The proposed methods were evaluated in lithological mapping using EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data of two arid areas. The spectral variability and separability of the rock types under investigation were also examined and compared using spectral data alone and using both spectral data and first derivatives. The experimental results indicated that spectral variability significantly affected the identification of lithological classes with the conventional SAM method using a mean reference spectrum. The proposed methods achieved significant improvement in the accuracy of lithological mapping, outperforming the conventional use of SAM with a mean spectrum as the reference spectrum, and the matching filtering, a widely used spectral mapping method.     

Polarimetric differential SAR interferometry in an arid natural environment

Ground deformation measurements have contributed to a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms involved in natural hazards. Those include landslides, subsidence, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Spaceborne Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR (DInSAR) is a well studied technique for measuring ground deformation. Quality of deformation measurements, however, is often degraded by decorrelation. With the advent of fully polarimetric SAR satellite sensors, polarimetric optimization techniques exploiting polarimetric diversity improve the phase quality of interferograms. In this paper, we analyzed three polarimetric optimization methods to determine the optimal one for application in an arid natural environment. We considered coherence decomposition in single and double phase center scenarios. Coherence estimation bias associated with each optimization method has been analyzed. We compared the derived displacement values with terrestrial GPS measurements. The study shows that polarimetric optimization increases the number of coherent pixels by upto 6.89% as compared with a single polarization channel. The study concludes that polarimetric optimization coupled with DInSAR analysis yields more reliable deformation results in a low coherence region.     

面向多基线干涉SAR高程反演的全局最优相干方法

本文针对多基线极化干涉SAR数据,提出了面向多基线干涉SAR高程反演的全局最优相干方法。该方法将多景全极化干涉影像联合在一起,构建多基线极化相干矩阵,由多基线最优相干准则指导,求解全局条件下的最优干涉图。该方法可以有效降低多基线干涉中散射中心不一致对干涉相位影响,从而提高干涉相位的精度和可靠性,并提高最终获取DEM的精度。利用国产X-SAR系统和德国E-SAR系统获取的多基线全极化数据进行全局最优相干方法试验,利用多基线极化最优相干方法生成全局条件下的最优干涉图,依据多基线高程反演方法计算目标高程,验证了本文提出的方法的有效性。     

A new Likelihood Ratio for supervised classification of fully polarimetric SAR data: An application for sea ice type mapping

One of the potential applications of polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is the classification of land cover, such as forest canopies, vegetation, sea ice types, and urban areas. In contrast to single or dual polarized SAR systems, full polarimetric SAR systems provide more information about the physical and geometrical properties of the imaged area. This paper proposes a new Bayes risk function which can be minimized to obtain a Likelihood Ratio (LR) for the supervised classification of polarimetric SAR data. The derived Bayes risk function is based on the complex Wishart distribution. Furthermore, a new spatial criterion is incorporated with the LR classification process to produce more homogeneous classes. The application for Arctic sea ice mapping shows that the LR and the proposed spatial criterion are able to provide promising classification results. Comparison with classification results based on the Wishart classifier, the Wishart Likelihood Ratio Test Statistic (WLRTS) proposed by Conradsen et al. (2003) and the Expectation Maximization with Probabilistic Label Relaxation (EMPLR) algorithm are presented. High overall classification accuracy of selected study areas which reaches 97.8% using the LR is obtained. Combining the derived spatial criterion with the LR can improve the overall classification accuracy to reach 99.9%. In this study, fully polarimetric C-band RADARSAT-2 data collected over Franklin Bay, Canadian Arctic, is used.