可可西里土壤凝结水形成特征及其影响因素研究

青藏高原受气候变化影响,干湿过渡状况不断扩大,凝结水是旱区重要的水分补给来源,研究凝结水对青藏高原生态具有重要意义。为探究凝结水在青藏高原的形成特征以及影响凝结水形成因素,选取近年来受气候影响较大的可可西里盐湖地区作为研究区,使用微型蒸渗仪探究其0~10 cm土壤水分蒸发凝结特征,并利用相关回归分析、主成分分析探究影响凝结水形成因素。结果表明：（1） 在14:00—次日14:00期间,气温和土层温度均呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,0~10 cm土壤在00:00—10:00内有明显土壤凝结水形成,而在其余时间水量蒸发明显。大气水汽和土壤深层水汽组成土壤凝结水的比例约为1:3。当夜间近地空气相对湿度大于64%,近地气温小于3.8 ℃,5 cm土层温度低于4.1 ℃,有利于土壤凝结水的形成,平均水量可达0.2 mm·d^-1。（2） 相关分析表明土壤总凝结水量与5 cm土层温度和5~30 cm土层温度差呈显著负相关,而且凝结水量与相关因子的线性拟合效果较好;大气水汽凝结水量与气温呈现显著负相关,与相对湿度呈现显著正相关。主成分分析结果显示0~10 cm以上土层微气象因子对凝结水形成因素较大。     

极端干旱区不同下垫面土壤凝结水试验研究

为了探讨极端干旱区植被生长季的土壤凝结水特征, 采用微渗计和中子仪, 于2010 年6-7 月对塔里木河下游地区胡杨林、柽柳丛和裸地3 种典型下垫面密封和不密封处理的土壤凝结水的变化特征、形成时间及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:微渗计和中子仪观测结果均显示观测期间裸地产生的土壤凝结水总量最大, 其次为柽柳丛, 而胡杨林形成的土壤凝结水总量最小。观测期间研究区凝结现象从21:00-22:00 左右开始, 02:00-03:00 左右达到第一个峰值前, 随着近地表气温和地温的降低, 土壤凝结水量呈增加的趋势。不密封处理产生的土壤凝结水量显著大于密封处理的(t<0.01)。柽柳丛土壤日均凝结水量最大, 其次为裸地, 胡杨林最小。方差分析显示, 不同下垫面类型土壤的日均凝结水量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。3 种下垫面土壤凝结水量的变化趋势基本一致, 均呈双峰曲线。凝结过程一般从22:00 左右持续到次日09:00 左右。土壤凝结水量主要受气温、大气相对湿度、表层地温、风速以及下垫面等因素的影响。研究结果可以为生态退化区的植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠表层土壤凝结水水汽来源特征分析

水分条件是决定干旱沙漠区生态环境的关键因素,凝结水是干旱区植物和低等生物的重要水分来源。利用自制蒸渗计在春、夏、秋3个季节对古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓、地衣、藻类及流沙4种地表类型表层原状土壤凝结水形成进行了观测研究。结果表明,在2 cm、5 cm、10 cm、20 cm 4种高度原状土中,用纱网封底土壤表层2 cm和5 cm土壤的凝结水测定结果能够真实的代表古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型地表土壤凝结水形成特征;凝结水主要集中产生在土壤表层2 cm范围内;凝结水的水汽来源于空气和土壤且以空气来源为主,春季由于表层土壤含水率较高,来自于土壤的水汽所占的比重较高,地衣0~2 cm表层凝结水来源于土壤水汽补充的比例春季为35.5%,夏季和秋季分别降到15.5%和11.3%;秋季55 d的观测结果表明,凝结水形成总量随流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加,分别为3.46 mm、4.07 mm、4.89 mm和5.15 mm,说明在干旱的沙漠地带,凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分最重要的水分来源。     

矿物复合保水剂对新疆干旱区凝结水吸持效果研究

采用称重法在新疆石河子市121团土壤改良实验站进行了矿物复合保水剂对干旱区凝结水的高效利用研究实验,根据实验数据分析了该地区凝结水的生成规律及矿物复合保水剂组成的人工保水层对凝结水的吸持效果。结果表明:凝结水来源于地下某深度到地表的水气和空气中的水气,发生时间基本在22:00—09:00,影响凝结水生成的主要因素有近地面大气温度、近地表土壤温度、空气相对湿度、风速等因素。由于向近地表土壤加入了矿物复合保水剂,使得混合层成为了一个人工保水层,该人工保水层对研究区的凝结水量和蒸发量都产生了影响,实验研究表明,人工保水层分布在近地表5～10 cm处对凝结水吸持效果最佳。     

关于“土壤凝结水”问题的探讨——与于庆和同志商榷

在极端干旱地区,空气中的水汽压很低,不可能发生大量土壤凝结水。若有凝结水,主要发生在干燥土壤和晴天的晚上。土面盐碱膜有抑制土壤水分蒸发和增加地温变幅的作用,不利于土壤凝结水的发生。这在极端干旱的塔里木河中游地区更不例外。笔者认为于庆和同志所谓的“凝结水”,很可能是闭塞空气迂热膨胀排出来的水。因为,现行的地中渗透仪很不完善,其蒸发筒中缺通气管,受闭塞空气的胀缩作用,使筒中潜水位白天降低,晚上升高,即地下室的盛水器中水位白天升高(排出水),晚上降低(马氏瓶供水),由此而产生“回渗水”被误认为是“凝结水”。     

干旱荒漠区沙土凝结水与微气象因子关系

凝结水作为干旱区降雨以外的主要水分补给,具有重要的生态水文意义。目前,凝结水研究已成为干旱区生态水文学研究的一个重要组分\.通过定位观测,对凝结水的形成机理、形成量和影响因子已有了初步的认识\.但是受土壤水分、风速和下垫面性质的影响,凝结水量与微气象因子的关系复杂,导致凝结水模拟估算存在诸多困难。本文通过控制试验,在排除土壤水分、风速和下垫面对凝结水形成过程影响的条件下,开展观测,建立凝结水形成速率与近地层微气象因子之间的多元回归方程,旨在为凝结水模型构建提供参考。结果显示:凝结水形成速率与空气相对湿度呈波尔兹曼函数关系,与气温和地表温度均呈显著的线性负相关关系,而与气温和地表温度差、露点温度呈显著的线性正相关关系。多元回归分析显示,沙土凝结水主要受近地层空气相对湿度、气温和地表温度的控制,表明在凝结水模型构建中应重点考虑这3个微气象因子的影响。     

沙坡头地区地形对凝结水形成特征的影响

以沙坡头地区经草方格沙障固定的典型流动沙丘作为研究对象,采用PVC管手动称重法和布板法（CPM—Cloth-Plate Method）对该区不同地形位置凝结水的形成特征进行了研究。结果表明：地形作用下凝结水的形成量和形成间期均表现为中等空间异质性;不同坡向凝结水形成量符合经典的水汽对流模型,丘间低地凝结水形成量最高,迎风坡凝结水形成量高于背风坡,具体表现为：丘间低地>西面向坡>北面向坡>丘顶>南面向坡>东面向坡;同一坡向不同坡位处凝结水形成量表现为：坡脚>坡中>坡顶;坡度与凝结水形成量呈负的线性相关关系,随着坡度的增加,凝结水形成量逐渐减少,垂直坡面上凝结水形成量仅为水平面的一半。这说明地形是影响干旱区凝结水形成特征的重要因子。     

毛乌素沙地土壤凝结水来源分析

土壤凝结水是半干旱地区生态系统重要的水源,为阐明毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)冠层下土壤表层5 cm凝结水的水汽来源,应用自制凝结试筒于2008年9—10月在毛乌素沙地开发整治研究中心院内开展试验。结果表明,毛乌素沙地土壤表层凝结水由吸湿水、大气水汽凝结水和土壤水汽凝结水组成;大气中的水汽总是先于土壤中的水汽到达和离开表层5 cm土壤;大气中水汽对土壤表层5 cm凝结水的贡献率小于土壤水汽的贡献率,9月上旬至中旬大气中水汽和土壤水汽的贡献比为2∶5,9月下旬至10月中旬为3∶10;单日凝结量和蒸发量呈现显著的线性关系。     

塔里木河下游典型胡杨群落大气凝结水的形成规律与数量评估

在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘地区,凝结水可能是一种重要的水源。然而,目前对该地区凝结水的形成、数量等特征所知甚少。借助于涡动协方差观测系统于2013年6~12月对沙漠边缘胡杨林群落的水汽通量、气象要素等进行观测,目的是揭示凝结水的形成特征及其在区域水量平衡中的作用,初步探讨凝结水定量评估方法。研究结果表明:胡杨林群落具有明显水汽凝结现象,在整个182 d的观测期内,凝结水出现的天数达到了148 d,占整个观测期总日数的81%,累积凝结水量为19.78 mm;凝结水出现时,夜间平均持续时间为3~4 h左右,平均日凝结水量为0.13 mm。单一冠层凝结出现天数为47 d,凝结总量8.5 mm,明显大于单一的地面凝结(44 d,6.65 mm),生长季冠层凝结是主要的。基于观测数据,构建了凝结水出现天数、日持续时间与凝结速率的评估方程,模拟结果在长时间尺度上(月、季)可较好的反映实测结果(R20.9)。观测结果显示,凝结水总量超过同期降水量0.48 mm,并达到当年年降水量的84%,凝结水对水分收支的作用与年降水相当,在区域水量平衡中扮演了重要的角色。     

黑河中游绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态脆弱带土壤含水量空间分异研究

以黑河中游平川绿洲和六坝绿洲为例,对绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带土壤含水量空间分异进行了分析研究。结果表明:在无灌溉条件下绿洲及绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带的土壤含水量水平分异明显,绿洲土壤含水量高于绿洲-荒漠生态过渡带和荒漠地区土壤含水量,并出现从绿洲到绿洲-荒漠过渡带和荒漠依次递减的趋势,主要受土壤性状、土壤水分水平运动和绿洲-荒漠局地大气环流影响;绿洲活动层土壤含水量垂直分异上表现为从表层向下逐渐增加,而过渡带和荒漠区活动层土壤含水量垂直分异则是表层和底层比20~30cm处低,可能与荒漠土壤凝结水的形成与运动有关。受绿洲地下水过度开采和绿洲边缘人类活动影响,在绿洲-荒漠过渡带形成了生态裂谷,对绿洲生态系统的安全构成威胁。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,