地下水、地球化学观测的地震和地震预报研究目标

前　言自从日本文部省测地学审议会１９７５年提出“部分修改第３次地震预报计划”的建议以来,地下水、地球化学方法正式纳入地震预报计划已历时２０多年。这也是对地震的认识一成不变地开展地下水、地球化学观测的日本的历史。在地震预报研究中,虽然曾检测出许多地震前的异常现象,但并没有明显增加对其机制的认识。本文基于这种现状,提出地震（预报）研究中开展地下水、地球化学观测的目标。地下水和地球化学观测,研究中的最大弱点是在理论方面。由于缺乏联系地震发生机制与地下水、地球化学异常的理论,所以怎么也跳不出现象论的框框…     

与地震有关的水文及地球化学变化

简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果,这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理,这些地下流体(包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体)的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向,例如多种手段和多种原理方法,开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。     

乌鲁木齐4号泉逸出气的研究

通过对乌鲁木齐４号泉地下水逸出气与溶解气的对比观测，根据气体各组分的性质及在地下水溶解气和进出气中所表现的特征，认为逸出气较溶解气运移速度快且信息量大。因此，观测４号泉逸出气作为地震前兆较溶解气为宜。     

金属矿产勘查技术发展现状与思考

近年来，以寻找金属矿产为目的发愤卢业的勘查新技术可概括为：（1）以寻找隐伏矿为目标的覆盖区地球物理勘查技术，其中包括“三维地震”和“高光谱遥感”技术；（2）地球化学勘查新技术，其中包括“深穿透地球化学技术”、“地球化学信息的综合解释和地球化学填图技术”；（3）“找矿信息提取和综合”技术等。限于篇幅，本文仅对地球化学勘查新技术的研究现状进行了分析，同时对下列问题进行了思考：（1）在一个地区开展地球化学找矿工作首先要确立合适的取样介质，取样介质的立应以查明成矿成晕元素的形成机制和赋存状态为基础；（2）加强不同景观条件下不同矿种和不同矿床类型的异常特征和异常模式研究，建立区分矿异常和非矿异常的模式识别模型；（3）加强不同景观地质条件下，不同勘查尺度的地球化学填图技术研究，以实现迅速掌握全局，逐步缩小靶区的找矿战略；（4）加强地球化学信息与地质、地球物理和遥感信息相结合的信息综合技术的研究，应用综合信息定量圈定和评价找矿靶区，减少矿产勘查的不确定性。     

野外气体取样器和取样方法的研究

在运用地震地球化学方法进行地震预报的监测和断层活动性研究中,气体取样容器和取样技术的研究是非常重要的,本文介绍了用于野外气体采集的不锈钢容器和地表浅层土壤气采集的简易方法。 1 土壤气样 目前气体地球化学工作仍以取水样居多,取土壤气样较少,但实际上大部分断裂带地下水受地理条件和相应深度气体溶解度的影响,理想的水点很少。通常,He,Ne,N_2,Ar等气体在水中较容易达到饱和值由于气体饱和度随温压条件改变而改变,所以从地表取得的气体(水样)往往不能反映地球深处的原始比例。     

深部特征组合锂,锶与地震活动关系的研究

地震水化前兆是发生在地壳内诸多地球化学过程并通过化学指标反映的现象之一。通过对地下水中锂，锶的动态观测及其资料的分析研究，探索其水文地球化学特征及动态变化影响因素，从而阐明其动态变化与地震活动的关系，结果表明，锂，锶作为地下水中深部特征组分，对地震预报有着十分积极意义。     

H2与He的映震灵敏性及其干扰初析

从氢气（H2）与氦气（He）在地壳中的分布与地壳中的分布与地球化学特征的分析着眼，论证了它们的映震灵敏性，并列举了国内外典型震例。同时，中调指出作为深源气体的H2、He动态中同样存在干扰异常，而且地下热水开采的干扰尤为突出。因此，在大力发展H2、He前兆观测的同时，须要深入研究其干扰问题。     

庐江自流热水井逸出气的试验观测研究

1、引言目前,水氡及水中溶解气及其组分的观测,作为一种地震前兆的监测方法已在水化台站全面推广、应用,并取得了一定效果。但是目前的观测均以氡气和其他气体在水中的溶解部分为主,这显然是有一定局限性的。我国不少学者在十多年前就提出地下水中逸出气(包括     

地震地球化学监测现状及发展建议

1 地震地球化学发展背景 地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学.基于研究目的的不同,地球化学分为元素地球化学、气体地球化学、同位素地球化学、构造地球化学、水文地球化学等研究方向,近年来衍生出地震地球化学.此为在地震学、水文地球化学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和水文地质学等学科基础上发展起来的一门新兴学科,是研究地震孕育、发展、发生过程中地下水、岩石、气体组分及化学成分等变化与地震关系的科学.     

水文地球化学方法预报地震的可能性与有效性

本文通过对水化观测技术、测试仪器、观测点的环境条件及干扰因素、预报地震效能、水化异常机理等方面作较深入系统的清理研究,总结了16年来我国水化地震监测预报工作的经验教训。 大量的实际资料表明,地震前后,地下水气体—化学组分出现明显变化,地壳运动和地壳应力应变引起的深层及浅层的地球化学信息,有可能通过地下水迅速传到地表。地震水文地球化学前兆信息的提取,扩大了用传统的地球物理方法探索地震信息的领域。利用水文地球化学方法进行地震预报在各个方面都取得了进展,但是由于水化组分变化受多种因素的控制,特别是现有观测系统方面存在的弱点和局限性,当前的观测预报仍然处于较低水平。文中对存在问题及今后攻关方向进行了讨论。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.