试论中国的海洋环境监测制度

海洋环境监测是海洋环境保护的“耳目”和“哨兵”。是防止和消除海洋环境污染，减少损害的重要手段。是关系到海洋环境保护事业健康发展的前提和基础。本文立足海洋环境监测在海洋环境保护中的地位，系统阐述了中国海洋环境监测制度的概念与分类、任务与意义、管理职责与网络体系以及海洋污染的监测等问题，分析了当前我国海洋环境监测所面临的形势，找出了我国海洋环境监测存在的主要问题．提出了完善我国海洋环境监测制度的对策建议。     

加拿大海洋环境监测状况及对我国的启示

加拿大海洋开发利用历史悠久,海洋管理体制成熟,海洋环境也一直受到高度关注与有效保护。文章在梳理加拿大海洋管理部门、海洋环境监测机构与主要工作的基础上,总结了加拿大海洋环境监测状况,从监测主体、监测工作、监测内容、监测成果等方面对加拿大和我国的海洋环境监测情况进行了对比分析,并针对我国海洋环境监测工作的实际情况,提出了加强海洋环境监测队伍能力建设、优化海洋环境监测内容、丰富监测产品类型等可行性建议,为进一步提升我国海洋环境监测成效、推进海洋生态文明建设提供重要参考。     

新形势下县级海洋环境监测机构建设研究与创新

《全国海洋环境监测与评价业务体系"十二五"发展规划纲要》提出:根据海洋环境保护分级责任制,围绕地方海洋环境监测体系现状和海洋环保工作的需要,推动地方各级政府在有一定基础的沿海县建立海洋环境监测机构,尤其在沿海经济开发热点区、环境风险高发区、环境损害严重区和生态保护区等关键区域,填补海洋环境监测机构布局空白,不断完善国家(海区)-省-地-县一体化的海洋环境监测网络体系。荣成市作为全国海洋大县,其海洋环境保护工作任重道远。荣成市海洋环境监测中心自2008年成立以来,在硬件设施提高的同时,加强了软件管理的建设,取得显著绩效,同时也发现一些问题,现将基层海洋环境监测机构建设的成果汇报如下,以期共同探讨,创新出高水平一类的县级海洋环境监测机构。     

海洋环境数据智能化监控的现状与关键技术

本文介绍了海洋环境数据智能化监控的国内外现状,重点介绍全球海洋监测GOOS项目、美国海洋监测IOOS项目以及东南大西洋沿海监测SEA-COOS系统的开发实施情况,同时结合我国海洋环境监测的现状,提炼出海洋环境监测数据监控研究中需要的关键技术,以及我国在该领域建设方面需要努力的方向.     

海洋环境监测的重要性研究——基于经济与管理的视角

文章通过论述海洋环境监测的CalCOFI计划经验与海洋环境监测在经济与管理方面的重要意义,最终得出如下结论:(1)加强海洋环境监测能力建设,提高监测的质量与水平;(2)加强对海洋环境的动态跟踪与管理;(3)积极做好海洋环境监测信息的发布工作,完善海洋环境监测预警机制。     

LIMS在海洋环境监测中的应用

为促进海洋环境监测信息化发展,提高实验室资源管理和质量控制水平,文章以山东省海洋环境监测中心研发的实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)为例,概述其在海洋环境监测工作中的应用。研究结果表明:该系统涵盖海洋环境监测工作的全过程和实验室资源管理的主要内容,包括业务任务、样品管理和质控管理等模块,具有功能全面、样品交接快速和准确、质量控制管理到位、预警提醒及时、报表和报告自定义配置、可与大型监测设备对接、全程溯源以及数据管理自动化等特色,应注重其本地化以及后续维护和升级;该系统可提高海洋环境监测质量控制水平,有效管理实验室资源,保证监测数据和资料的真实和准确,具有广阔的应用前景和推广价值。     

海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统设计与应用

文章根据海洋环境监测业务的特点,提出了海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统的总体设计方案,对系统的结构、系统的功能进行了设计描述。提出建立海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统,可提升实验室信息运转效率和管理水平,规范质量管理,保证数据可靠性,更好地为海洋环境监测管理服务。     

海洋环境监测数据统计研究

文章根据海洋环境监测数据的特点,分别基于监测指标、监测要素、监测任务设计海洋环境监测数据统计指标和统计方法,统计结果能够简洁明了地反映出海洋环境监测数据量的大小并涵盖相关监测信息,对于提高海洋环境监测数据统计结果质量、开展海洋环境监测任务完成情况评估、促进监测数据交换与信息共享、服务海洋环境管理决策制定等具有重要意义。     

浙江省海洋环境监测与评价需求调查研究

为充分认识海洋环境监测与评价需求,提高海洋生态环境监测能力,突破传统的监测方式和评价模式,更好地为社会公众服务。2014年,面向浙江沿海进行了海洋环境监测与评价需求调查,分析了海洋环境监测、海洋环境评价、海洋环境监管、海洋监测机构发展模式的认识和需求情况等,给出了提升海洋环境监测与评价的建议。     

2009年中国海洋环境质量公报

<正>1概述2009年,国家海洋局组织沿海各级海洋行政主管部门,贯彻落实海洋环境保护分级管理责任制,切实履行海洋环境监督管理的职责,深化海洋领域节能减排工作,加强海洋环境监测评价体系建设,提高监测评价能力和水平,在全面做好我国管辖海域环境质量现状和     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

金塘大桥桥轴线优化及建桥对水流和航道的影响

金塘大桥跨越灰鳖洋,连接金塘岛沥港镇与宁波镇海新泓口,全长18.5 km,为舟山连岛工程的主体.该大桥工程所在海域潮汐为非正规浅海半日潮,历年最大潮差为3.67 m,多年平均潮差为1.91 m;潮流呈往复流特征,且基本平行于峡道走向.金塘大桥水域东侧微冲,西侧微淤,深泓摆幅较小,深槽稳定.在海床演变分析的基础上,运用数学模型进行了桥轴线的优化,由实体定床与动床模型探讨了建桥对水动力的影响.数学模型选用2002年3月和11月实测水文测验资料对模型进行率定和验证.物理模型选取中值粒径为0.2 mm的塑料沙作为动床试验的模型沙,选用2002年11月实测水文测验资料对定床模型进行验证,选用2002年11月和2003年4月两次水下地形资料对动床模型进行河床冲淤验证,验证精度均满足相关规范要求.研究结果表明,以推荐的方案建桥对桥位近区的潮位、流速与潮量的影响均较小.建桥后,下游高潮位有所抬高,上游高潮位有所降低;上游低潮位有所抬高,下游低潮位略有降低.由于桥墩的阻水作用,使该桥所在海域海流流速整体上略有减小,减小量一般在5%以内;桥墩间因海流集中使流速有所增加.建桥使主航道航深有所增加,桥位近区与远区分别冲刷0.6～0.8 m和0.1～0.2 m;西航道桥轴线近区冲刷0.4～0.5 m,远区淤积0.1～0.2 m.建桥对甬江口、金塘锚地、七里屿锚地均无明显的不良影响,对北仑港区基本没有影响.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.