关于我国海洋管理体制的探讨

关于我国海洋管理体制的探讨刘喜礼国家海洋局综合管理司１９９６年５月１５日，我国第八届全国人大常委会第１９次会议决定，批准《联合国海洋法公约》。这是我国在海洋管理及海洋法事务方面的一件大事，它将推动中国海洋立法体系完善，加强中国在国际海洋法事务的作用，...     

维护海洋权益,开发海洋资源,持续发展海洋经济

一、国际海洋法律制度发生了深刻变化,国际海洋事务形成了一些热点和新的特点《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）于1994年11月16日正式生效,标志着人类和平利用海洋和全面管理海洋的新时期已经到来。《公约》共有17个部分320条,连同9个附件共446条,包括了内海、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架、群岛水域、公海和国际海底等海域的各个部分的法律制度,并对海洋资源开发、环境保护与利用、技术转让与技术发展、海洋争端的解决都作了规定,内容涵盖了海洋的一切资源和用途,涉及海洋法的所有领域。是迄今为止,范围最广泛,内容…     

前言

60年代末,各国有识之士已认识到维护全球环境之重要性与迫切性,几乎每隔10年就有一次国际性的联合行动,1972年联合国人类环境会议通过了《人类环境宣言》,1982年国际海洋法会议通过了《联合国海洋法公约》,1992年联合国环境与发展大会通过了《21世纪议程》宣言,这些历史性的文告与公约,对维护海洋环境和推动海洋科学研究发挥了     

抓住机遇,持续快速发展海洋经济

随着《联合国海洋法公约》的生效及１９９８年国际海洋年的到来,人们越来越重视海洋对于经济和社会发展的重要意义。我国是一个海洋大国,如何在新的机遇面前更好地利用海洋资源,发展海洋经济,是当前我们面临的一个重要课题。新的《联合国海洋法公约》生效使海洋工作面...     

国际海洋法的新发展

1982年4月30日第三次联合国海洋法会议第十一期会议以压倒多数通过了《联合国海洋法公约》,这是经过长期协商谈判的产物,是广大中小国家与超级大国的海洋霸权主义进行斗争的结果。特别是《公约》中规定沿海国有权建立200海里专属经济区,将原来作为公海的国际海底确定为“人类共同继承财产”,为国际海底制定了一项资源勘探开发制度,并建立了一个国际机构进行管理,这对维护沿海国的主权和各国在国际海底的权益有     

加速我国海洋立法进程

《联合国海洋法公约》(下简称《公约》)作为第三次联合国海洋法会议的结晶,是当时广大发展中国家反对海洋霸权主义、维护国家海洋权益,经过长期团结奋斗所取得的胜利成果。其中也包含着我国为之作出的不懈努力和重要贡献。《公约》采取一揽子解决国际海洋事务的办法,难免存在一些不尽人意之处,     

审时度势 调整渔业发展战略

《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)于1982年4月联合国第三次海洋法会议通过,1994年11月16日正式生效。我国于1996 年5月15日经第八届全国人大常委会第19 次会议正式批准公约,这是我国海洋事业中的一件大事, 标志着我国的海洋渔业开始全面与国际接轨, 按照公约的规定享受合法权益和承担相应的义务。     

管好用好海洋 造福子孙后代

1994年11月16日生效的《联合国海洋法公约》,最近获我国批准,这是一件关系到我国海洋权益、经济、社会发展以及人民生活的大事。 《联合国海洋法公约》从酝酿、签署到生效,经历了一个漫长的时期。从1973年起经过10年的谈判,在1982年12月10日第三次联合国海洋法会议上《公约》获得通过,并开放签署,我国是第一批签署国之一。从1982年开始,又经过12年磋商,《公约》终     

中国与国际海底开发制度

1 国际海底及其开发制度 第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《联合国海洋公约》(以下简称《公约》)提出了一个崭新的概念——国际海底,它是指国家管辖范围以外的海床洋底及其底土。《公约》明确规定,国际海底及其资源是人类共同继承财产,国际海底内的活动应由国际海底管理局代表全人类,根据公约予以安排、进行和控制。在此基础上,公约还建立了一套国际海底开发的法律制度。     

加强舟山海洋综合管理之我见

海洋综合管理是联合国及有关国际组织在80年代末提出并大力推广的国家对海洋的一种管理制度。1982年第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《联合国海洋法公约》,为沿海各国综合管理海洋提供了基础和依据,特别是1992年联合国环境和发展大会上各国政府首脑签署的《21世纪议程》及对履行《议程》所作出的承诺,     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.