江苏－山东沿岸大型绿藻微观繁殖体时空分布特征研究

为研究暴发浒苔绿潮的黄海近岸水体中大型绿藻微观繁殖体时空分布和种群演替,以及绿潮对海域繁殖体群落结构的影响,本研究在江苏－山东沿岸设置4个站位,开展周年取样调查研究。通过室内培养和分子检测结合的方法,共鉴定出6种大型绿藻:缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)、浒苔(U. prolifera)、扁浒苔(U. compressa)、孔石莼(U. pertusa)、未命名种(Ulva sp.) 和盘苔(Blidingia sp.)。定量研究结果表明,各站位微观繁殖体丰度和种类组成具有明显时空变化特征,苏北浅滩与青岛近岸周年绿藻微观繁殖体丰度明显高于连云港燕尾港和日照岚山港站位;各站位丰度呈双峰型波动,春季到初夏达最高,秋季为次高峰,其他季节丰度较低。群落结构组成研究表明,苏北浅滩周年存在较高丰度的浒苔微观繁殖体(平均为77株/L),其中造成黄海大规模绿潮的“漂浮生态型”浒苔占绝对优势,年均占浒苔微观繁殖体总数的75.7%;青岛近岸微观繁殖体种类组成波动显著,在夏季大规模浒苔绿潮到达时,优势种从缘管浒苔转变成浒苔,其中,“漂浮生态型”浒苔微观繁殖体数量急剧上升,并在绿潮消退时快速消失。对比研究显示,苏北浅滩海域是浒苔微观繁殖体“栖息地”,对维持浒苔种群、造成绿潮连年暴发具有重要作用;青岛近岸微观繁殖体群落受到大规模漂浮浒苔的季节性扰动,其组成结构在绿潮暴发期发生显著变化。     

2008年黄海浒苔绿潮ISSR标记溯源分析

利用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性标记(ISSR),对2008年绿潮暴发期间我国黄海近海漂浮浒苔样品,以及青岛、大丰和温州等地对虾养殖池塘的浒苔样品进行种群间亲缘关系分析.结果表明青岛海域的漂浮绿潮浒苔与南黄海海域的漂浮绿潮浒苔遗传相似度达到0.95,应属于同一个种;此外沿海养殖池塘间尽管存在地理间隔,ISSR标记分析表明...     

黄海绿潮发生过程监测

本文综合采用船舶和MODIS-TERRA卫星遥感监测手段对2015年绿潮发生过程进行全程监视,并系统地调查了南黄海绿潮藻显微繁殖体分布情况。船舶监测结果显示,4月份,零星漂浮状绿潮藻在南黄海如东海域首次出现,组成种类包括浒苔(U.prolifera)、曲浒苔(U.flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(U.linza),之后,绿潮逐步呈现块状分布和大规模带状分布特征,同时逐步向大丰、射阳和滨海等黄海中部海域漂移,并且漂移过程中绿潮藻种类逐渐减少,射阳与滨海未发现除浒苔(U.prolifera)外的其他绿潮藻。卫星遥感监测结果与船舶监测相类似,5月19日,卫星遥感首次在盐城近岸海域监测到小规模漂浮绿潮,之后绿潮分布面积与覆盖面积迅速增大,并向北漂移至山东半岛近岸,覆盖与分布面积峰值分别为594 km~2和52700km~2;直至7月中下旬,绿潮逐渐消亡。南黄海显微繁殖体分布特征与绿潮漂移轨迹相吻合,且3-7月份南黄海显微繁殖体均由浒苔(U.prolifera)、曲浒苔(U.flexuosa)和缘管浒苔(U.linza)组成,3月至5月份,显微繁殖体核心密集区主要分布在南黄海江苏近岸海域的辐射沙洲区域,其分布峰值高达960 ind·L~(-1);随着绿潮向北漂移,6月份显微繁殖体核心密集区亦逐步向北移动,于射阳海域达到峰值(308 ind·L~(-1))。本研究较为清楚地描述了黄海绿潮年度发生过程,为进一步揭示黄海绿潮快速暴发机制和周期性规律提供基础。     

2017年绿潮浒苔(Ulva prolifera)生理特征及孢子囊形成情况分析

近几年来在我国青岛海域连续暴发的浒苔绿潮造成了巨大的经济损失并且破坏了近海海洋生态系统平衡。因此,浒苔绿潮受到了越来越多的关注。本研究重点关注了绿潮暴发期间不同海域浒苔藻体生理特征和孢子囊形成情况。研究发现,不同海域里浒苔藻体生理特征差异显著,孢子囊比例显著不同,并且观察到漂浮浒苔的原位萌发。2017年5月中旬,我们在苏北浅滩紫菜养殖区域(33.78°N,121.29°E)对筏架绠绳上生长的绿藻,退潮后滩涂散落的绿藻和涨潮时海面上漂浮的绿藻进行为期5天的野外采集。另外,在2017年6月随科考船对浒苔暴发海域的浒苔样本进行采集。采集范围在(33.5°—36.5°N, 120°—124°E)。结果表明,从低纬度到高纬度,浒苔F_v/F_m(光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)值从0.65逐渐降低至0.3左右;YⅡ(光系统Ⅱ实时光化学量子产量)值也从最高0.5左右降低至最低0.1。此外,定生浒苔F_v/F_m值为0.6—0.8左右,明显高于漂浮浒苔; YⅡ值也有类似趋势。在孢子囊形成比例方面,定生浒苔约有5%藻体形成了孢子囊,而漂浮浒苔中孢子囊形成比例达到20%。数据表明,低纬度区域为浒苔来源地,浒苔生理活性良好,孢子囊形成比例低。随着浒苔往北漂移,其生理活性降低。并且,漂浮浒苔孢子囊形成比例显著性高于定生浒苔。本文认为,浒苔脱离来源区后,孢子囊的快速形成、成熟和孢子释放以及孢子的原位萌发是浒苔生物量激增的重要原因。     

中国苏北浅滩海域定生海藻繁殖体的来源

自2007年以来,黄海海域已连续爆发大规模浒苔绿潮并造成了严重的经济损失。在苏北浅滩条斑紫菜养殖筏架上的定生浒苔被认为是漂浮绿潮藻的主要来源。然而,现阶段对筏架定生绿藻的种源基础并不清楚。因此,在本研究中,我们通过现场调查结合室内试验来揭示了筏架定生绿藻的繁殖体源。同时,为了对黄海大规模绿潮进行防控,我们对防止绿藻在紫菜养殖筏架的附着做了相关研究。结果表明,（1）包括浒苔、缘管浒苔、扁浒苔、曲浒苔以及盘苔这五种海藻的微观繁殖体共同存在于苏北浅滩海域的水体及沉积物中,而且在不同时期它们的比例变化明显。（2）经过去皮处理后的毛竹可明显抑制浒苔微观繁殖体的附着。通过本研究,我们明确分布于苏北浅滩海域的绿藻微观繁殖体是黄海大规模绿潮的种源基础。同时,我们为从源头防控黄海大规模绿潮的发生提供了一个可行的手段。     

2009-2010年黄海绿潮起源与发生过程调查研究

绿潮是我国近海一种新型的海洋生态灾害,自2007年以来,每年5-7月在黄海海域周期性暴发与消亡,给沿海地区造成不同的环境影响和经济损失。本文基于2009-2010年黄海绿潮潜在起源区和绿潮发生过程的海上连续跟踪观测资料,对黄海浒苔绿潮的起源和发生发展过程进行了分析。结果表明,2009年和2010年黄海漂浮绿潮藻均首先发现于江苏南通小洋口外的太阳岛附近,随后,在小洋口至大丰港的近岸海域逐渐出现漂浮绿藻,并随时间逐渐向北漂移,分布面积和生物量均不断增大。不同年份间,黄海浒苔绿潮具有相似的发生发展过程,主要可以分为绿潮藻漂浮发生阶段、绿潮藻聚集阶段以及规模性绿潮形成阶段;但绿潮的发生时间、发生规模和漂移路径有所差异;2009年绿潮漂移线路为逐渐远离海岸线,而2010年绿潮藻的漂移路径基本为平行于海岸线;温度升高与绿潮暴发具有明显相关性。     

不同盐度、温度及光照对漂浮浒苔生理生态的影响

为研究不同盐度、温度及光照对漂浮浒苔生理生态的影响,我们将实验室内培养的浒苔置于不同盐度、不同温度及不同光照强度条件下培养,测定藻体光合参数。不同盐度条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,在盐度为0的条件下,浒苔样品实际量子效率Fv/Fm快速降低,随后Fv/Fm维持在较低水平,在盐度10‰~40‰范围内,在前5天各处理样品Fv/Fm没有明显变化,之后样品Fv/Fm有不同程度的降低。不同实验温度条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,在5℃~25℃,浒苔Fv/Fm呈现先上升后下降趋势。不同光照条件下,对浒苔叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm进行测定,其数值都在第一天发生了显著降低,之后稍有波动。藻体Fv/Fm变化有所不同,处理的前2天中,所有条件下样品都有相同幅度的降低,处理第三天时,光强400μmol/(m²·s)下比其他光强下的要显著低14%~16%;到培养后期,则以160μmol/(m²·s)下要明显较高,即160μmol/(m²·s)下藻体Fv/Fm的降低总体较为平缓。光照实验表明,浒苔在低光照条件下的实际量子效率要高于高光照条件,且最大量子效率的测定也进一步证实了该结果,表明高光照条件会引起浒苔光合作用能力下降。     

黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与早期防控展望

截至2019年,浒苔绿潮连续12年大规模暴发,对近海生态系统、沿岸环境与社会经济造成严重影响,已经成为黄海最严重的生态环境问题。本文总结了黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与成效,分析了存在的问题,然后基于对该绿潮起源与成因的认识,将其早期分为3个关键过程,即浒苔微观繁殖体在养殖设施上的着生与生长过程,定生浒苔脱离附着基形成漂浮浒苔过程,浅滩漂浮浒苔进入深水区形成大面积绿潮过程。最后分别从加强新材料与技术研发防控绿藻着生、强化养殖设施回收管理严控定生绿藻落滩、浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞等3种途径提出了早期防控措施建议,以期为黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控提供科学依据。     

黄海绿潮浒苔漂浮生态型的发现与启示

黄海绿潮已经成为常态化发生的海洋生态灾害。遗传分析结果表明,黄海绿潮藻主体由浒苔(Ulva prolifera)的单一群体构成。基于其特殊的基因型、表型,及其占据的独特生态位与生活方式,将其命名为"漂浮生态型"(floating ecotype)。浒苔漂浮生态型的发现,为黄海绿潮关键生态学过程的量化表征提供了重要抓手。基于SCAR特异分子标记的示踪研究表明,在绿潮早期浒苔入海阶段,苏北浅滩紫菜筏架发挥了重要作用;在海上暴发漂移阶段,漂浮生态型在漂浮藻中具有极高的优势度。上述发现提示,黄海绿潮存在重要的生物学成因,应加强针对漂浮生态型适应性特征及其遗传基础的比较研究。鉴于漂浮生态型在山东半岛南岸已零星定殖,提出应关注由于种源北侵和紫菜栽培产业北移带来的潜在风险。上述科学认识对于深刻理解黄海绿潮的成因与发生机制、建立可行的灾害防控措施、科学预测黄海绿潮的演变趋势具有重要意义。     

浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响

为探讨浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放规律以及浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂对海水水质的影响,在室外模拟近岸浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂过程,并于2018年6月在浒苔绿潮靠岸前开始对主要浒苔绿潮聚积地(鳌山湾、鳌山湾口的海参池、石老人海域)进行观测,实时记录浒苔腐烂状况及对周边环境的影响。模拟实验结果表明:各形态氮、磷营养盐在浒苔腐烂分解过程中升高明显,且以溶解有机态、颗粒态为主。其中生物量为5 g/L实验组溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON)、颗粒态氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)、溶解有机磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus,DOP)、颗粒态磷(Particulate Phosphorus,PP)的浓度在浒苔腐烂分解过程中达本底浓度的5～10倍以上。现场调查结果显示,随着浒苔绿潮在青岛近岸聚积,各调查站点的溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)、DON、DOP受浒苔绿潮吸收影响均降至最低值,后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂逐渐上升,水质恶化。其中鳌山湾受浒苔绿潮腐烂影响最为严重,在调查期间水体甚至劣于二类水质。PN、PP为调查区内营养盐的主要赋存形式,其中鳌山湾海域PP变化最为明显,随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂达到最高值(2.02 μmol/L)。相比于鳌山湾,石老人海域海水交换能力强且在浒苔绿潮靠岸后进行了及时拦截打捞,受浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂影响较小。浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂,使海域内营养盐含量与结构明显变化,影响海域浮游植物群落结构的稳定,可能引发赤潮等次生生态灾害。因此需要及时清理聚积在青岛近岸的浒苔,避免其腐烂对周边环境造成影响。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.