新疆表壳元素地球化学特征

本次研究以国家"305"项目新获得积累的新疆地球化学勘查数据为基础,以岩石地层分区为框架,按照岩石地层单元出露情况,利用面积加权方法,在地理信息系统和数理统计分析系统下,对新疆及其三个主要地层区--塔里木地层区、中南天山-北山地层区和北疆地层区进行了39种元素的表壳元素丰度计算.计算结果显示新疆及其三个主要地层区表壳元素丰度总体表现出上陆壳的特点,但又各具差异,反映出新疆地壳的不均一性,塔里木地层区主要表现出成熟上陆壳,北疆地层区表现为年轻上陆壳,中南天山-北山地层区则呈现过渡特点.通过统计、对比,本次研究指出新疆表壳元素丰度受岩石地层单元元素丰度和岩石地层单元地表出露面积控制,其变化是地壳演化历史的产物,总体上并不服从正态分布,前人利用迭代剔除法获得的结果是值得商榷的.     

阿克苏地区雷暴时空变化特征

 利用阿克苏地区1960—2010年雷暴资料,采用气候倾向率、保证率等气候诊断方法,探讨了阿克苏地区雷暴的时空分布规律、气候变化趋势等。结果表明,阿克苏地区雷暴空间分布表现为西多东少、北多南少,位于该地区西部的乌什县为雷暴多发中心;全区年平均雷暴日数为18.7~52.0 d;阿克苏地区每10 a雷暴日数减少2.8 d;雷暴主要集中在3—11月,7月达到最大值,11月下旬至翌年2月基本无雷暴;80%的保证率下雷暴初日出现在5月中旬至下旬之间,雷暴终日出现在9月下旬至10月中旬之间;阿克苏地区一日当中雷暴主要发生在午后至前半夜,雷暴高峰值出现在16—19时,雷暴平均持续时间在35~47 min,雷暴出现最多的方位是W和N。     

新疆主要尾闾湖演变的构造环境

亚洲中部大地构造格局及地貌轮廓均以山盆体系为特征，所有封闭性盆地中都发育有尾闾湖。晚第三纪以来印度大陆与欧亚大陆强烈碰撞和右旋挤压，将板内构造激活并以冲断、走滑方式将早第三纪晚期准平原化的大部分山地和相关地段再次抬升，形成了现代亚洲中部的山盆体系，同时导致了湖盆的形成演化和湖泊的变迁。湖盆演化包括湖盆联合、分解、迁移和变形等。湖泊不仅随湖盆的构造演化而变迁，而且构造对水系的调控也直接影响湖泊的物理、化学、水文和生态特性。亚洲中部尾闾湖在新构造作用下的演变具有区域同步性和地域差异性。许多尾闾湖，如艾丁湖、艾比湖、玛纳斯湖等都明显受活动构造的影响。     

新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究(英文)

Karamay City is a typical mining city, relying on oilfield exploration and development. After 60 years of construction and development, Karamay has become the first large oilfield and an important base of the national petroleum and petrochemical industry in China. Based on spatial analysis, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) grid computing and overlay techniques, whilst considering the effect of oilfield development and aimed at the ecological problems of Karamay City in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted research on the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive ecological sensitivity of Karamay. The ecological problems of natural environment evolution include soil erosion, land deserti-fication, soil salinization, and biodiversity reduction. The most significant disturbance factor from the activities of humans in this area is oilfield exploitation. This study carries out an analysis of single factor ecological problem sensitivity and integrated ecological sensitivity. The results of the research are as follows: (1) Soil erosion is relatively sensitive, especially in Karamay district, Dushanzi district, north of Urho district and west of Baijiantan district, which is mainly a result of the vertical dropping slopes, serious rainfall erosion and the distribution of scattered woodland. (2) The main types of land desertification are represented by high and moderate grade sensitivities, and high and extremely high sensitive areas are distributed in the intersection of Karamay and Baijiantan districts. This is due to evaporation exceeding rainfall in these areas, and the soil mainly consists of sand and is seldom covered by vegetation. (3) The soil salinizatiion sensitivity grades are mainly moderate, high and extremely high. The highly sensitive areas are mainly distributed in southeast of Baijiantan district, north and east of Karamay district and east of Urho district. The primary causes are evaporation exceeding rainfall and extreme human activities. (4) The main types of biodiversity sensitivity are light and moderate grade. Highly sensitive areas are located in the east and south of Karamay district, north of the Baiyang River basin and parts of the wetland areas. (5) Oil fields development areas are highly ecologically sensitive, which are located in the northern oilfields of Urho district, western oilfields of Baijiantan district, northwestern oilfields of Karamay district and central oilfields of Dushanzi district. (6) The main types of integrated ecological sen-sitivity are high and moderate. The high and extremely highly sensitive areas are located in the central and northern parts of Karamay district, and southwest of Baijiantan district. The evaluation results will provide guidance for the future planning and development, the protection of the ecological environment and the realization of harmonious social, economic, and ecological development in Karamay City.     

Globalization, industrial restructuring, and regional development in China

China's rapid growth and structural change since the reform in the late 1970s have generated many intriguing issues for scholarly research. This paper notices the drastic rise of China in foreign investment, export, and ICT production. Through a comprehensive review of the literature on globalization, industrial restructuring and regional development, this paper holds that the research on China is embedded in China's reform process, as well as theoretical development in economic geography. It highlights the important role of institutions and global-local interactions in industrial and regional development.     

Global motorization, social ecology and China

The global diffusion of motorization has become a significant driver of local and regional change around the world. In the South (the developing countries), especially in China, the scale of its impact in the twenty-first century carries the potential to dwarf that of motorization in the North (the developed countries) in the twentieth century. While alarms have been sounded about the threat of greatly increased greenhouse emissions posed by China's telescoped development of motorization, this paper analyses its neglected social and ecological impacts. Through an analysis of car and land use data, China's loss of agricultural land and growing social polarization are highlighted.     

旅游影响下民族村寨社会空间演化过程与机理研究——以贵州西江苗寨为例

旅游影响下民族村寨社会空间结构急剧变迁。研究基于社会空间“物质性与精神性” 的统一,以贵州西江苗寨为例,综合遥感解译分析、GIS空间分析及定性分析等方法,揭示了旅游影响下民族村寨社会空间演化过程与机理。研究发现：①西江苗寨空间形态和功能演化规律与旅游发展线性相关,整体呈现抱团集聚、垂直分异与旅游异质性的特征;村寨从生活自居空间转化为多元势力协商的空间,并逐步演化为以旅游为主导的混合型空间,内部差异显著。②村寨社会空间演化动力源于利益主体对空间资源的占据和生产的“推力”以及游客对异质文化的诉求的“拉力”叠加。③“空间实践、空间再现以及再现的空间”的生产逻辑成为村寨社会空间演化机理。④旅游影响下村寨社会空间演化呈现非均衡性实践特征,权利-资本空间“簇”和“柱”形成,但村寨精神文化空间仍就稳固。该研究为后续社会空间物质性与精神性转换关系、路径以及机制提供一定指引。     

中国湿地生态系统的外来入侵种研究

湿地是地球上各种生命形式高度聚集的生态体系之一,被称为“物种基因库”。湿地良好的环境条件不仅有利于本地种的生存,也利于外来物种的入侵。据现有资料统计,目前中国湿地生态系统中有外来入侵植物10种,隶属7个科;外来入侵动物53种,涉及哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类、甲壳类、软体动物、鱼类和昆虫类。论述了这些入侵种的主要入侵途径,包括作为饲料、观赏、净化水质等目的人为有意引种,以及由非人为因素引起的入侵;同时还讨论了这些外来入侵种给湿地生态系统造成的不良影响,即导致物种多样性丧失、降低社会经济价值、破坏原有的生态系统和景观。     

Temperature variation in Guangdong Province, China

1IntroductionThereisgrowingawarenessofclhatechange,andnumerousresearchonclhatictrendsandvallabilityatglobalorregionalscalehasbenconductedMoStstudieshaveconcen~onthelong-tenntrendsintemperatUI'eandPeripiboonpiousstudiesonhendSPherictempo~bendshavebeenconducted.AngellandKorshover(1977ac1978)StUdiedthetemperatUresinthenodsmhelinSPhereandstatedthattherewasadeClineoftemperatUreSinthe1960sandaslightw~gwasObservedafter197ill;l.OtherauthorssuchasLamb(1982)andJonesetal.(1982and1986a)SUPPOrted…     

ISCORD 2023 July 14-16,2023,Harbin,China

<正>In the context of economic globalization and regional integration,the development of cold regions has global significance and international impact on the common destiny of human survival and development.Buildings,dams,highways,railways,and other infrastructure have been developed rapidly in permafrost and seasonally frozen regions in the past several decades,which prompts the need to establish an international platform to exhibit the latest technological advancements in cold regions dev...     

新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究

基于地理信息系统空间分析、栅格运算与叠加方法,针对克拉玛依市土壤侵蚀、土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化和生物多样性减少等区域自然环境演变过程中出现的生态问题,考虑油田开发这一人类活动影响因素,定量研究克拉玛依市综合生态敏感性空间特征.研究结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀敏感性以中、高和极高敏感性为主,高和极高敏感性分布在克拉玛依区和独山...     

新疆楼兰地区雅丹地貌差异性侵蚀特征

楼兰地区雅丹地貌正处于活跃发育时期,为研究雅丹地貌侵蚀作用提供了良好的载体。对楼兰雅丹地层岩性、地貌形态特征等进行野外调查、测量,进行室内试验、分析。结果表明：楼兰雅丹地层形成于全新世时期,主要由较为坚硬的黏土粉砂层（CS）和松散的砂质粉砂层（SS）两类组成,并且CS层和SS层交替出现。这导致雅丹体出现显著的差异侵蚀现象。由于地层存在差异侵蚀,楼兰雅丹侵蚀较慢的CS层普遍出现岩层坍塌现象,CS层坍塌块体长度（L）和厚度（T）分别代表了SS岩层的相对侵蚀深度和CS层的厚度。统计结果显示楼兰雅丹CS层坍塌块体长度和厚度存在中度正相关关系（R=0.553）。但是,随着坍塌块体厚度的增加,其长度增加呈减缓趋势（L/T比值逐渐减小趋势）,直至长度和厚度相等（L/T≈1）。综合分析表明,楼兰地区雅丹地貌发育主要受风蚀作用影响,但是区域地层岩性特征、重力作用对楼兰雅丹侵蚀起着特殊重要影响。     

气候变暖背景下中国干旱强度、频次和持续时间及其南北差异性

在全球气温日趋升高和极端降水增加的气候背景下,近年来中国干旱变化特征异常突出,新形势下需进一步深入认识干旱灾害影响机制。利用1960—2014年中国527个气象站逐日气温和降水量数据,选用改进的综合气象干旱指数（MCI）作为监测指标,详细分析了中国干旱强度、频次和持续时间变化特征及其南北差异性。结果表明：气候变暖背景下,中国干旱范围扩大、程度加剧、频次增加;干旱发生的范围发生了明显的转移,北方干旱加剧的同时,南方干旱明显加重,尤其是大旱范围明显增加。中国干旱范围主要在黄河流域以南和长江以北地区。干旱频次北方高于南方,东部高于西部,长江流域以北干旱频次较高。中国干旱持续时间较长,而且四季都有可能发生干旱。干旱不仅发生在干旱区和半干旱区,湿润和半湿润区域也常有干旱发生。不同年代、不同区域干旱发生的程度、持续时间和频次有一定的差异。中国20世纪90年代中后期至21世纪初期干旱范围最广、持续时间最长,造成的损失最严重。中国干旱强度、频次和持续时间南北差异性显著。气候变暖后,中国干旱强度加重、范围扩大、频次增加和持续时间增加明显。     

基于土地利用空间格局的兰州市景观稳定性

利用兰州市2000年和2010年两期土地利用数据,从景观结构、景观类型及景观异质性3个方面分析了研究区景观格局特征。借助主成分分析及景观格局指标对保持景观格局稳定性影响能力构建了景观格局稳定性模型,并对研究区景观格局稳定性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)近10年来兰州市景观格局发生了明显变化,主要景观类型间的转换较为频繁,且表现为明显的单向转换特征。(2)整体景观格局稳定性呈现降低趋势;各县区景观格局稳定性存在差异,榆中县永登县和皋兰县稳定性变化不大,稳定性较高的为红古区,其次是西固区、安宁区,稳定性最差的为七里河区和城关区。(3)稳定性较高的景观类型为水域及草地,稳定性较差的景观类型为建设用地。兰州市应着力提升用地潜力,提高土地集约利用程度,合理规划建设用地,保护具有生态服务功能的水域及草地等。     

青海省贵南县土地沙漠化驱动机制

贵南县木格滩流沙区是共和盆地最大的连续沙带,当地现代沙漠化是由古沙丘活化形成的,但古沙丘活化过程尚不明确。通过实地考察、遥感卫星影像解译、DEM高程数据分析、沉积地层分析及粒度测试,对贵南县土地沙漠化驱动机制从微观层面进行了研究。结果表明：古沙丘表面发育良好的草皮层及粉沙土层是古沙丘的保护层,保护层完整性的破坏,使下伏松散古风成沙暴露,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,引起草皮层或粉沙土层崩塌,使更多的古风成沙暴露。风力侵蚀与重力侵蚀交替进行,导致风蚀坑不断扩大,相互连接成片,形成流动沙丘。     

中国城市土地利用效率及其溢出效应与影响因素

基于C-D函数剔除城市经济非期望产出构建随机生产函数模型,以地均投入产出技术效率表征城市土地利用效率,采用2003-2012年282个地级以上市面板数据测算了中国城市土地利用效率,并建立空间滞后计量模型分析了城市土地利用效率的溢出效应与影响因素的区域差异。结果表明：① 中国城市土地利用效率有所提升,且存在明显的空间特征与区域差异。空间特征显示,效率较高的城市主要集中在珠三角、湖南、湖北、河南南部、安徽东部、山东与江苏交界处。区域差异显示,中部地区城市土地利用效率最高而东北地区最低,西北地区城市土地利用效率增速最快而西南地区较低且增速最慢;② 中国城市土地利用效率存在显著为正的溢出效应,其中在中部、东北、西北地区较高,而在西南地区最低;③ 影响因素在各区域对城市土地利用效率的作用存在明显差异,有必要采取具有区域针对性的措施提升城市土地利用效率。     

Fiscal decentralization,political centralization,and land urbanization in China

This study investigates the driving forces of land urbanization in China. Drawing upon insights from the institutional perspective, this study argues that fiscal decentralization tightens local budget constraints, stimulating local governments to urbanize land to relieve fiscal distress. Political centralization triggers interregional competition among government officials for better economic performance, inspiring local governments to employ land development to mobilize more capital investment for growth. Based on official land-use change data from 2002 to 2008 for prefectural cities, and the application of spatial econometric models, this study presents empirical evidence to support these theoretical arguments. Results imply that fiscal and political incentives derived from land development drive China’s land urbanization process. This study enriches the urbanization literature by providing an institutional understanding of rapid land urbanization in a transitional economy.     

甘肃秦王川灌区农业节水途径探讨

 甘肃秦王川灌区水资源紧缺,兰州新区城镇化建设加速水资源消耗趋势,使灌区水资源供需矛盾日渐突出,农业节水势在必行。根据中国西北干旱地区农业节水取得的成效和灌区农业生产节水试验,提出适宜于秦王川灌区农业节水的5条具体途径:①发展以地面灌溉为主的先进灌溉技术;②渠道衬砌;③农业节水技术与地膜覆盖栽培技术相结合;④推行膜下滴灌技术;⑤倡导节水文化,共建节水型社会。通过这些农业节水技术的实施,使秦王川灌区从简单的农业灌溉,转变为农业、城乡生活、生态、工业等多元用水格局,促进灌区经济可持续发展。     

[Population distribution, regionalization, and prospects in China].]

China's terrain and its impact on the spatial distribution of the population is examined. The author notes that 96 percent of the population is located southeast of a line drawn from Heihe in Heilongjiang province in the northeast to Tengchong in Yunnan province in the southwest. It is concluded that the general pattern of population distribution is unlikely to change in the future. (SUMMARY IN ENG)     

Research progress in cold region wetlands, China

China has some of the most abundant wetland resources in the world. Cold region wetlands cover more than 60% of the total natural wetlands in China and play an indispensable role in global climate regulation, water holding, uptake and emission of greenhouse gases, and biodiversity conservation. Because cold region wetlands are sensitive to climatic and environmental changes, it is important for ecological conservation and environmental management to summarize and analyze current research progress on these specific ecosystems. This paper reviews the focus of present studies on the typical cold region wetlands in the northeast region and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China from several aspects as follows: types and distribution, responses of permafrost to climatic changes, uptake and emission of greenhouse gas, eco-hydrological processes, and vegetation succession. Our conclusions are: global warming has a long-term and serious impact on cold region permafrost; emission of greenhouse gases has great temporal and spatial heterogeneity; and hygrophytes in the cold region wetlands have been generally replaced by xerophytes, although it is still unclear whether the vegetation diversity index has increased or decreased. Based on this review, some key topics for future study are recommended as follows: (1) the response of degeneration of cold region permafrost at various spatial and temporal scales; (2) prediction of wetland degeneration tendency by coupling weather, soil, and hydrological models; (3) evaluation of carbon storage; (4) the actual response mechanisms of greenhouse gases to climatic changes; and (5) development of water requirement calculation methods tailored to the unique ecosystems of cold region wetlands.