黄壁庄reservoir防渗工程对滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水环境影响初步分析

黄壁庄水库位于石家庄西北的黄壁庄村附近的黄壁庄村滹沱河干流上,是以防洪为主,兼顾城市用水、灌溉、发电等综合利用的大型水利枢纽工程。介绍了黄壁庄水库的基本情况,并对其地质环境概况进行了论述,从影响深度、影响范围、影响水量、地下水位持续下降的原因等几个方面详细地分析了水库防渗工程对滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水环境的影响。     

王坡井田煤层气井部署方法研究

王坡煤矿是高瓦斯矿井,已有的井下瓦斯抽排不能满足矿井安全生产的要求,迫切需要通过地面抽采来缓解。在已有地质成果基础上,采用煤层气藏数值模拟方法,对王坡井田地面煤层气抽采工程部署方案进行优化。结果表明:A区块是井田煤层气开发试验首选区,以梅花形井网作为试验井网,井间距300m×250m,井网长轴方向60°。这种布井方式在工程实践中取得了较好效果,具有较大的推广价值。     

长江三峡工程水库塌岸与工程治理研究

水库塌岸(岸坡再造)是影响三峡水库移民工程安全的重大地质灾害问题.本文在分析三峡库区塌岸特征的基础上,总结了近期库区塌岸治理工程的若干关键技术问题,论述了三峡库区塌岸预测方法.以兴山县高阳镇库岸治理工程为例,介绍了岸坡稳定性分析、岸坡再造范围预测、库岸稳定性分区和工程治理方案论证的方法、步骤和具体内容.     

我国工程地震研究的开拓者谷德振先生

系统查阅谷德振先生的生前论著,发现他不仅是国内外著名的工程地质学家,而且还是我国工程地震研究的开拓者。早在治淮工程开始就注意工程建设中的地震问题,1959年新丰江水库诱发地震后,特别关注工程地震问题,提出了工程区域地震稳定性评价的科学思路与技术方法,提出了活动断层的新概念,建议把晚更新世以来活动断裂称为活断层,并提出了从区域构造发展历史出发识别活断层的方法,提出了水库诱发地震是水库水体荷载与沿断裂带库水下渗引起的强度弱化和孔隙压力共同作用的科学观点等。他把上述观点、思路与方法,成功应用到新丰江水库诱发地震治理、葛洲坝工程与丹江口工程坝址勘选等一系列重大工程实践之中。     

三峡工程地质勘察研究的理论与实践

举世瞩目的三峡工程目前已进入关键的建没阶段。本文从区域稳定与地震危险性、水库区工程地质与环境地质、水库诱发地震、坝址及建筑物工程地质以及天然建筑材料等五个方面论述三峡工程长期以来所进行的工程地质勘察研究工作,并着重对三峡工程区的地质地震问题作了较为详细的探讨。最后对这一巨型工程的地质勘察工作进行了经验总结。     

Reduced-order optimal control of water flooding using proper orthogonal decomposition

Model-based optimal control of water flooding generally involves multiple reservoir simulations, which makes it into a time-consuming process. Furthermore, if the optimization is combined with inversion, i.e., with updating of the reservoir model using production data, some form of regularization is required to cope with the ill-posedness of the inversion problem. A potential way to address these issues is through the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), also known as principal component analysis, Karhunen–Loève decomposition or the method of empirical orthogonal functions. POD is a model reduction technique to generate low-order models using ‘snapshots’ from a forward simulation with the original high-order model. In this work, we addressed the scope to speed up optimization of water-flooding a heterogeneous reservoir with multiple injectors and producers. We used an adjoint-based optimal control methodology that requires multiple passes of forward simulation of the reservoir model and backward simulation of an adjoint system of equations. We developed a nested approach in which POD was first used to reduce the state space dimensions of both the forward model and the adjoint system. After obtaining an optimized injection and production strategy using the reduced-order system, we verified the results using the original, high-order model. If necessary, we repeated the optimization cycle using new reduced-order systems based on snapshots from the verification run. We tested the methodology on a reservoir model with 4050 states (2025 pressures, 2025 saturations) and an adjoint model of 4050 states (Lagrange multipliers). We obtained reduced-order models with 20–100 states only, which produced almost identical optimized flooding strategies as compared to those obtained using the high-order models. The maximum achieved reduction in computing time was 35%.     

Landsliding triggered by reservoir operation: a general conceptual model with a case study at Three Gorges Reservoir

The Three Gorge Reservoir, one of the largest civil engineering projects in human history, dams the Yangtze River to form a 660-km-long and 1.13-km-wide reservoir. Today, although the project has been completed and is in normal operation, the on-going landslide initiation and movement in response to the reservoir operating is one of the main geologic hazards. The Huangtupo (meaning “yellow soil slope” in Chinese) Slope typifies such on-going landslides along the reservoir. Observations from a multi-year monitoring program conducted on this slope indicate that there are multiple slides on the reservoir banks that move episodically into the reservoir and their movements appear to be highly correlated with the initial and seasonal changes in the reservoir pool level. A hydro-mechanical numerical model is constructed to investigate the quantitative links among the episodic movements and the variations in pore water pressure, suction stress, hydrostatic reservoir water loading, and slope self-weight induced by the fluctuating water levels. Modeling results identify regions within the variably saturated slope where significant changes in stress occur during the periods of the initial impoundment that raised water levels from 68 to 135 m and that occur in response to seasonal fluctuations of the reservoir pool level between 145 and 175 m. We find that the rise or decline of reservoir pool level can either increase or decrease the stability of landslide. In general, hydrostatic reservoir water loading has positive correlation with the stability; pore water pressure and suction stress have negative correlation with the stability; and the effects of slope self-weight depend on the dip angle and mechanical properties of sliding surface.     

Environment as datascape: Enacting emission realities in corporate carbon accounting

Ecological modernist approaches to climate change are premised upon knowing carbon emissions. I ask how corporate environmental managers know and do carbon, i.e., shape the reality of emissions. I argue that for managers’ practical purposes carbon exists as malleable data. Based on ethnographic fieldwork over a period of 20 months in a Fortune 50 multinational corporation, I show that managers materially-discursively arrange heterogeneous entities – databases, files, paper, words, numbers – in and between office spaces, enabling them to stage emission facts as stable and singular. Employing Annemarie Mol’s work on multiplicity, I show that multiple enactments of carbon hang together not by an antecedent body (CO₂) but through ongoing configurations of data practices. Disillusioning promissory economic discourses of ‘internalisation’, I demonstrate: Management is materially premised upon preventing purportedly internalised carbon realities from entering capitalist core processes. This undermines carbon economics’ realist promises. Staging some carbon realities as in control is premised upon managers’ ongoing, reflexive, partial and always situated configuration of, e.g., standards, formal meetings or digital data practices in which humans do carbon-as-data. Carbon practices are materially-discursively aligned, forming a configuration. This configuration effects carbon as a malleable and locally configurable space rather than as a closed fact. Reconstructing managers’ practices as configuring carbon-as-dataspace, I argue, allows grasping adequately the contingency and constraints of managing carbon as a particular material-discursive form of environment. In conclusion I generalise the environmental management office as a space that can be configured to stage, beyond carbon, other global environments as well.     

Exploring the effects of data quality,data worth,and redundancy of CO2 gas pressure and saturation data on reservoir characterization through PEST inversion

This study examined the impacts of reservoir properties on carbon dioxide (CO₂) migration after subsurface injection and evaluated the possibility of characterizing reservoir properties using CO₂ monitoring data such as spatial–temporal distributions of gas pressure, which can be reasonably monitored in practice. The injection reservoir was assumed to be located 1,400–1,500 m below the ground surface such that CO₂ remained in the supercritical state. The reservoir was assumed to contain layers with alternating conductive and resistive properties, which is analogous to actual geological formations such as the Mount Simon Sandstone unit. The CO₂ injection simulation used a cylindrical grid setting in which the injection well was situated at the center of the domain, which extended out 8,000 m from the injection well. The CO₂ migration was simulated using the latest version of the simulator, subsurface transport over multiple phases (the water–salt–CO₂–energy module), developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A nonlinear parameter estimation and optimization modeling software package, Parameter ESTimation (PEST), is adopted for automated reservoir parameter estimation. The effects of data quality, data worth, and data redundancy were explored regarding the detectability of reservoir parameters using gas pressure monitoring data, by comparing PEST inversion results using data with different levels of noises, various numbers of monitoring wells and locations, and different data collection spacing and temporal sampling intervals. This study yielded insight into the use of CO₂ monitoring data for reservoir characterization and how to design the monitoring system to optimize data worth and reduce data redundancy. The feasibility of using CO₂ saturation data for improving reservoir characterization was also discussed.     

再议水库生态环境调度

从生态调度科学内涵、工程实践以及调度体系3个方面,剖析了诸多学者运用水库生态调度概念所取得的丰硕成果,发现水库生态调度提法得不到共识的原因:对生态调度中的"生态"自然科学的不同认识;水库调度对水库"生态"与"环境"作用机制的不同理解;水库非生物因子与生态系统非生物因子的差异性认识。深入研究和剖析了"水库环境调度"、"水库生态调度"和"水库生态环境调度"的概念及其调度体系内容,明确了"水库生态环境调度"提法的科学性和可操作性,澄清认识,共识提法,有利于在整体分析水库水资源、水库水环境和水库水生态这个复杂系统的基础上来完善水库调度学科体系,有利于在水库生态环境调度科学实践后增加其科学意义和应用价值,有利于在构建水库生态环境调度技术体系、调度规程及其应用平台后提高水库调度的综合效益。     

煤层气合采地质研究进展述评

煤层气合采是提高多煤层区煤层气开发效率的重要途径,但成藏作用的特殊性决定合采方式与产能效果复杂多变,高效开发面临较大挑战。我国煤层气地质工作者围绕多煤层煤层气成藏与合采可行性开展大量基础研究与工程实践,取得丰富的阶段性成果,为深化煤层气开发地质理论、推动产业发展提供有力支撑。从叠置煤层气系统成藏机理、合采地质约束条件、合采可行性判识方法、合采储层伤害4个方面,系统分析评述我国煤层气合采地质领域的最新研究进展,以期为后续研究开展、工程实施与产业建设提供参考。主要认识可概括为:(1) 深化了叠置煤层气系统成藏的层序控气机理以及成岩作用与地应力的后期改造效应;构建了煤系地下水环境化学封闭指数,为判识含气系统叠置性及流体动力条件提供了新的参数,结合流体压力剖面识别出3类含气系统叠置地质模式(增长型、衰减型和稳定型);进一步将叠置煤层气系统理念扩展到煤系气范畴,提出煤系复合储层叠置含气系统“共采兼容性”理论与方法体系,并应用于煤系气合采先导示范工程,取得初步应用成效;(2) 华北石炭?二叠系(太原?山西组)与黔西?滇东上二叠统(长兴?龙潭组)是煤层气合采研究与工程实践的热点区域(层域),压力系统及渗透性差异是合采中最受关注的地质因素。华北山西组、太原组的水动力系统与供液能力差异是制约合采效果的重要因素,黔西?滇东地区合采煤层的最大层间跨度、累计煤厚、煤体结构受到更多关注,表层水干扰是制约织金区块煤层气合采效率的关键;(3) 产能分析、物理模拟、数值模拟、产出水地球化学分析是煤层气合采可行性与干扰判识的重要方法,提出了基于产出水地球化学解析合采井产出水源和判识干扰程度的基本思路、技术图版和评价流程及基于产能曲线分峰剥离的产层贡献分析方法,技术方法的不断成熟、创新为煤层气合采方案、工艺优化与效率提升提供了有力支撑;(4) 煤层气合采对地质条件与工程扰动更为敏感,易诱发储层伤害,涉及产层暴露诱发的贾敏效应与气锁伤害,压力系统与渗透性差异诱发的应力与速度敏感伤害。均一化储层改造、分压力系统开采(分时间或分空间)、精细化排采设计与管控是降低储层伤害的有效途径。      

岩体卸荷与水电工程

根据20世纪70年代以来我国西南山区大型水电工程实践,讨论了水电工程建设中岩体卸荷的地质现象和工程地质问题。文中介绍了我国工程地质界对岩体卸荷现象的认识过程和工程应用实践,提出以卸荷裂隙力学机制类型作为卸荷带划分的参照依据,并以典型实例对岸坡中在正常卸荷带以里出现的深裂缝及深卸荷问题作了探讨,提出我国深裂缝和深卸荷的力学机制基本模式。结合实例,讨论了岩体卸荷在水电工程实践应用中的一些问题。     

工程水文地质学及其在水电工程中的应用概述

工程水文地质问题产生于人类工程活动与地质环境中岩土体和地下水之间的相互制约和相互作用过程中,由于问题本身的复杂性,目前对这类问题的研究尚处于相对分散的单一研究状态,缺乏系统的从地质机制分析到地质模型抽象,进而由模拟再现到发展趋势预测以及治理措施论证的全过程研究。本文在系统分析、总结水电工程中水 -岩和水 -工程建筑的作用类型及特征基础上,认为可能出现的工程水文地质问题主要是;水库诱发地震、岩溶渗漏、库岸及高边坡的稳定、坝基、坝肩抗滑稳定、枢纽区深层承压水问题等。     

Evaluating housing and neighbourhood initiatives to improve the quality of life in deprived urban areas

Changes in the urban social geography; the development of urban neighbourhoods of multiple deprivation, in which different processes of social exclusion reinforce one another, is a grave challenge to the European society. Housing initiatives and local neighbourhood practices seem to be key factors in finding solutions in combating social exclusion and improving the quality of life in deprived urban neighbourhoods. The OECD-report `Integrating distressed urban areas' (Paris, 1998) states that a combination of policies focusing on specific urban areas and more general socio-economic measures are necessary to integrate such areas into the fabric of the cities. This evaluation of bottom-up neighbourhood solutions, within their national contexts, is the central focus of a European research project (NEHOM) involving housing researchers and providers in 8 European countries. Pilot case studies have been undertaken in United Kingdom, Norway and Hungary to test a common case study methodology. Using a range of indicators of improvements in the quality of life in case study areas, the research will seek to identify innovative housing initiatives and neighbourhood practices, as well as a toolkit for neighbourhood assessment and improvement. A special challenge for the research project is to assess and identify opportunities for and barriers to transferability of best practices and housing policies between European countries.     

自强水库库区工程地质评价与坝线选址研究

自强水库位于陕南秦巴山地中低山地貌区,水库为镇巴县备用水源地及旅游观光风景区,属小(1型水库。通过对库坝区地质构造、地层岩性、岩溶发育等工程地质条件分析可知,对工程建设及坝线选址有影响的工程地质问题主要为库区内发育逆冲叠瓦小断裂以及岩溶发育可能导致水库渗漏等。库区内无大型活动性断裂构造,构造较为稳定,且库区蓄水范围小,蓄水量不大,不易诱发地震。而拟选坝址位于自强河段,沟谷对称顺直,综合水库坝址区地形地貌、工程地质等条件进行坝线比选,推荐下游坝线为较为理想的坝线位置,可满足工程建设要求。     

The effect of the nanogranular nature of shale on their poroelastic behavior

Natural composite materials are highly heterogeneous porous materials, with porosities that manifest themselves at scales much below the macroscale of engineering applications. A typical example is shale, the transverse isotropic sealing formation of most hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. By means of a closed loop approach of microporomechanics modeling, calibration and validation of elastic properties at multiple length scales of shale, we show that the nanogranular nature of this highly heterogeneous material translates into a unique poroelastic signature. The self-consistent scaling of the porous clay stiffness with the clay packing density minimizes the anisotropy of the Biot pore pressure coefficients; whereas the intrinsic anisotropy of the elementary particle translates into a pronounced anisotropy of the Skempton coefficients. This new microporoelasticity model depends only on two shale-specific material parameters which neatly summarize clay mineralogy and bulk density, and which makes the model most appealing for quantitative geomechanics, geophysics and exploitation engineering applications.     

三峡水库区工程环境边坡治理方案的选择

为了减少和防止三峡水库区地质灾害的发生，确保库区工程建设的顺利实施，应加强库区工程建设中的环境边坡治理研究。文章结合三峡库区某污水处理厂的工程建设，根据场地工程地质条件，通过对各种不同方案的对比分析，指出常规高填方设计方案存在诸多问题。提出在填方区采用环境边坡治理与主体结构相结合的新设计思路及方法。采用了架空设计方案，尽量保持现有地形地貌，避免了工程建设过程中对山体进行大挖大填，防止人为活动诱发山地灾害。该方案避免了场地高填方，不需修建高填方挡土墙，有效地降低了成本、节约了造价、缩短了工期。上部建筑或构筑物采用框架结构架空支撑，建筑物沉降小。新设计方案的实施，确保了三峡水库区污水处理厂工程建设的顺利进行，取得显著的经济效益及社会效益。     

Monitoring of heat transmission from buildings into geological environment and evaluation of soil deformation consequences in foundation engineering

In engineering geology a number of factors affecting foundation conditions are taken into consideration during engineering-geological investigations. This article deals with the factor of heat sourced from a structure (brick kiln) as a restrictive factor in foundation engineering in clay soils and introduces a documentation of soil deformation observations as an impact of the heat transmission into the geological environment. It was carried out in Southern Moravia in the Czech Republic, where the dominant foundation soils are Neogeneous clays where differential settlements of a tunnel kiln structure occurred as a result of ignoring the boundary conditions of temperature changes in the soil environment. The brick kilns caused heterogeneous spatial changes in the subsoil temperatures. This consequently resulted in differential settlements due to temperature changes originating from the kilns. The differential settlements reached as much as 150 mm. The major objective of the article is to highlight the importance of the heat transmission from buildings into the geological environment as a factor which should be considered in engineering geology and its application in planning. A new procedure for reducing or elimination of ground movements sourced from underlying clayey soils depending on the heat changes was also suggested in this context.     

自然与饱水条件下异性结构面的剪切特性研究

利用室内剪切试验装置,开展不同正应力、自然与饱水条件下岩体异性结构面的剪切试验,分析异性结构面的剪切变形和强度特性,利用JRC-JCS抗剪强度力学模型将试验结果与计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,（1）异性结构面的剪切变形曲线属于弹塑性残余变形类型。相比自然状态试件,饱水试件的弹性区减小,较早进入峰值区或塑性区;（2）异性结构面的剪切刚度均随法向力的增大而增大,但同一正应力下饱水试件的剪切刚度要小于自然状态的剪切刚度,在低法向力下尤为显著;（3）水对岩体异性结构面剪切强度参数有不同程度的弱化,尤其对内摩擦角 的劣化明显;（4）只要计算参数选取得当,并考虑实际岩体的受力及水等情况,JRC-JCS计算模型可以为实际工程岩体的结构面强度提供较为准确的参数。